Houthi insurgency in Yemen

The Houthi insurgency in Yemen,[63][64] also known asthe Houthi rebellion, Sa'dah War, or Sa'dah conflict,is a civil war that originated in Northern Yemen.[65] It be-gan in June 2004 when dissident cleric Hussein Badred-din al-Houthi, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched anuprising against the Yemeni government. Most of thefighting has taken place in Sa'dah Governorate in north-western Yemen although some of the fighting spread toneighbouring governorates Hajjah, 'Amran, al-Jawf andthe Saudi province of Jizan.The Yemeni government alleged that the Houthis wereseeking to overthrow it and to implement Sha religiouslaw. The rebels counter that they are defendingtheir community against discrimination and governmentaggression.[66] The Yemeni government has accused Iranof directing and financing the insurgency.[67]

In August 2009, the Yemeni Army launched a freshoffensive against the Houthis in the northern Sa'adaprovince. Hundreds of thousands of people were dis-placed by the fighting. The conflict took on an in-ternational dimension on 4 November 2009 as clashesbroke out between the northern rebels and Saudi secu-rity forces along the two countries common border andSaudis launched an anti-Houthi offensive. The rebels ac-cuse Saudi Arabia of supporting the Yemeni governmentin attacks against them. The Saudi government deniedthis.[68] Houthi leaders claim that United States involve-ment in the war started on 14 December 2009 when theUS launched 28 air raids.[22]

General Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar commanded the Yemenisecurity forces during the conflict and led all the govern-ment offensives from 2004 until 2011, when he resignedhis post to defend protesters during the Yemeni Revolu-tion.[69]

A Houthi power grab in Sana'a escalated on 20 January2015, the rebels attacked the presidents residence andswept into the presidential palace. President Abed RabboMansour Hadi was inside the residence as it came underheavy shelling for a half-hour, but he was unharmedand protected by guards, according to Information Min-ister Nadia al-Sakkaf. Presidential guards surrenderedthe residence after being assured that Hadi could safelyevacuate. The U.N. Security Council called an emer-gency meeting about the unfolding events. United Na-tions Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon expressed concernover the deteriorating situation in Yemen and urged allsides to cease hostilities.[70][71] On 22 January, PresidentAbed Rabbo Mansour Hadi and Prime Minister Khaled

Bahah tendered their resignations to parliament, whichreportedly refused to accept them.[72]

1 Background

In 1962, a revolution in North Yemen ended over 1,000years of rule by Zaidi Imams, a branch of Shia Islam, whoclaimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammadpeace be upon him. Sa'dah, in the north, was their mainstronghold and since their fall from power the regionwas largely ignored economically and remains underde-veloped. The Yemeni government has little authority inSaada.[73]

During Yemens 1994 civil war, the wahhabis, an Islamicgroup adhering to a strict version of Sunni Islam foundin neighboring Saudi Arabia, helped the government inits fight against the secessionist south. Zaidis complainthe government has subsequently allowed the wahhabistoo strong a voice in Yemen. Saudi Arabia, for its part,worries that strife instigated by the Shia sect so close toYemens border with Saudi Arabia could stir up groups inSaudi itself.[73]

Although it has received little international coverage, theconflict essentially pits Yemens Sunni-majority govern-ment against Shia fighters, a conflict that has added signif-icance for many Arab countries worried about the risinginfluence of Iran, a Shia majority country.[73] It is must toconsidering that Yemen is a country riven with resourcedriven conflict and regional factionalism above and be-yond any notion of Sunni and Shia divisions.These aresome problems that is seen in Yemen. So this conflict didnot start as a sectarian struggle between Saudi Arabia andIran.[74]

The conflict were sparked in 2004 by the governmentsattempt to arrest Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, a Zaidisreligious leader of the Houthis and a former parliamentar-ian on whose head the government had placed a $55,000bounty.[73]

2 Motives and objectives

When armed conflict for the first time erupted back in2004 between the Yemenis government and Houthis, thethen Yemenis president accused Houthis and other Is-lamic opposition parties of trying to overthrow the gov-ernment and the republican system. However, Houthi

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Badreddin_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Badreddin_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaidiyyahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%2527dah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2527Amran_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jawf_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizan_Regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%2527%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abed_Rabbo_Mansour_Hadihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abed_Rabbo_Mansour_Hadihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki_Moonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abed_Rabbo_Mansour_Hadihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Bahahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Bahahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaidiyyahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imams_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_in_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_peace_be_upon_himhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_peace_be_upon_himhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%2527dahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_civil_war_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Badreddin_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh

2 3 TIMELINE

leaders for their part rejected the accusation by sayingthat they had never rejected the president or the repub-lican system but were only defending themselves againstgovernment attacks on their community.[75]

According to a February 2015 Newsweek report, Houthisare fighting for things that all Yemenis crave: govern-ment accountability, the end to corruption, regular utili-ties, fair fuel prices, job opportunities for ordinary Yeme-nis and the end of Western influence.[76]

In an interview with Yemen Times, Hussein Al-Bukhari,a Houthi insider said that Houthis preferable political sys-tem is a republic with elections where women can alsohold political positions, and that they do not seek to forma Shia cleric-led government after the model of IslamicRepublic of Iran for we cannot apply this system inYemen because the followers of the Shafi [Sunni] doc-trine are bigger in number than the Zaydis [Shia].[77]

3 Timeline

Further information: Timeline of the Yemeni conflict(2011present)

3.1 Round 1: JuneSeptember 2004

From June to August 2004, government troops battledsupporters of al-Houthi in the north.[78] Estimates of thedead range from 500 to 1,000.[52] On September 10,Yemeni forces killed al-Houthi.[79] Since then, the rebel-lion has been led by one of his brothers, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi.[75] His father, Badr Eddin al-Houthi, took overthe position as the groups spiritual leader.[80]

3.2 Round 2: MarchMay 2005

Between March and April 2005, some 1,500 people werekilled in a resurgence of fighting between governmentforces and supporters of the slain cleric.[52]

In May 2005, the rebels rejected an offer of a presidentialpardon by President Ali Abdullah Saleh after their con-ditions for surrender were refused by the government andminor clashes continued. OnMay 21, the government re-leased estimates of the impact of the rebellion, announc-ing that it was responsible for 552 deaths, 2,708 injures,and over USD 270 million in economic damages.[75]

On, 23 June 2005, the rebels military commanderAbdullah al-Ruzami surrendered to Yemeni authori-ties. after tribal mediators worked out a deal with thegovernment.[80]

3.3 Round 3: November 2005 early 2006

A third round of fighting broke out from November 2005until early 2006. During this round, the pro-governmentHamdan tribe, led by Sheikh Abdullah al-Awjari battledwith pro-Houthi tribes and Houthis tried to assassinatea Ministry of Justice official in Dhamar. The fightingended before the Presidential elections that year[81] andin March 2006, the Yemeni government freed more than600 captured Sha fighters.[82] There was no data withregards to casualties in 2006, but they were said to be sig-nificantly lower than those of the previous year.[52]

3.4 Round 4: JanuaryJune 2007

A new spate of fighting broke out on January 28, 2007,when militants attacked multiple government installa-tions, killing six soldiers and injuring 20 more.[83][84]

Further attacks on January 31, left six more soldiers deadand 10 wounded.[85] A further ten soldiers died and 20were wounded in an attack on an army roadblock nearthe Saudi Arabian border on February 1.[86] Though therewas no official confirmation of militant casualties in theattacks, government sources claim three rebel fighterswere killed in a security operation following the January31 attacks.[87]

In February, the government launched a major offensiveagainst the rebels involving 30,000 troops.[41] By Febru-ary 19, almost 200 members of the security forces andover 100 rebels had died in the fighting.[88] A further160 rebels were killed in the subsequent two weeks.[89]A French student was also killed.[90]

A ceasefire agreement was reached on June 16, 2007.The rebel leaders agreed to lay down arms and go intoexile in Qatar (by whom the agreement had been medi-ated), while the government agreed to release rebel pris-oners, help pay for reconstruction and assist with IDPs re-turning home.[91] In total some 1,500 people were killedby the conflict in 2007, including 800 government troops,600 rebels and 100 civilians.[52]

3.5 Round 5: MarchJuly 2008

Armed incidents resumed in April 2008, when sevenYemeni soldiers died in a rebel ambush on April 29.[92]OnMay 2, 15 worshippers were killed and 55 wounded ina bombing at the Bin SalmanMosque in Sa'dah as crowdsof people left Friday prayers. The government blamed therebels for the bombing, but Houthis group denied beingresponsible.[66][93] Shortly after the attack, three soldiersand four rebels died in overnight skirmishes.[94]

On May 12, clashes between Yemeni soldiers and rebelsnear the border with Saudi Arabia killed 13 soldiers and26 rebels.[95] During fighting in May 2008, a total of1,000 government forces were killed and 3,000 injured.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93present)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93present)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Salehhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Ruzamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhamar,_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Bin_Salman_Mosque_bombinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Salman_Mosquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%2527dahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia

