Origin of Microprocessor and Classification of Microprocessor
HOW a Computer Works ? Anatomy of Microprocessor.
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Transcript of HOW a Computer Works ? Anatomy of Microprocessor.
HOW a Computer Works ?
Anatomy of Microprocessor
Microprocessor
Millions of super-fast transistor switches control streams of binary data
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU runs Program Stored in Memory –typically RAM or ROM
Structure of Memory
Memory stores Instructions and Data in an array of registers that can be accessed by a unique address value.
Binary (Machine) Instructions
Instruction Structure Architecture (ISA) – User’s view of Microprocessor
Assembly Code
Programming Language (Code) provides the required Algorithm:Assembly - low levelC - higher level
Control Unit and ALU
Digital Systems split into Data Path and Control Path
Data Registers
ALU result stored in a Register (sometimes called Accumulator).Registers are controlled by the Set and Enable Signals from CU.
CPU System Bus
CPU Registers belong to Data Path . They are attached to the CPU System Bus.
Registers Latch Data
Data on Data Bus is changing fast. Registers hold the values captured at different times.
Instruction register (IR)
At times System Bus carries Instructions ... they are captured in IR for use by CU
↑ IR
Flags Register
Flags: Zero (ZF), Carry (CF), Overflow (OV), Sign (SF) etc
Flags Register stores the status following ALU operation:
Program Counter (PC)
↑ PC
Program Counter holds the memory address of the current instruction
Memory Address Register (MAR)
↑ MAR
MAR holds the memory address of the data to be fetched.
Conditional Instructions
Conditional instructions provide the algorithmic Flow Control
Ports
↑ Interface to External World
A Port normally involves a group of registers holding data and port configuration
Microprocessor Pins
There is always shortage of pins, so some have multiple (configurable) options.
Motherboard
Non-volatile Storage
Non-volatile memory keeps data even if power is off.Examples: ROM or FLASH ROM.
Hard Drive (HD)
Hard Drive is a non-volatile storage medium .Unlike random addressable memory, HD uses data formatting so the processor cannot run any code stored on HD directly from there.
Computer System
Microprocessor = CPU on a single IC chip
Microcontroller = CPU + MEMORY + PORTS on a single IC chip