Housing markets and ethnic segregation in the Nordic countries Hans Skifter Andersen Affiliated...
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Transcript of Housing markets and ethnic segregation in the Nordic countries Hans Skifter Andersen Affiliated...
Housing markets and ethnic segregation in the Nordic countries
Hans Skifter Andersen
Affiliated professor
Danish Building Research Institute at Aalborg University
The NODES project about ethnic segregation
NODES = Nordic welfare states and the dynamics and effects of ethnic residential segregation• Research on causes of ethnic segregation in the Nordic
countries and how it is influenced by housing policies and housing markets
• Financed by the NORFACE research programme on migration
• Co-operation between 12 researches in four countries 2010-2014
Content of the presentation
• Some conclusions from the research literature on causes of social and especially ethnic segregation
• Empirical findings on some of the causes from the Nordic countries
• Discussion in short of the connection between housing policies, housing markets and ethnic segregation
• A NODES analysis of this connection in the four capital cities
Aspects of spatial segregation
1. Different social or ethnic groups are separated from each other in the cities
2. Some neighbourhoods have a high concentration of certain social or ethnic groups
3. Especially concentrations of low income groups and ethnic minorities are for different reasons seen as problematic
Causes of segregation and concentration1. Socio-economic inequality and ethnic/cultural differences
• Groups with higher income can choose to live in the most attractive places and avoid others – low-income groups can not
• Different social and ethnic groups might prefer to live close to people that are alike themselves, or avoid other specific groups
2. Inequality among different neighbourhoods in the city (spatial inequality)• Differences in housing supply• Differences in attractiveness of the physical and social
environment, social status, access to services, transportation etc.3. Segregation and spatial inequality interacts because
concentrations of low-income groups and ethnic minorities make these neighbourhoods less attractive
Special causes of ethnic segregation and concentration• Ethnic minorities have lower incomes. Social segregation produces
also ethnic segregation, but studies show no straight-forward connection
• Immigrants often prefer to rent because they are uncertain about their future limitations on where to live
• Ethnic minorities have often difficulties in getting access to private renting they move to social housing (in Norway co-operatives)
• Especially new immigrants prefer to settle nearby an ethnic social network where they can get support
they often move into ‘multi-ethnic neighbourhoods’ • But preferences change over time and some ethnic minorities move out
again (called spatial assimilation)• Natives move away or avoid moving to multi-ethnic neighbourhoods
(White flight and avoidance)
Reduced probability among immigrants for moving into homeownership compared to ‘natives’
Copenhagen
Helsinki Stockholm-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
Eastern Europe
Africa and West Asia
Other Asia
Region of origin
Development with years of stay in per cent of Non-Western immigrants living in social housing (DK)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Immigrants who did not come with family reunification
Before 1987
1988-91
1992-94
1995-96
1997-2000
2001-04
2005-08
Years of stay in Denmark
Immigration period
Number of multi-ethnic neighbourhoods in Denmark with different proportions of Non-Western ethnic minorities
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
> 20 > 30 > 40 > 50 > 60
Prop. of non-W minorities in neighbourhood (%)
Average proportion of Non-Western ethnic minorities = 7.2 % in 2008
The development in ethnic concentrationPer cent of immigrants from Non-Western countries living in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 20080
10
20
30
40
50
60
> 20 > 30 > 40 > 50 > 60
Prop. of N-W Minorities in neighbourhood (%)
Development with duration of stay in Denmark for living in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods for all NW immigrants since 1984 and for newly moved. (increased statistical probability compared to situation at arrival)
2-5 years 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-24 years1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
AllMoving families
Four kinds of selective moving behaviour creating and maintaining spatial concentrations of ethnic minorities (multi-ethnic neighbourhoods)
• White Flight: Natives tend more often to move away from multi-ethnic neighbourhoods
• White Avoidance: Natives tend to avoid moving to multi-ethnic neighbourhoods
• Ethnic Attraction: Ethnic minorities tend more often to move into multi-ethnic neighbourhood
• Ethnic Retention: Ethnic minorities tend less often to move away from multi-ethnic neighbourhoods
Size of segregation processes in Denmark depending on ethnic composition of neighbourhood (based on statistical estimations of ‘normal ‘moves)
0-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50 -59 60-69 70- -1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
9%
White flight
White avoidance
Ethnic retention
Ethnic attraction
Proportion of ethnic minorities in neighbourhood
Reasons for leaving neighbourhood Percentage of ‘native’ leavers stating ethnic composition of neighbourhood and schools as important reason
Oslo ethnic nbhs
Oslo other nbhs
Helsinki ethnic nbhs
Helsinki other nbhs
Stockholm ethnic nbhs
Stockholm other nbhs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Too many immigrants
Too many immigrant children in school
Important for choosing neighbourhoodPercentage of native movers stating ethnic and social composition of neighbourhood and schools as important for choice
Oslo Helsinki Stockholm0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45Similar income and/or occ. statusMajority with native backgroundEthnic composition in school
The effects of housing markets on segregation
• Housing market segmentation: Different social and ethnic groups are separated in different housing tenures
• Spatial segregation of housing tenures: Tenures are separated in different neighbourhoods in the city. Large urban areas with uniform tenures have been created
• Strong housing market segmentation and strong segregation of tenures results in strong social or ethnic segregation
• But segregation within housing tenures is also important, especially in homeownership
Main features of Nordic housing systems• Major social housing sectors in Denmark, Finland and
Sweden, small in Norway• Social housing in Denmark and Sweden open to all, in
Norway and Finland they are reserved for low-income groups
• Norway and Sweden have large market based co-operative sectors.