3.6 Round 6: August 2009 February 2010 3

Some 70,000 people were displaced by the fighting.[52]President Saleh declared an end to fighting in the north-ern Sadah governorate on July 17, 2008.[96]

3.6 Round 6: August 2009 February2010

Main article: Operation Scorched EarthYemeni troops, backed by tanks and fighter aircraft,

Saudi army in Jizan before war against the Houthis, November2009

launched a major offensive, code-named OperationScorched Earth,[97] against the rebel stronghold in north-ern Yemen on August 11, 2009, after the governmentpromised to use an iron fist against the rebels. OnSeptember 17, more than 80 people were killed in anair raid on a camp for displaced people in northernYemen.[98]

The conflict took on an international dimension late in themonth. Clashes were reported between the Houthis andSaudi security forces near the border.[99] Also, Yemeniofficials captured a boat in the Red Sea that was trans-porting anti-tank shells and, according to some reports,five Iranian instructors sent to help the Houthis.[100]Various official Iranian sources responded, calling thisclaim a politically motivated fabrication, and stating thatthe ship was traveling for business activities carrying noconsignment.[101] In early November the rebels statedthat Saudi Arabia was permitting Yemeni army units tolaunch attacks from across the border at a base in Jabalal-Dukhan, charges which were denied by the Yemenigovernment.[102] In late October, heavy clashes in thearea of Razih led to the Houthis capturing two mili-tary headquarters and killing Yemeni commander Gen-eral Amr Ali Mousa Al-Uuzali[36] In early November,General Ali Salem al-Ameri and regional security chiefAhmed Bawazeir were killed in a Houthi ambush as theywere returning from Saudi Arabia.[37]

The conflict spilled into neighbouring Saudi Arabia forthe first time since erupting in 2009 on November 4when rebels shot dead a Saudi security officer in a cross-border attack. The rebels took control of a mountain-ous section inside Saudi Arabia, in the border regionof Jabal al-Dukhan[99] and occupied two villages insideSaudi territory.[103][104] Saudi Arabias news agency said

that rebels had entered Saudi territory and attacked pa-trols, and that a second soldier later died from woundssustained in the same clash.[105][106] On November 5,Saudi Arabia responded by launching heavy air strikes onrebels in northern Yemen, and moved troops nearer theborder. Saudi government officials said only that the airforce had bombed Yemeni rebels who had seized a borderarea inside the kingdom, which they said had now beenrecaptured. The officials said at least 40 rebels had beenkilled in the fighting. The Saudi government adviser saidno decision had yet been taken to send troops across theborder, but made clear Riyadh was no longer prepared totolerate the Yemeni rebels.[105] The Saudi assault contin-ued the following day, as Saudi residents near the south-ern border of Jizan Province were evacuated.[107] At thesame time, a Houthi spokesman reported to the mediathat they had captured Saudi troops.[108] On 16 Novem-ber, Yemen killed two Houthi commanders, Abbas Aaidaand Abu Haider. On 19 November, Yemeni forces tookcontrol of al-Malaheez, killing the local commander Alial-Qatwani.[109]

Houthi leaders claim that U.S. involvement started on 14December when the U.S. launched 28 air raids.[22] Atleast 120 people were killed and 44 injured by the al-leged US air raids on the regions of Amran, Hajjah andSa'dah in North Yemen. Houthis claimed air raids on18 December killed 63 civilians, including 28 childrenand injured at least 90 people.[110] U.S. President BarackObama claimed he had authorised the strikes against al-Qaeda.[111] On 20 December, Saudi air strike killed somecivilians. According to a spokesman for the Houthis, aSaudi attack killed 54 people in the town of Al Nad-heer in the northern province of Sa'dah. The group alsoclaimed that Saudi forces were advancing on the nearbytown of Zawa, also in Sa'dah, and had fired more than200 shells.[112]

On December 22, the Houthis stated that they have man-aged to repulse Saudi Arabian forces trying to infiltrateinto the province of Sa'dah, killing an unspecified num-ber of Saudi soldiers in a battle in the border region.[113]

The fighting between Yemeni and Saudi forces andHouthis killed at least 119 Yemeni government forces,263 Houthis, 277 civilians and 7 foreign civilians.[52]Saudi casualties were confirmed at 82 at the time.[114]With more soldiers killed in subsequent clashes and miss-ing soldiers being found dead, however, the casualtiesrose to 133 killed by January 23, 2010. The number ofmissing was put at six.[56]

In early January 2010, the Houthis chose the Iraqi clericGrand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani to mediate in their politi-cal standoff with the Yemeni government and to find a so-lution to the conflict. This choice was criticized by Saudicleric Mohammad al-Arifi, a preacher at Riyadhs cen-tral mosque, who dismissed al-Sistani as an infidel anddebauched. The remarks by the Saudi cleric were con-sidered extremely insulting by Shias around the world,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Bawazeirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Dukhanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizan_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani

4 3 TIMELINE

causing major outrage in some Shi'a populated countrieslike Iraq, Iran and Lebanon.[115][116]

On January 13, 2010, Operation Blow to the Head waslaunched in an attempt by the government to capture thecity of Sa'adah. Security forces claimed they killed 34and arrested at least 25 Houthis, as well as killing al-Qaeda in Yemen leader Abdullah al-Mehdar within thenext two weeks of fighting.[117]

On January 25, 2010, the Houthis offered a truce[118]and withdrew from 46 positions which they held in Sauditerritory. Houthi leader Abdul Malek al-Houthi saidthey would stop fighting to prevent further civilian ca-sualties and the withdrawal was a gesture for peace,[119]but warned that if the Saudis were to continue fightingthe Houthis would go over into open warfare. A Saudigeneral announced that the Houthis had stopped fight-ing and were not on Saudi land anymore and that in re-sponse the Saudis also stopped fighting saying, The bat-tle has ended by Gods will. But the Saudi king deniedthe Houthis had withdrawn saying they were forced out,and declared military victory for the end of their conflictwith the Houthis.[120] There have however been allega-tions that the Saudis launched new air raids on January29, thus breaking the truce.[121]

On January 1 the Yemeni government offered a con-ditional cease-fire. The cease-fire had five conditionswhich were the re-establishment of safe passage on roads,the surrender of mountain strongholds, a full withdrawalfrom all local authority property, the return of all militaryand public equipment seized during hostilities and the re-lease of all the detained civilians and soldiers. On January30, Abdel-Malek al-Houthi released a video wherein heblamed the government for the recent round of fightingbut said that: Nevertheless, and for the fourth time, I an-nounce our acceptance of the [governments] five condi-tions [for an end to the conflict] after the aggression stops... the ball is now in the other partys court.[122] After thetruce was accepted on January 30, however, there werestill some clashes between theHouthis and both Saudi andYemeni forces.[123] Therefore, on January 31 the Yemenigovernment rejected the truce and launched a new roundof attacks, killing 24 people.[124]

3.7 2010 conflict with pro-governmenttribes

In April, Houthi spokesmanMohammed Abdulsalam de-clared that rebels had captured the Manaba district inSa'dah, with little government resistance. Governmenttroops declared they had killed 30 Houthis who had triedto penetrate into Harf Sufyan District.On July 17, 2010, the Houthis warned on their websitethat the government was preparing for another offensiveagainst the Houthis. They said the government had beendigging trenches from the Sana'a to Sa'ada. They claimedthe army was trying to amass servicemen in villages and

that soldiers in Amshia Bsfian region were creating anarmy stronghold on Mount Guide. The report came asthe Yemeni government blamed Houthi fighters for re-cent ethnic clashes which had killed 11 people, includingtwo soldiers, and for the kidnapping of two people in amarket. The Houthis have denied these allegations andhave claimed that it was the work of the government.[125]

On July 20, 2010, clashes broke out between Houthis andmembers of an army-backed tribe, led by Sheikh SagheerAziz, in the region of Souffian. A Houthi commander de-clared that the clashes had broken out because of YemeniArmy attacks on Houthis and local pro-Houthi tribes.Forty-nine people were reported killed in the clashes, in-cluding 20 tribal and 10 Houthi fighters. The Houthisalso managed to surround the Yemeni military bases inthe region.[126] Over the following days the Yemeni armyand pro-government Bin Aziz tribes continued to clashwith the Houthis. The government claimed that in the fol-lowing two days, 20 fighters were killed on each side. AHouthi spokesman denied these claims, stating only threeHouthi fighters had been killed in the clashes. Both sideshave blamed each other for starting the clashes.[127] TheUN expressed great concern about the situation in NorthYemen.[128]

On July 23, Houthi spokesman Vayf-Allah al-Shami saidcalm had returned to the region and that a governmentcommittee was trying to mediate a cease-fire between theHouthis and the BinAziz tribes in the Souffian region.[129]

