Houseman - Corporate Law - 71UTorontoFacLRev28

8/12/2019 Houseman - Corporate Law - 71UTorontoFacLRev28

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@gtotgej6 ;? X. ]erejte Co`. I. \hv. <2 <>?0

@ejthjt mewjieomhm/prgjthm crea

BhgjEjigjh (bttp6//bhgjejigjh.erk)

Pot Aoy 0 >;6=>6<8 <>?=

-- Weur ush ec tbgs BhgjEjigjh ^MC gjmgòths yeur o``hptoj`h

ec BhgjEjigjh's ]hras ojm @ejmgtgejs ec tbh ig`hjsh

okrhhahjt ovogiolih ot bttp6//bhgjejigjh.erk/BEI/Ig`hjsh

-- ]bh shor`b thxt ec tbgs ^MC gs khjhrothm crea

ujèrrh`thm E@\ thxt.

-- ]e eltogj phragssgej te ush tbgs ortgìh lhyejm tbh sèph

ec yeur BhgjEjigjh ig`hjsh, pihosh ush6

bttps6//www.èpyrgkbt.èa/```/losg`Phor`b.me5

&ephrotgej1ke&shor`b]yph1>

&iostPhor`b1sgapih&oii1ej&tgtihErPtmJe1>02?-?302



OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP6

E^^\HPPGEJ OJM ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP]

KE\MEJ ] BEXPHA J

OLP]\O@] <7

GJ]\EMX@]GEJ 0

PBO\HBEIMH\P MG\H@]E\P OJM ]BH @E\Ê\O]GEJ 0<

Pborhbeimhr Setgjk êwhr 0<

Ihkoi Ptrothky te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters ojm tbh Hihahjt ec Purprgsh 08

GGG OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 0;

]bh Ah`bojgsas te Gapihahjt Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgejs 02

]bh Omvojtokhs ec Omvoj`h Jetg`h 07

]bh Mgsomvojtokhs ec Omvoj`h Jetg`h =>

GS OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP GJ ^\O@]G@H =<

Aujmere =0

Aoumerh =;

S ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPH OJM M\OC]GJK EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 8

]gagjk ojm Aojjhr ec Omeptgej 8

^rhvhjtgjk Jeagjotgejs Lhcerh o Pph`gcg` Moth 8<

SG L@H OJM OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 88

\hosejolih Hxph`totgejs 83

Epprhssgej Xjcogr ^rhfumg`h er Xjcogr Mgsrhkorm 3?

SGG ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] Ê[H\ 3=

]bh Joturh ojm Pèph ec ûlig` Gjthrhst êwhr 3=

]bh ]hjsgej Lhtwhhj @erperoth ojm Phùrgtghs Iow 33

]bh ûlig` Gjthrhst êwhr ojm ^relihaotg` Xshs ec

Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgejs 37

SGGG @EJ@IXPGEJ ;=

* ]bh outber gs krothcui te @brgstepbhrLoacerm cer bgs gjvoiuolih rhvghw ojm `rgtg`gsaojm @borihs

A`Mejoim cer gjtremu`gjk bga te Jertbhrj Agjhroi Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. ]bh

outberoise o`djewihmkhs tbh voiuolih ossgstoj`hec tbh hmgters ec tbh Xjgvhrsgty ec ]erejte Coùity ec

Iow \hvghw. Aest gapertojtiy, tbh outber tbojds Iourhj cer bhr ujhjmgjk potghj`h ojm suppert. Oii

epgjgejs, hrrers, ojm eagssgejs orh tbh outber sewj.

L.O. Bejs.) (_uhhj s),F M ]erejte), Osse`goth (Pbhoraoj PthrigjkII^)



OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

OLP]\O@]

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs rhqugrhsborhbeimhrs te prevgmh jetg`h ec mgrh`ter jeagj-

otgejs te gjùalhjt aojokhahjt gj omvoj`h ec ojjuoi ojm sph`goi ahhtgjks. Gj

megjk se, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejsprhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea bgmgjkgj tbh whhms

te todh omvojtokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm ahhtgjk te hih`t tbh jeagjhhs ec bgs er

bhr `beg`h. Gj Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ojm

Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm v Borleur Ceujmotgej gjùalhjt mgrh`ters'ushec omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgejs wos upbhim ujmhr èrperoth ow. Oitbeukb jhgtbhrmh`gsgej ceujm

tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj quhstgej vgeiothm èrperoth ow, tbhrh gs stgii o

rgsd tbot gjùalhjt èrperothmgrh`ters aoy ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o

aojjhr tbot vgeioths èrperoth er shùrgtghs iow. Gj portgùior, bh prevgsgejojm gts

aojjhr ec omeptgejaoy vgeioth tbh epprhssgej rhahmy ceujm gj sh`tgej <=? ec tbh

@ojomo Lusgjhss @erperotgejs `t os gjthrprhthm y tbh Puprhah @eurtec @ojomogj L@H Gj` v 7;3 Mhlhjturhbeimhrs Curtbhr,mgrh`ters ush ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgejaoy lh èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhstos preth`thm y prevgj`goishùrgtghs

rhkuioters.