• Norway based on homeownership and have relatively few rented dwellings, mostly in private renting.
• Private renting and co-operatives in Denmark are under rent control, queues and non-market distribution
Immigrants (foreign born) in the four Nordic capital regions 2008
The capital regions Copenhagen Helsinki Oslo Stockholm
Population in regions, 1000 inhabitants 1.369 1.022 1.079 1.849
Proportion of population born outside the country. per cent 11.7 8.8 14.3 21.3
Per cent of population. coming from Eastern Europe 1.9 3.5 3.0 3.5
Per cent of population coming from Non-European countries 6.8 3.6 9.3 11.1
Non-Western immigrants total 8.7 7.1 12.3 14.6
Housing markets in Nordic capitals
Copen-hagen Helsinki Oslo
Stock-holm
Distribution of population on tenure per cent
Owner-occupied 42 57 57 34Co-operatives 16 3 22 29Private renting 16 16 15 17Social housing 25 22 3 17Other 1 2 2 4Total 100 100 100 100
Non-Western immigrants distributed on housing tenures in the Nordic capital regionsDistribution % Copenhagen Helsinki Oslo Stockholm
Housing tenures Non-Western immigrantsOwner-occupied 19 18 27 14Co-operatives 8 - 30 20Private renting 14 16 25 24Social/public housing 58 62 13 41Other 1 4 4 0Total 100 100 99 100
Over-representation Owner-occupied -55 -69 -52 -59Co-operatives -48 -65 37 -31Private renting -11 4 66 41Social/public housing 131 182 306 141Other 18 23 70 57
Index of tenure segmentation 33 42 30 32
Measures of uneven spatial distribution of different housing tenures across neighbourhoods in the Nordic capitals (Index of segregation).
Copenhagen Helsinki Oslo Stockholm
Owner-occupied single .56 .62 .32 .55
Owner-occupied flats .47 .12 .39
Co-operatives .50 .43 .36
Private renting .42 .27 .21 .45
Social/public housing .56 .33 .35 .52Combined index of tenure segregation .51 .23 .33 .46
Illustration of ethnic segregation and concentration: Proportion of Non-Western immigrants in neighbourhoods ordered in deciles after increasing proportion
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Copenhagen Helsinki Oslo Stockholm
Neighbourhood deciles
Ethnic segregation in Nordic capitals(Index of dissimilarity)
Copenhagen Helsinki Oslo Stockholm .00
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
All immigrantsFrom Eastern EuropeFrom Non-European countries
Segregation of Non-Western immigrants, and proportion caused by the housing market (statistical analyses)
Copen-hagen
Hel-sinki Oslo
Stock-holm
Index of tenure segmentation 33 42 30 32
Segregation of tenures .51 .23 .33 .46
Segregation: Index of dissimilarity .36 .27 .40 .48
- caused by tenure segmentation and -segregation 48 % 70 % 65 % 61 %
Other causes 52 % 30 % 35 % 39 %
Conclusions on the effects of housing systems for ethnic segregation
• Nordic Welfare States have important differences in housing policies, which affect the ethnic (and social) segmentation of their housing markets
• Also the spatial structure of the housing markets differ, to some extent because of differences in urban policies
• The effect of ethnic segmentation of housing tenures can be overruled by the way tenure composition varies across neighbourhoods, which seems to have a stronger effect
• Housing policy and housing market have a major influence on the spatial distribution of immigrants and on ethnic segregation, but the effects differ across countries and cities, probably because the extent of social, ethnic and spatial inequality differs