On July 27, Houthis seized a military post at al-Zaalain Harf Sufyan, capturing 200 soldiers of the armysRepublican Guard. Tribal sources claimed they had in-flicted 200 fatalities on the Houthis in al-Amsheya whilesuffering only 30 dead themselves. Houthi spokesmanAbdul Salam denied the high number of killed and saidthe claims were highly exaggerated. Houthis said they re-covered the bodies of 17 of their fighters, including that ofrebel commander Abu Haidar, near the house of SheikhSaghir Aziz in Al-Maqam, near Al-Zaala.[130]

On July 29, the Houthis released the 200 soldiers they hadcaptured as a goodwill gesture. In total some 70 peoplehad died since the clashes started.[131]

On November 22, one soldier was killed and twowounded in a roadside bombing. The next day 23 Houthifighters and supporters were killed and 30 injured by acar bomb targeting a Shi'a religious procession in al-Jawfprovince.[132][133] On November 26, two Shi'a mourn-ers were killed and eight injured by a bomb while ontheir way to Sa'adah city to attend Badreddin al-Houthi'sfuneral.[133]

In total, between 195 and 281 people were killed duringthis round violence, with the majority of the casualties onthe Houthi side.[134]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Headhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Mehdarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaba_districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harf_Sufyan_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Sagheer_Azizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Sagheer_Azizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayf-Allah_al-Shamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Salamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badreddin_al-Houthi

3.9 PostSaleh (20122015) 5

3.8 2011 Yemeni Revolution

Main article: Yemeni Revolution

A major demonstration by over 16,000 protestors tookplace in Sana'a on 27 January.[135] On 2 February, Pres-ident Saleh announced he would not run for reelectionin 2013 and that he would not pass power to his son.On 3 February, 20,000 people protested against the gov-ernment in Sana'a,[136][137] and others in Aden,[138] in aDay of Rage called for by Tawakel Karman.[139] On thesame day, soldiers, armed members of the General Peo-ples Congress and many others held a pro-governmentcounter-demonstration in Sana'a.[140]

On February 27, Abdul Malik al-Houthi announced sup-port for the pro-democracy protests and the effort toeffect regime change, as had happened in Tunisia andEgypt. Following these statements, large crowds ofHouthis joined in protests across Northern Yemen.[141]

Houthi fighters entered Sa'ada on March 19,[142] engag-ing in a drawn out battle with the pro-government forcesof Sheikh Uthman Mujalli.[143] They seized control ofthe city on March 24,[1] after destroying Sheikh Mujallishouse[143] and forcing the local governor to flee.[2] TheHouthis established military checkpoints at the entrancesto the city[143] after police deserted their posts and wererelocated to army camps elsewhere.[3]

OnMarch 26, Houthi rebels declared the creation of theirown administration in Saada Governorate, independentfrom Yemeni authorities. A former arms dealer was ap-pointed governor by the Houthis, the previous governorhaving fled to Sanaa.[2][3]

On July 8, 23 people were killed in fighting between theHouthis and the opposition Islah party in al-Jawf gover-norate. The fighting erupted after the governor of al-Jawffled, opposition tribes took control of the governorate,and the Houthis refused to hand over a Yemeni militarybase which they had seized several months earlier.[144]Fighting continued until July 11, with more than 30 peo-ple killed.[145] The Houthis claimed that some elementsof the pro-Islah militias had links to al-Qaeda.[146]

On July 28, over 120 people were killed as the Houthislaunched an offensive to take over government build-ings in al-Jawf.[147] Fighting in Jawf lasted for fourmonths, in which time Sunni tribes claimed to have killed470 Houthis, while acknowledging 85 casualties of theirown.[148] The Houthis eventually took control of al-Jawfgovernorate.[149]

In August a car-bombing killed 14 Houthis in al-Jawf.[150] Although the Houthis initially blamed the US andIsrael for the bombing, al-Qaeda eventually claimedresponsibility,[151] the organization having declared a holywar against the Houthis earlier that year.[152] In earlyNovember clashes erupted between Houthis and a Salafigroup in Sa'dah, leaving one Salafist dead.[153]

On November 9, after several days of heavy fighting, theHouthis managed to break through defense lines of thepro-government Kashir and Aahm tribes in Hajjah Gov-ernorate, seizing control of the Kuhlan Ash Sharaf Dis-trict and advancing towards the port of Midi, therebygaining access to the sea. Through Hajjah, the Houthiswould be able to launch an assault on the Yemeni capi-tal Sana'a.[154] By taking Kuhlan Ash Sharaf, the Houthismanaged to gain control over a highway linking San'a tothe sea.[149]

On November 15, clashes between Houthis and Islahparty militia restarted in al-Jawf, after an Islah partymember tried to blow himself up during the al-Ghadeerfestival, in Al Maton District but was captured and killedby the Houthis. A total of 10 people died in the ensuingfighting.[155]

On December 19, Houthis stormed a Sunni Islamistschool in the Shaharah District of 'Amran governorate,injuring one teacher and expelling all teachers and stu-dents from the school. Houthis then took up positionsinside the school.[156]

On 23 November, Saleh signed a power-transfer agree-ment brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council inRiyadh, under which he would transfer his power tohis Vice-President within 30 days and leave his post aspresident by February 2012, in exchange for immunityfrom prosecution.[157][158] Although the GCC deal wasaccepted by the JMP, it was rejected by many of theprotesters and the Houthis.[159][160]

A presidential election was held in Yemen on 21 Febru-ary 2012. With a reported 65 percent turnout, Abd Rab-buh Mansur al-Hadi won 99.8% of the vote, and tookthe oath of office in Yemens parliament on 25 Febru-ary 2012. Saleh returned home the same day to at-tend Hadis presidential inauguration.[161] After monthsof protests, Saleh had resigned from the presidency andformally transferred power to his successor, marking theend of his 33-year rule.[162]

Throughout the year, some 200 people were killed inclashes between Houthis and Salafi militias in Sa'dahprovince.[163]

3.9 PostSaleh (20122015)

On February 26, 2012, heavy fighting occurred in Haj-jah governorate as Houthis fought Sunni tribesmen loyalto the Al-Islah party. At least seven fighters from the Ho-jjor tribe were killed and nine others injured, while in theAhem area nine bodies were found, belonging to Houthifighters. Houthis launched an assault backed by artilleryon al-Jarabi area, al-Hazan village, al-Moshaba moun-tain, and Ahem police station to take control of the al-Moshaba mountain. Parts of the Kushar District were putunder siege[164] since clashes erupted in that province be-tween Houthis and the al-Zakari tribe in November.[165]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakel_Karmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saada_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaedahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajjah_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlan_Ash_Sharaf_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlan_Ash_Sharaf_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midi_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maton_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaharah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_presidential_election,_2012https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushar_District

6 3 TIMELINE

In early February, over 55 people had been killed duringsectarian violence in Kushar.[166] During February andMarch some 27 people were killed and 36 injured due tomines in Hajjah. A total of 600 were killed in clashes inHajjah between November 2011 and April 2012, mainlyin Kushar and Mustaba Districts.[167]

On March 8, a high-ranking military commander and sixof his bodyguards were killed by Houthi gunmen in thenorthern province of Amran[168]

On March 23, a suicide bomber targeted a Houthi marchin Sa'dah, no casualties were reported.[169] On March25, some 14 people were killed and three injured in acar bombing in al-Hazm of al-Jawf province, targetinga Shi'a gathering near a school.[170] Another 8 Houthiswere killed in an attack by Salafis on April 21.[171] FromJune 2 to June 4, Houthis clashed with Salafi militias inKataf districtm leaving several dead.[172] Houthis claimto have taken over three Salafi positions and confiscatedSaudi weapons during the clash.[173]

On August 21, clashes broke out between Houthis andtribes in Ash Shahil District of Hajjah after Houthis al-legedly shot two women in the district. As the fightingbroke out, Houthis retreated from al-Amroor area andretreated to the mountains between Janeb al-Sham andJaneb al-Yemen. Houthis were said to control severalmountains in the region including mount Azzan and thegovernorate center that overlooks al-Mahabishah, QaflShamer and Ku'aydinah Districts. A truce was signed be-tween the two sides on August 30.[174] Clashes reignitedon September 6 and Houthis managed to seize controlof five schools, a medical center and a police station.Some 30 people were killed in the battles.[175] After-wards Houthis claimed civilian areas were being shelledby al-Islah, while MP Ali al-Ma'amari accused Houthisof killing a worker from Taiz.[176]

In September and October, Houthis led may protestsin Sana'a as part of the 2012 Anti-US protests causedby the release of Innocence of Muslims. Houthi slo-gans were hung all across the old city of Sana'a andShi'a majority areas during the protests.[177] This hasled to Houthis expanding their control in Sana'a Gov-ernorate and other areas around the capital, particu-larly Khwlan and Sanhan Districts and the town ShibamKawkaban in al-Mahwit.[178] Al-Juraf district was alsonamed as a Houthi stronghold, where they had large num-bers of weapons stationed. Sunni sources have allegedthat Houthis have used the protests to smuggle weaponsand fighters from areas surrounding Sana'a into Sana'acity itself, mainly in the old city.[179]

During one of the protests, in Raydah, Amran, clashesbroke out between Houthis and Islahi gunmen after theIslahi gunmen interrupted a Houthi mass rally, denounc-ing Innocence of Muslims and the US government, onSeptember 21. Two people were killed during the clashand three Islahi gunmen were captured.[176] Fighting con-tinued until September 23, leaving 16 fighters dead and

36 Islah men captured by the Houthis. After a cease-fire was agreed on, Houthis withdrew from the town andreleased the prisoners they had taken.[163] A group ofHouthis remained in Owaidan mosque.[180]

3.10 201415: Toppling the Yemeni Gov-ernment

A Houthi official declares the dissolution of parliament in Sana'aon 6 February 2015.

Main articles: Battle of Sana'a (2014) and 201415Yemeni coup d'tat

On 18August 2014, the Houthis began a series of demon-strations in Sana'a against increased fuel prices. On 21September, the Houthis took control of Sana'a, afterwhich Prime Minister Mohammed Basindawa resignedand the Houthis signed a deal for a new unity governmentwith other political parties. The protests were markedby clashes between the Houthis and the government andalso clashes between theHouthis and al-Qaeda in theAra-bian Peninsula.[181] At least 340 people were killed on theoutskirts of the Yemeni capital in one week of fightingbetween the Shiite rebels and Sunni militiamen beforethe city fell.[182] The new government was sworn in on9 November, although the Houthis and General PeoplesCongress announced they would not take part[183]

A spokesman for the Houthi group has accused YemensPresident Hadi of arming members of Al-Qaeda in theMarib province, east of the country, in order to create anew security crisis.[184]

The crisis intensified as Houthi militants attacked thepresidential palace and private residence in January 2015,quickly seizing control of both. On 22 January, PresidentAbd RabbuhMansur Hadi and his ministers resigned.[185]The Houthis declared themselves in full control of thegovernment on 6 February, dissolving parliament andputting a Revolutionary Committee led by MohammedAli al-Houthi in charge of the country.[186]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaba_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hazm_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Shahil_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mahabishah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafl_Shamer_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafl_Shamer_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%2527aydinah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527a_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527a_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwlan_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhan_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Mahwit_Governoratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raydah_Districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%2527ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sana%2527a_(2014)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%2527%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%2527%C3%A9tathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sana%2527a_(2014)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Basindawahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_People%2527s_Congress_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_(Yemen)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi

4.2 United States 7

3.11 2015: Saudi-led intervention (Opera-tion Decisive Storm)

Main article: Operation Decisive Storm

On March 26, 2015, Saudi Arabia and a coalition ofregional states launched airstrikes against Houthi posi-tions in Yemen in an operation called Operation Deci-sive Storm.[187] The military coalition included the UnitedStates who was helping with the planning of airstrikes,as well as logistical and intelligence (spying) support.[188]Other coalition states included Egypt, United Arab Emi-rates, Bahrain, Morocco, Pakistan, Jordan, and Sudanwho provided direct military support (airplanes).[189] Ini-tial strikes left 18 civilians dead and 24 other wounded,including women and children.[189]

Initial reactions from Houthi spokesman Mohammed AlBukhaiti called the military action a declaration of war onYemen.[189] Iranian foreign minister Mohammad JavadZarif demanded immediate halt of the attacks, sayingMilitary action from outside of Yemen against its ter-ritorial integrity and its people will have no other resultthan more bloodshed and more deaths.[189] Some ana-lysts saw it in a broader context as a proxy war betweenIran and Saudi Arabia.[189]

4 Alleged foreign involvement

4.1 Iran and Hezbollah

There have been a number of alleged Iranian involve-ments in the insurgency to aid the Houthis, including:

The Saudi and Yemeni governments both accuseIran of helping the Houthis. Iran, they say, has se-cretly landed arms on the Red Sea coast. In October,2009, Yemens government said its navy interceptedan arms-carrying Iranian vessel. Yemens state-controlled press claims Houthi rebels have beentrained in an Iranian-run camp across the Red Seain Eritrea. Yemens president, Ali Abdullah Saleh,says members of Lebanons Iran-backed Hezbollahmilitia are teaching them. The Yemeni authoritiesalso darkly note that the Houthis long-time leader,Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, who died in battle in2004, used to visit Qom, one of Shia Islams holiestplaces.[190] None of these accusations have yet beenborne out by independent observers and the Iraniansdeny any involvement.

Saudi-owned Al Arabiya claimed that well-informed sources are saying that the presidentof the former South Yemen (Ali Salim al-Bidh)conducted a secret visit to the Lebanese capitalBeirut last October (2009), and tried to contactfigures close to Hezbollah aiming to win its support

for the Houthi rebels, and for South (Yemens)secession. The sources added that those Hezbollah-allied figures informed al-Bidh that the partys topofficials do not want to meet with him and that theydo not approve the attribution of Hezbollahs namewith what is happening in Yemen, or to appear assupporting to any rebellion. Ibrahim al-Mussawi,Head of Hezbollahs Media Unit, told Alarabiya.netthat his party denies the report about an allegedsecret visit.[191]

High-ranking officials from the Iranian Revolution-ary Guard were said to have secretly met withHouthi rebels and Hezbollah in Yemen to coordi-nate joint military operations against Saudi positionsalong the border. Pan-Arab Asharq al-Awsat dailysaid Arab and Egyptian sources uncovered that anumber of intelligence services in the region havelearned of the three-way meeting which also aimedat developing a plan to escalate the military situationalong the Saudi-Yemeni border. It said the high-level meeting which took place in November, 2009was the most prominent evidence of direct Iranianinvolvement in the support of Houthi rebels finan-cially, militarily and logistically.[192]

Yemeni Foreign Minister Abu Bakr al-Qirbi on 13December 2009 urged Iran to crack down on Ira-nian groups he accused of aiding Houthi rebelsin northern Yemen and held Irans governmentpartly to blame. He said: Religious (Shiite) cir-cles and groups in Iran are providing aid to theHuthis, However, Iran has repeatedly denied suchaccusations.[193]

On 25 May, Iran first deployed warships to the Gulfof Aden to combat piracy in Somalia.[194] On 20January 2010, On 18 November, a second groupof Iranian warships came to the Gulf of Aden, atthe same time as Saudi Arabia imposed a blockadeon Houthi-controlled coasts and launched a crack-down on Houthi ships delivering weapons to theHouthis.[194] Iran dispatched its 5th fleet to the Gulfof Aden.[195] Some have alleged that the IranianNavy is operating there to help supply the Houthiswith weapons and counter the Saudi naval power inthe area rather than to fight Somali pirates.[194]

4.2 United States

On December 2009, According to The New York Times,the United States has provided weapons and logisticalsupport to Yemeni government strikes against suspectedhide-outs of Al Qaeda within its borders. The officialssaid that the American support was approved by Pres-ident Obama and came at the request of the Yemenigovernment.[196] Houthis claimed in a statement that theU.S. has used modern fighter jets and bombers in its of-fensive against the Yemen fighters.[22]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_military_intervention_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarifhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritreahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiyahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Salim_al-Beidhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiruthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_al-Awsathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Qirbihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Adenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Navyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Navy

8 7 REFERENCES

Houthi leaders however claim that US involvementstarted on 14 December when the US launched 28 airraids.[22] At least 120 people were killed and 44 injuredby the alleged US air raids on the regions of Amran, Ha-jjah and Sa'ada in North Yemen, a Houthi leader wasquoted as saying: The US air force perpetrated an ap-palling massacre against citizens in the north of Yemen asit launched air raids on various populated areas, markets,refugee camps and villages along with Saudi warplanes,The savage crime committed by the US air force showsthe real face of the United States. It cancels out muchtouted American claims of human rights protection, pro-motion of freedoms of citizens as well as democracy.[197]The Houthi claimed that new air raids on 18 Decemberkilled 63 civilians, including 28 children and injured atleast 90 people.[110]

On June 17, 2011, following Friday prayers, tens of thou-sands of protestors rallied in Sa'dah against US interfer-ence in Yemen.[198]

The Houthis blamed US intelligence forces of carryingout a bombing in August 2011 which killed 14 Houthifighters.[199]

4.3 Other

Jordan: It has been alleged that Jordan de-ployed commandos to fight alongside the Saudis dur-ing their offensive in Northern Mount Al-Dukhanand that Saudis sent the Jordanian commandos tofight in Northern Yemen. They also sent auxiliaryunits to support Saudi forces.[17] By December 2009it was alleged that over 2,000 Jordanian soldierswere fighting at the front.[19]

Morocco: It was alleged that Morocco havesent hundreds of elite fighters, mainly para-trooperstrained for counter-insurgency operations, to aid the20092010 Saudi offensive.[19]

Pakistan: It was alleged in Pakistani news me-dia and newspapers that the Pakistan governmenthad sent contingent of special forces to join Yemenicounter insurgency operations in Sa'dah.[200]

5 Humanitarian effects

In April 2008, the United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees estimated that the conflict had created77,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Sa'dahGovernorate.[201] By order of then king Abdullah ofSaudi Arabia, the Saudis were to shelter and build 10,000new homes for the war-displaced people.[202][203][204]

5.1 Use of child soldiers

See also: Military use of children

UNICEF and Islamic Relief were reported as con-demning both the Yemeni military and Houthi rebelsfor abusing children by forcing them to fight for theircause.[205][206][207] In November 2009, over 400 childrenwalked to the UNDP office in Sana'a, to protest againstthe alleged Houthi abuse of childrens rights.[208]

6 See also Human rights in Yemen

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

Military of Yemen

South Yemen insurgency

7 References[1] Insurgents take control of Yemeni city. Financial Times.

Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[2] Yemen Post Staff (27 March 2011). Houthi Group Ap-points Arms Dealer as Governor of Sa'ada province.Yemen Post.

[3]

[4] The Muslim News Yemen after Saleh: A future fraughtwith violence, Friday 27 May 2011.

[5] Yemen leader urges Shiite rebels to leave capital. TheDaily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Retrieved 17 October2014.

[6] Bombings in Yemeni Mosques Kill More Than 130.The New York Times. 20 March 2015.

[7] Yemen: A country contested. Al Jazeera. 24 March2015.

[8] Military Operation in Yemen. Sputnik News. 27March2015.

[9] HOW AL QAEDAS BIGGEST ENEMY TOOKOVER YEMEN (AND WHY THE U.S. GOVERN-MENT IS UNLIKELY TO SUPPORT THEM)". The In-tercept. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.

[10] Shiite rebels take control of Yemens third largest city.The Daily Star. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[11] UPDATED: Yemen anti-government forces seize airbasenear Aden: Army

[12] BREAKING: Yemens Hadi flees Aden with Saudi diplo-matic mission: Sources

[13] Yemeni President Hadi flees Aden

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%2527dahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Al-Dukhanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Services_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugeeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_personshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_use_of_childrenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Reliefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNDPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_Easthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Yemenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgencyhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/05e7f686-5621-11e0-8de9-00144feab49a.html#axzz1HoZpKvxghttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3336http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3336https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muslim_Newshttp://www.muslimnews.co.uk/paper/index.php?article=5273http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/paper/index.php?article=5273http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-26/272105-yemen-leader-urges-shiite-rebels-to-leave-capital.ashx#axzz3DwXZNAOvhttp://mobile.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/03/20/world/middleeast/ap-ml-yemen.html?referrer=&_r=0http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/03/yemen-country-contested-150324073851282.htmlhttp://sputniknews.com/infographics/20150327/1020092404.html?utm_source=t.co%252FMAOHjNrtyP&utm_medium=short_url&utm_content=VK&utm_campaign=URL_shorteninghttps://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/22/yemens-de-facto-coup-detat/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/22/yemens-de-facto-coup-detat/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/01/22/yemens-de-facto-coup-detat/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-22/291706-yemen-officials-say-shiite-rebels-seize-countrys-third-largest-city-taiz.ashxhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/126044/World/Region/BREAKING-Yemen-antigovernment-forces-seize-airbase.aspxhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/126044/World/Region/BREAKING-Yemen-antigovernment-forces-seize-airbase.aspxhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/News/126054.aspxhttp://english.ahram.org.eg/News/126054.aspxhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/03/yemeni-president-hadi-flees-aden-150325092352502.html

9

[14] Hadi loyalists retake Yemens Aden airport-local offi-cial. The Daily Star. Retrieved 26 March 2015.

[15] Gulf Arabs say they are defending Yemen against aggres-sion. The Daily Star. 26 March 2015.

[16] Jordan joins Saudi-led strikes in Yemen. The Daily Star.Retrieved 26 March 2015.

[17] Jordanian commandos join war on Houthi fighters.Press TV. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December2009.

[18] Saudis 'in a panic mode' as Shi'ite rebels move Northfrom Yemen. World Tribune. 4 December 2009. Re-trieved 31 October 2013.

[19] Canales, Pedro (3 December 2009). Marruecos y Jor-dania envan tropas de lite para ayudar a los saudes enYemen. El Imparcial (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 Decem-ber 2009.

[20] Members of Anti Houthis coalition in Yemen

[21] Sudanese army says ground troops to join Saudi-led coali-tion in Yemen

[22] "'US fighter jets attack Yemeni fighters". Press TV. 14December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

[23] US 'sends special forces to Yemen' amid crisis. PressTV. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2013.

[24] Yemen seeks US help to quash Houthis. Ahlul BaytNews Agency. 11 November 2009. Retrieved 31 October2013.

[25] MEMRI: Houthi TV Airs Footage of US Military Planein Yemeni Airbase. MEMRITV - The Middle East MediaResearch Institute. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[26] Turkey announce that it will support the military opera-tions that is operated by Gulf cooperation councils coun-tries against Houthies. Qasion news. 26 March 2015.

[27] Pakistan troops will join Saudi coalition against Yemenirebels: official. The Daily Star. 30 March 2015.

[28] Yemen militia sends forces south as UN warns of civilwar. The Daily Star. 23 March 2015.

[29] archicivilians in twitter

[30] Houthi victories in Yemen make Saudi Arabia nervous.Al Monitor. 15 October 2014.

[31] Martin Reardon (30 September 2014). Saudi Arabia,Iran and the 'Great Game' in Yemen. Al Jazeera.

[32] The Rise of the Iranian Empire. The Tower. Retrieved22 March 2015.

[33] Yemen revolutionaries celebrate deal with government.Press TV. 2014-09-22.

[34] Hadi Flees As Yemen Army Enters Gulf of Aden, Re-stores Houta

[35] Houthis enter Yemens Aden

[36] Houthis kill top Yemeni commander. Presstv.com.2009-10-25. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

[37] Ambush kills 3 Yemeni soldiers, 2 top officers. PressTV. 3 November 2009.

[38] Yemen: Houthi leader hails 'revolution'". BBC News.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[39] Houthy military leaders killed under the Saudi Air forcesairstrikes over Yemen

[40] Decisive Storm besieges Houthis

[41] Arrabyee, Nasser (2007-04-04). Yemens rebels unde-feated. Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[42] Center for Strategic and International Studies The MiddleEast Military Balance, 2005.

[43] Barak A. Salmoni, Bryce Loidolt, Madeleine Wells (28April 2010). Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen:The Huthi Phenomenon. Rand Corporation. Retrieved 17October 2014.

[44] Tracker: Saudi Arabias Military Operations AlongYemeni Border - Critical Threats. Criticalthreats.org.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[45] Hakim Almasmari (10 April 2010). Thousands Ex-pected to die in 2010 in Fight against Al-Qaeda. YemenPost.

[46] Peninsula on the brink. Ahram.org.eg. Retrieved 17October 2014.

[47] CNNMedics: Militants raid Yemen town, killing dozens,November 27, 2011.

[48] Houthis Kill 24 in North Yemen, Yemen Post, 27November 2011.

[49] Yemeni Authorities Set Conditions for Ending MilitaryOperations in Sa'ada- Yemen Post English NewspaperOnline. Yemen Post. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

[50] Al-Haj, Ahmed (19 February 2007). Clashes in YemenKill More Than 100. Fox News. Retrieved 29 December2009.

[51] Yemeni military battles Shi'ite rebels. The Age (Mel-bourne). 20 March 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

[52] ArmedConflicts Report - Yemen. Ploughshares.ca. Re-trieved 2009-11-09.

[53] Shiite rebels release 180 Yemen prisoners. ABC News.2010-03-18. Retrieved 2010-07-28.

[54] Thomson Reuters Foundation. Thomson Reuters Foun-dation. alertnet.org.

[55]

[56] Saudi: Bodies of 20 soldiers found on Yemen border, 23January 2010.

[57] Heavy Saudi casualties in war with Houthis. Press TV.2009-12-22. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-26/292159-hadi-loyalists-retake-yemens-aden-airport-local-official.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-26/292159-hadi-loyalists-retake-yemens-aden-airport-local-official.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-26/292144-saudi-uae-kuwait-qatar-say-they-are-protecting-yemen-against-houthi-aggression-joint-statement.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-26/292144-saudi-uae-kuwait-qatar-say-they-are-protecting-yemen-against-houthi-aggression-joint-statement.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-26/292163-jordan-confirms-joining-saudi-led-strikes-in-yemen.ashxhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=111852&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_jordan0940_12_04.asphttp://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_jordan0940_12_04.asphttp://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/53058.htmlhttp://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/53058.htmlhttp://www.elimparcial.es/contenido/53058.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Imparcialhttps://twitter.com/zaidbenjamin/status/580904216027238401http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article54415http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article54415http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=113687&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://edition.presstv.ir/detail/113672.htmlhttp://abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&id=171794http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/3558.htmhttp://www.memritv.org/clip/en/3558.htmhttp://qasion-news.com/en/content/turkey-announce-it-will-support-military-operations-operated-gulf-cooperation-councils#sthash.rTX7R866.oBFiGjze.dpbshttp://qasion-news.com/en/content/turkey-announce-it-will-support-military-operations-operated-gulf-cooperation-councils#sthash.rTX7R866.oBFiGjze.dpbshttp://qasion-news.com/en/content/turkey-announce-it-will-support-military-operations-operated-gulf-cooperation-councils#sthash.rTX7R866.oBFiGjze.dpbshttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-30/292677-pakistan-to-send-troops-to-saudi-arabia-to-join-coalition-against-yemen-rebels-pakistan-official.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-30/292677-pakistan-to-send-troops-to-saudi-arabia-to-join-coalition-against-yemen-rebels-pakistan-official.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-23/291817-yemeni-forces-fight-off-houthis-heading-for-aden.ashxhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-23/291817-yemeni-forces-fight-off-houthis-heading-for-aden.ashxhttps://twitter.com/archicivilians/status/580685212620759040http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/10/houthi-yemen-victory-saudi-arabia-nightmare-iran.htmlhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/09/saudi-arabia-iran-great-game-ye-201492984846324440.htmlhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/09/saudi-arabia-iran-great-game-ye-201492984846324440.htmlhttp://www.thetower.org/article/the-rise-of-the-iranian-empire/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/22/379649/yemen-revolutionaries-celebrate-deal/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?eid=202717&cid=23&fromval=1&frid=23&seccatid=31&s1=1http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?eid=202717&cid=23&fromval=1&frid=23&seccatid=31&s1=1http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2015/03/25/403306/Houthis-enter-Yemens-Adenhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=109606&sectionid=351020206http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/110351.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29338034http://qasion-news.com/en/content/houthy-military-leaders-killed-under-saudi-air-forces-airstrikes-over-yemen#sthash.0EVBE0oJ.WBH2rgZx.dpbshttp://qasion-news.com/en/content/houthy-military-leaders-killed-under-saudi-air-forces-airstrikes-over-yemen#sthash.0EVBE0oJ.WBH2rgZx.dpbshttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Mar-27/292330-decisive-storm-besieges-houthis.ashxhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/838/re8.htmhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/838/re8.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weeklyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studieshttp://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%255b1%255d.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%255b1%255d.pdfhttp://books.google.com/books?id=CNQJmdjcyS0C&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=CNQJmdjcyS0C&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/tracker-saudi-arabia%25E2%2580%2599s-military-operations-along-yemeni-borderhttp://www.criticalthreats.org/yemen/tracker-saudi-arabia%25E2%2580%2599s-military-operations-along-yemeni-borderhttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1749&MainCat=2http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1749&MainCat=2http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/972/re5.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNhttp://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/27/world/meast/yemen-clashes/index.htmlhttp://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4393&MainCat=3http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1151&MainCat=3http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1151&MainCat=3http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=1151&MainCat=3http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2007Feb19/0,4675,YemenRebels,00.htmlhttp://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2007Feb19/0,4675,YemenRebels,00.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Newshttp://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Yemeni-military-battles-Shiite-rebels/2007/03/20/1174153010354.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Agehttp://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Yemen.htm#Statushttp://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/03/18/2849213.htmhttp://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62H0RA.htmhttp://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62H0RA.htmhttp://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3838344,00.htmlhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=114393&sectionid=351020206

10 7 REFERENCES

[58] 187 children killed in Yemen war, report says

[59] Barak A. Salmoni, Bryce Loidolt, and Madeleine Wells(2010). page xv Regime and Periphery in NorthernYemen: The Huthi Phenomenon. RAND National De-fense Research Institute.

[60] Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: The Huthi Phe-nomenon - Barak A. Salmoni, Bryce Loidolt, MadeleineWells - Google Boeken. Books.google.nl. Retrieved 17October 2014.

[61] Salafist, Houthi sectarian rift threatens to engulf fragilestate of Yemen. The Daily Star Newspaper. Retrieved 17October 2014.

[62] Yemen: Relative calm in Sa'ada, Amran and Al-Jawf

[63] Hill, Ginny (2007-02-05). Yemen fears return of insur-gency. BBC News. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[64] McGregor, Andrew (August 12, 2004). Shiite Insur-gency in Yemen: Iranian Intervention or Mountain Re-volt?" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor (The Jamestown Foun-dation) 2 (16): 46. Archived from the original onNovember 21, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[65] Crises multiply for divided Yemen. BBC News. Re-trieved 17 October 2014.

[66] Deadly blast strikes Yemen mosque. BBC News. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[67] Johnsen, Gregory D. (February 20, 2007). Yemen Ac-cuses Iran of Meddling in its Internal Affairs (PDF). Ter-rorism Focus 4 (2): 34. Archived from the original onJune 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-07.

[68] Timeline: Yemen. BBC News. 2009-11-11. Retrieved2009-12-22.

[69] The crucible of Yemen. Al Jazeera. 22 May 2011. Re-trieved 17 October 2014.

[70] Rebels capture Yemen presidential palace, shell resi-dence. USA today. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 Jan-uary 2015.

[71] Yemen rebels overtake presidential palace. Al Jazeera.20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.

[72] Yemen crisis: President resigns as rebels tighten hold.BBC. January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

[73] Profile: Yemens Houthi fighters. Al Jazeera. 2009-07-12. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

[74] Stephens Michael (27 March 2015). Yemen is a defin-ing moment for King Salman. Al jazeera. Retrieved 29March 2015.

[75] Arrabyee, Nasser (2005-05-25). Rebellion continues.Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[76] Photo Essay: The Rise of the Houthis. Newsweek. 9February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

[77] Al-Bukhari to the Yemen Times: The Houthis takeovercan not be called an invasion"". Yemen Times. 21 October2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.

[78] Clashes 'leave 118 dead' in Yemen. BBC News. 2004-07-03. Retrieved 2007-02-03.

[79] Yemeni forces kill rebel cleric. BBC News. 2004-09-10. Retrieved 2007-01-30.

[80] al-Shabab al-Mumen / Shabab al-Moumineen (Believ-ing Youth)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 29 December2009.

[81] Christopher Boucek and Marina Ottaway (2010). Yemenon the Brink. Carnegie Endowment for InternationalPeace. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[82] Yemen tells Shi'ite rebels to disband or face war.Reuters. 2004-01-29. Retrieved 2007-01-30.

[83] "'Shia gunmen' kill Yemeni troops. BBC News. 2004-01-28. Retrieved 2007-01-30.

[84] Al-Mahdi, Khaled (2007-02-15). 95 Killed in YemenClashes. ArabNews. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[85] Shi'ite rebels kill six Yemen soldiers - Web site.Reuters. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-03.

[86] Yemeni soldiers killed in attack. Al Jazeera English.2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-02.

[87] 10 soldiers killed in attack in Yemen. Middle East On-line. 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-03.

[88] More than 100 killed in 5 days of clashes between armyand Shiite rebels clashes in Yemen, officials say. Interna-tional Herald Tribune. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[89] 160 rebels killed in Yemen. Israel Herald. 2007-03-07.Retrieved 2007-04-11.

[90] Two killed in Yemen attack including a Frenchman.Reuters. 26 March 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

[91] Al-Hajj, Ahmed (2007-06-17). Yemens government,Shiite rebels negotiate end to 3-year conflict. The SeattleTimes. Retrieved 2007-06-17.

[92] Reuters (2008-05-02). Dozens of casualties in Yemenmosque blast. France 24. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[93] Deaths in Yemeni mosque blast. Al Jazeera English.2008-05-02. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[94] 7 die as Yemeni troops, rebels clash after mosque attack.The Jerusalem Post. Associated Press. 2008-05-03. Re-trieved 2008-05-23.

[95] Heavy clashes break out between Yemeni soldiers andShiite rebels in nor. International Herald Tribune. Asso-ciated Press. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[96] Yemen: Hundreds Unlawfully Arrested in Rebel Con-flict. Human Rights Watch. 2008-10-24. Retrieved2009-11-09.

[97] Yemen denies warplane shot down. Al Jazeera English.2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

[98] "'Many killed' in Yemen air raid. BBC News. 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=119254&sectionid=351020206http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG962.pdfhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG962.pdfhttp://books.google.nl/books?id=Sj81Eaxz-2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Regime+and+Periphery+in+Northern+Yemen:+The+Huthi+Phenomenon&hl=nl#v=onepage&q=25%252C000&f=falsehttp://books.google.nl/books?id=Sj81Eaxz-2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Regime+and+Periphery+in+Northern+Yemen:+The+Huthi+Phenomenon&hl=nl#v=onepage&q=25%252C000&f=falsehttp://books.google.nl/books?id=Sj81Eaxz-2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Regime+and+Periphery+in+Northern+Yemen:+The+Huthi+Phenomenon&hl=nl#v=onepage&q=25%252C000&f=falsehttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Dec-21/157464-salafist-houthi-sectarian-rift-threatens-to-engulf-fragile-state-of-yemen.ashx#axzz1i76kMykqhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Dec-21/157464-salafist-houthi-sectarian-rift-threatens-to-engulf-fragile-state-of-yemen.ashx#axzz1i76kMykqhttp://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-346113.pdfhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6331149.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6331149.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://web.archive.org/web/20061121131603/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/ter_002_016.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061121131603/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/ter_002_016.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20061121131603/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/ter_002_016.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jamestown_Foundationhttp://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/ter_002_016.pdfhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8413450.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7379929.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://web.archive.org/web/20070616045131/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/tf_004_002.pdfhttp://web.archive.org/web/20070616045131/http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/tf_004_002.pdfhttp://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/uploads/tf_004_002.pdfhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1706450.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/05/20115228013977326.htmlhttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/20/yemen-shiite-rebels/22038397/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/01/20/yemen-shiite-rebels/22038397/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/20/yemen-crisis-negotiations.htmlhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30936940http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/08/200981294214604934.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeerahttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/03/yemen-defining-moment-king-salman-150327065530744.htmlhttp://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/03/yemen-defining-moment-king-salman-150327065530744.htmlhttp://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/743/re10.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weeklyhttp://www.newsweek.com/photo-essay-rise-houthis-305511https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://www.yementimes.com/en/1826/intreview/4467/Al-Bukhaiti-to-the-Yemen-Times-%E2%80%9CThe-Houthis%E2%80%99-takeover-can-not-be-called-an-invasion%E2%80%9D.htmhttp://www.yementimes.com/en/1826/intreview/4467/Al-Bukhaiti-to-the-Yemen-Times-%E2%80%9CThe-Houthis%E2%80%99-takeover-can-not-be-called-an-invasion%E2%80%9D.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Timeshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3863463.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3643600.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/shabab-al-moumineen.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/shabab-al-moumineen.htmhttp://books.google.nl/books?id=pUq4Wo1zSt0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yemen+on+the+Brink&hl=nl&ei=TbuMTvHzI6ek0QWS-PjSBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://books.google.nl/books?id=pUq4Wo1zSt0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yemen+on+the+Brink&hl=nl&ei=TbuMTvHzI6ek0QWS-PjSBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20070129-0318-yemen-houthi-.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6307703.stmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Newshttp://arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=92163&d=15&m=2&y=2007&pix=world.jpg&category=Worldhttp://arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=92163&d=15&m=2&y=2007&pix=world.jpg&category=Worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArabNewshttp://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0118141.htmhttp://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/24D55138-C57E-455A-93D3-7B29E3D21C93.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Englishhttp://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=19396http://iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/19/africa/ME-GEN-Yemen-Rebels.phphttp://iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/19/africa/ME-GEN-Yemen-Rebels.phphttp://story.israelherald.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/940f2bfd509e743b/id/232503/cs/1/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL26448929http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003751155_yemen17.htmlhttp://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003751155_yemen17.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://www.france24.com/en/20080502-dozens-casualties-yemen-mosque-blast&navi=MONDEhttp://www.france24.com/en/20080502-dozens-casualties-yemen-mosque-blast&navi=MONDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9B661165-2CD6-4582-8B4D-507C3653F795.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Englishhttp://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1209626997129&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFullhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Posthttp://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/05/12/africa/ME-GEN-Yemen-Clashes.phphttp://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/05/12/africa/ME-GEN-Yemen-Clashes.phphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Herald_Tribunehttp://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/10/21/yemen20035.htmhttp://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/10/21/yemen20035.htmhttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/10/2009102103834822778.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8260414.stm

11

[99] Yemen rebels 'seize Saudi area'". BBC News. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

[100] Yemenis intercept 'Iranian ship'". BBC News. 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[101] Iran says documents prove Yemen ship had no arms.Press TV. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[102] Yemen rebels accuse Saudi. France 24. Agence France-Presse. 2009-11-02. Retrieved 2009-11-02.

[103] Riyadh continues air raids on northern Yemen. PressTV. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

[104] Houthis Say they Will Withdraw from Saudi if RiyadhEnds Attacks. Naharnet (AFP). 23 December 2009. Re-trieved 29 December 2009.

[105] Saudi air force hits Yemen rebels after border raid.Swissinfo.ch. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

[106]

[107] Saudi forces keep up Houthi assault. Al Jazeera. 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06.

[108] Ersan, Inal (2009-11-06). Yemeni rebels say captureSaudi soldiers: report. Reuters. Retrieved 2009-11-06.

[109] Saudi soldier, Houthi leaders killed in north Yemen.Press TV. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 29 December2009.

[110] US air raids kill 63 civilians in Yemen. Press TV. 18December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

[111] Ross, Brian; Richard Esposito; Matthew Cole; Luis Mar-tinez; Kirit Radia. Obama Ordered U.S. Military Strikeon Yemen Terrorists. ABC News. Retrieved 29 Decem-ber 2009.

[112] Liam Stack (21 December 2009). Saudi air strike killsYemen rebels as US drawn into fight. The Christian Sci-ence Monitor. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[113] Houthis repel Saudi incursion into northern YemenHouthis repel Saudi incursion into northern Yemen.Press TV. 23 December 2009.

[114] Saudi Arabia says soldiers killed in Yemen. Press TV.12 January 2010.

[115] Salafis irate over ban on preacher. The National. Re-trieved 17 October 2014.

[116] Sunni scholars against insulting Sistani

[117] Leader of Al Qaeda in Yemen 'killed in gun battle'".Daily Mail (London). 2010-01-13.

[118] Houthis initiate truce with Saudi Arabia. Press TV. 25January 2010.

[119] Saudis claim victory over Houthis. Press TV. 27 Jan-uary 2010.

[120] Saudi-Houthi border fighting ends. Al Jazeera English.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[121] Despite truce call, Saudis pound northern Yemen. PressTV. 29 January 2010.

[122] Al Jazeera Yemen rebels renew ceasefire offer, January30, 2010.

[123] Press TV Saudis 'launch 17 air raids on Houthis, 30 Jan-uary 2010.

[124] Press TV Yemen rejects Houthis 4th peace offer, 31 Jan-uary 2009.

[125] Press TV 'Yemen preparing to attack Houthis, 18 July2010.

[126] Press TV Fresh clashes claim 49 in north Yemen, 21 July2010.

[127] Press TVMore people killed in N Yemen clashes, 22 July2010.

[128] Press TV UN concerned about Yemen situation, 24 July2010.

[129] Press TV Calm to return to north Yemen, 23 July 2010.

[130] Google News Yemen Shiite rebels capture 200 soldiers:military official, 27 July 2010.

[131] Press TV Houthis release 200 Yemeni soldiers, 29 July2010.

[132] Car bomb kills 23 in northern Yemen. Press TV. 24November 2010.

[133] Bomb kills Shia mourners in N Yemen. Press TV. 26November 2010.

[134] Yemen (2004 first combat deaths)". Ploughshares.ca.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[135] Yemenis in anti-president protest. Irish Times. January27, 2011.

[136] Daragahi, Borzou (2011-02-03). Yemen, Middle East:Tens of thousands stage rival rallies in Yemen. la-times.com. Retrieved 2011-02-04.

[137] Lina Sinjab (2011-01-29). Yemen protests: 20,000 callfor President Saleh to go. BBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-04.

[138] Opposing protesters rally in Yemen. Al Jazeera English.Retrieved 2011-02-04.

[139] New protests erupt in Yemen. Al Jazeera. 2011-01-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-30. Retrieved2011-01-30.

[140] Saleh partisans take over Yemen protest site. OneindiaNews. Retrieved 2011-02-04.

[141] PressTV - Houthis join protests in north Yemen

[142] Sa'ada: A Cry for Help- Yemen Post English NewspaperOnline. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[143] Houthis Control Saada, Help Appoint Governor. Na-tionalyemen.com. 2011-03-29. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8341875.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8327892.stmhttp://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=109878&sectionid=351020101http://www.france24.com/en/node/4915529http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=114578&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/newsdesk.nsf/MiddleEast/C8C778064ACBD59EC2257695003F6795?OpenDocumenthttp://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/newsdesk.nsf/MiddleEast/C8C778064ACBD59EC2257695003F6795?OpenDocumenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Pressehttp://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_air_force_hits_Yemen_rebels_after_border_raid.html?siteSect=143&sid=11454037&ty=tihttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/11/2009116125810626250.htmlhttp://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE5A53G820091106http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE5A53G820091106http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=111684&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=114056&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/cruise-missiles-strike-yemen/story?id=9375236&page=1http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/cruise-missiles-strike-yemen/story?id=9375236&page=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Newshttp://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2009/1221/Saudi-air-strike-kills-Yemen-rebels-as-US-drawn-into-fighthttp://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2009/1221/Saudi-air-strike-kills-Yemen-rebels-as-US-drawn-into-fighthttp://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=114429&sectionid=351020206http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=114429&sectionid=351020206http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=115982&sectionid=351020205http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/salafis-irate-over-ban-on-preacherhttp://www.yalibnan.com/2010/01/07/sunni-scholars-against-insulting-sistani/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1242847/Al-Qaeda-Yemen-Leader-killed-gun-battle.htmlhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=117035&sectionid=351020206http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=117226&sectionid=351020206http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/01/2010127124547864341.htmlhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=117324&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeerahttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/01/2010130162418278418.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=117423&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=117499&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=135298https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=135669&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=135794&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=136002&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=135949&sectionid=351020206https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Newshttp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jIwHpdctRI9A8uj8SDEWGUeegxYwhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jIwHpdctRI9A8uj8SDEWGUeegxYwhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_TVhttp://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=136618&sectionid=351020206http://www.presstv.com/detail/152295.htmlhttp://www.presstv.com/detail/152771.htmlhttp://www.ploughshares.ca/content/yemen-2004-first-combat-deathshttp://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/0127/breaking26.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Timeshttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-rallies-20110204,0,7940190.storyhttp://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-yemen-rallies-20110204,0,7940190.storyhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12353479http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12353479http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/201123105140512715.htmlhttp://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011129112626339573.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeerahttp://www.webcitation.org/5w8S9MZ1rhttp://news.oneindia.in/2011/02/03/salehpartisans-take-over-yemen-protestsite-aid0126.htmlhttp://www.presstv.ir/detail/166419.htmlhttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4276&MainCat=6http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4276&MainCat=6http://nationalyemen.com/2011/03/29/houthis-control-sa%25E2%2580%2599ada-help-appoint-governor/

12 7 REFERENCES

[144] Thomson Reuters Foundation. Trust.org. Retrieved 17October 2014.

[145] Tens Killed as Battles between Tribes, Houthis Resumein Yemen - Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Re-trieved 22 March 2015.

[146] Lack of authority in northern Yemen seen as 'golden op-portunity' for Iran. World Tribune. 2011-07-20. Re-trieved 2015-01-24.

[147] Yemeni Revolution Slowly entering Phase of War-Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22March 2015.

[148] Houthis vs. Islah in al Jawf. Armiesofliberation.com.Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[149] Houthis Close to Control Hajjah Governorate, Amid Ex-pectations of Expansion of Control over Large Parts ofNorthern Yemen. Islam Times. 2011-11-09. Retrieved2015-01-24.

[150] Suspected al-Qaida car bomb kills 14 Shi'ite Houthirebels in Yemen: official. News.xinhuanet.com. Re-trieved 17 October 2014.

[151] Al-Qaeda claims attacks on Houthis in northern Yemen

[152] Al-Qaeda Announces Holy War against Houthis- YemenPost English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22 March2015.

[153] Clashes in Saada Between Houthis and Salafis- YemenPost English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22 March2015.

[154] Al-Houthi Expansion Plan in Yemen Revealed- YemenPost English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22 March2015.

[155] 10 Killed in Clashes in N Yemen. English.cri.cn. 15November 2011. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[156] - Houthi" militants storm school in Amran.Alsahwa-yemen.net. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[157] Yemens Saleh signs deal to quit power. The Daily StarNewspaper. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[158] Yemen leader signs power-transfer deal. Al Jazeera En-glish. Retrieved 17 October 2014.

[159] Process of withdrawing troops and armed tribesmenstarted for enhancing peace and normalizing life inYemen. Yobserver.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[160] Houthis Leader: US, Allies Plot to Spark Sectarian Riftin Yemen. Fars News Agency. 2011-12-20. Retrieved2012-11-07.

[161] Kasinof, Laura (27 February 2012). Yemen Swears InNew President to the Sound of Applause, and Violence.The New York Times. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

[162] Yemens Saleh formally steps down after 33 years. AFP.2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

[163] Situations calm down in north of Yemen after 16 fighterskilled

[164] Sectarian clashes continue in north Yemen, dozens killed- Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22March 2015.

[165] Two Houthis killed in clashes with Hajjah tribesmen.Yemen Fox. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[166] Sectarian clashes continue in north Yemen, at least 55killed. www.uruknet.info. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[167] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2012-04-18). Yemen: Rising landmine death toll in HajjahGovernorate. UNHCR. Retrieved 2015-01-24.

[168] Yemen: military commander, six bodyguards killed byHouthis- Yemen Post English Newspaper Online. Re-trieved 22 March 2015.

[169] Suicide bomber kills 12 in northern Yemen. ChicagoTribune. 2012-05-25.

[170] Suicide bombing kills 14 Houthis in Al-Jawf.. Re-trieved 22 March 2015.

[171] PressTV - Salafi attack on Houthis kills eight in Yemen

[172] Clashes renewed between Houthis and Salfis - YemenPost English Newspaper Online. Retrieved 22 March2015.

[173] Houthis take control of three positions in north Yemen,claim confiscating Saudi weapons

[174] Truce shook on between Houthis, Al-Shahel tribesmenin Hajja. Yemen Times. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[175] Houthis Fight Tribes, Take over Schools, Public Officesin Yemen, Site - Yemen Post English Newspaper Online.Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[176] Amran: Houthis, Islah exchange accusations on death ofworker

[177] Hammond, Andrew (2012-10-03). FEATURE-Houthirebels seen gaining new influence in Yemen. Reuters.

[178] Yemen Fox. Yemen Fox- Houthis seek to take controlover Sana'a. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[179] Yemen Fox. Yemen Fox- Mohammed Jumaih - Houthisin Sana'a. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[180] Yemen Fox. Yemen Fox- Mediation ends war, drivesHouthis out of Raida. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

[181] Frank Gardner (24 October 2014). Frank Gardner:Yemen at risk of civil war, says ambassador. BBC. Re-trieved 29 October 2014.

[182] At least 340 killed in Yemens week-long fighting. TheDaily Star Newspaper.

[183] Yemen swears in new government amid boycott. AlJazeera. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November2014.

http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factional-fighting-brings-yemen-unrest-nearer-saudi-doorstephttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3805http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3805http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_yemen0903_07_20.asphttp://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2011/me_yemen0903_07_20.asphttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3858http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3858http://armiesofliberation.com/archives/2011/10/03/houthis-vs-islah-in-al-jawf/http://www.islamtimes.org/vdcirrazyt1azq2.ilct.htmlhttp://www.islamtimes.org/vdcirrazyt1azq2.ilct.htmlhttp://www.islamtimes.org/vdcirrazyt1azq2.ilct.htmlhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/15/c_131048789.htmhttp://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-08/15/c_131048789.htmhttp://www.newsyemen.net/en/view_news.asp?sub_no=3_2010_11_29_40210http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3077http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=3077http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4273&MainCat=3http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4273&MainCat=3http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4288&MainCat=3http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4288&MainCat=3http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/11/15/2941s667225.htmhttp://www.alsahwa-yemen.net/arabic/subjects/5/2011/12/19/14783.htmhttp://www.alsahwa-yemen.net/arabic/subjects/5/2011/12/19/14783.htmhttp://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Nov-23/154953-yemens-saleh-signs-deal-to-quit-power.ashx#axzz1eXuReO4Lhttp://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/11/2011112355040101606.htmlhttp://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021706.htmlhttp://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021706.htmlhttp://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021706.htmlhttp://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9007278114http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9007278114http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/world/middleeast/abed-rabu-mansour-hadi-sworn-in-as-yemens-new-president.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/world/middleeast/abed-rabu-mansour-hadi-sworn-in-as-yemens-new-president.htmlhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iqhKKOqo6XDujeTI_yaD4B0CcyVA?docId=CNG.12cc0199ecc6457c2d2a25874218f73d.691http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10022300.htmlhttp://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10022300.htmlhttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4801http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4801http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=997http://www.uruknet.info/?new=85475http://www.uruknet.info/?new=85475http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45dd59222,4f9908df2,0,,,.htmlhttp://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45dd59222,4f9908df2,0,,,.htmlhttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4874http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=4874http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-05-25/news/sns-rt-us-yemen-bombingbre84o0nm-20120525_1_suicide-bomber-houthis-explosive-belthttp://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-291146343.htmlhttp://www.presstv.ir/detail/237341.htmlhttp://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=5492http://www.yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=5492http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10022087.htmlhttp://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10022087.htmlhttp://www.yementimes.com/en/1603/news/1322/Truce-shook-on-between-Houthis-Al-Shahel-tribesmen-in-Hajja.htmhttp://www.yementimes.com/en/1603/news/1322/Truce-shook-on-between-Houthis-Al-Shahel-tribesmen-in-Hajja.htmhttp://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=5950http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=5950http://fnayemen.com/index.php/news/security/260-amran-houthis-islah-exchange-accusations-on-death-of-workerhttp://fnayemen.com/index.php/news/security/260-amran-houthis-islah-exchange-accusations-on-death-of-workerhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/03/yemen-houthis-idUSL6E8KU2WU20121003http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/03/yemen-houthis-idUSL6E8KU2WU20121003http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=4673http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=4673http://www.yemenfox.net/articles.php?id=880http://www.yemenfox.net/articles.php?id=880http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=4311http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=4311http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29749046http://www.bbc.com/news/world-29749046http://dailystar.com.lb/