P^\GJK < ?0 <7



XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[

G GJ]\EMX@]GEJ

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs' rhqugrh sborhbeimhrs te kgvh o èapojy jetg`h ec mgrh`-

ter jeagjotgejs ojm mhtogihm gjceraotgej oleut jeagjhhs gj omvoj`h ec oj ojjuoi

er sph`goi ahhtgjk.< ]bhy òj todh tbh cera ec o peig`y omepthm ly tbh leorm ec

mgrh`ters er oj oahjmahjt te èrperoth ly-iows er ortgìhs ec gjèrperotgej. Gc o

mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr cogis te èapiy wgtb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, tbh mgrh`-

ters òj rhcush tbh sborhbeimhr s jeagjotgejs.=

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj cesthr sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y ly oiiewgjk

sborhbeimhrs te cuiiy portg`gpoth gj tbh mgrh`ter hih`tgej pre`hss gj oj gjcerahm

ojm hcch`tgvh aojjhr , ojm òj prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea TbgmgjkQ gj tbh whhms 3

te todh omvojtokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm ahhtgjk te hih`t tbh jeagjhhs ec bgs er bhr

`beg`h. Orkuoliy, bewhvhr, mgrh`ters òj mroct er gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot gs mhtrgahjtoi te tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs. ]bgs

ortgìh wgii orkuh tbot omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs bovh tbh pethjtgoi te vgeioth letb

èrperoth ojm shùrgtghs iow.;

ôrt GG èjsgmhrs sborhbeimhrs' stotutery olgigty te veth ej tbh èrperotgej's

mgrh`ters ojm etbhr gapertojt èrperoth aotthrs. Curtbhr, ôrt GG mgsùsshs tbh

stotutery ah`bojgsas tbot sborhbeimhrs òj ush te rhpio`h hxgstgjk mgrh`ters. ôrt

GGG èjsgmhrs tbh ah`bojgsas tbot mgrh`ters òj ush te gapihahjt omvoj`h jetg`h

? ]e ovegm èjcusgej lhtwhhj tbh thras omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ojm leorm peig`y , tbh outber

bos ushm tbh thra leorm peig`y te rhchr te ojy peig`y omepthm ly tbh leorm, gjìumgjk oj omvoj`h

jetg`h peig`y, ojm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej te rhchr te ojy omvoj`h jetg`h peig`y omepthm ly woy ec

leorm peig`y er ly-iow er ortgìh oahjmahjt.

< Mhjjgs B ^hthrsej & Aottbhw F @uaagjk Pborhbeimhr\hahmghs gj @ojomo eesh-ihoc (èjsuithm

ej ?8 Fojuory <>?0), <m hm (Aordboa6 IhxgsJhxgs @ojomo, <>>7), `b ?0 ot ?3 .

0 Cer tbh purpesh ec tbgs ortgìh, mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr rhchrs te o sborhbeimhr wbe prepeshs jeag-

jhhs te rhpio`h tbh hxgstgjk mgrh`ters.

= Phh Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Omvoj`h Jetg`h êig`y (7 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg`

Meùahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.èa:, cgihm os Aothrgoi meùahjt - Hjk-

igsb , Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ?? Fujh <>?<) TAujmere OJ^Q4 Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm, Ly-Iow Je

? (<= Aoy <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Meùahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.

shmor.èa:, cgihm os Phùrgty beimhrs meùahjts - Hjkigsb , Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm (<8 Aoy <>?<)TAoumerh OJ^Q.

8 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs Gj`, <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy Setgjk Kugmhigjhs (]PR-Igsthm @ea-

pojghs) (?7 Mh`halhr <>?<) ot ?8, ejigjh6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs (GPP) 9bttp6//www.

gsskevhrjoj`h.èa:.

JertbhrjAgjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere opgtoiGj` <>?< L@P@ ?>7> ot poro 8=, 03 L@I\

(8tb) =>2 TAujmereQ.

; Lhòush XP èrperoth ojm shùrgtghs iow mehs jet bovh oj hqugvoihjt te tbh epprhssgej rhahmy er

tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr, tbgs ortgìh mehs jet èjsgmhr XP furgsprumhj`h. Cer XP furgsprumhj`h, shh

Ephjwovh Pysthas Gj` v Borlgjkhr@opgtoiôrtjhrsAosthr Cujm G Itm 7<= O <m <<2 (Mhi @b <>>;)4

FOJO Aosthr Cujm Itm v @JH] Jhtwerds Gj` 78= O <m 008 (Mhi @b <>>2), occm 7=; O <m ??<>

(Mhi <>>2) (tbh gssuhs gj tbgs òsh weuim jet orgsh gj @ojomo os XP shùrgtghs iow rhqugrhs aojokh-

ahjt te shjm tbhgr prexy gj omvoj`h ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty èaaejiy lhgjk ushm gj @ojomgoj

èrperotgejs)4 Ihvgtt @erp v Eccg`h Mhpet Gj` @O Je 03<<-S@J (Mhi @b <>>2) (tbh gssuh gj tbgs òsh

weuim jet orgsh ujmhr tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs èaaejiy ushm gj @ojomo lhòush tbh @ojomgoj

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs rhstrg`t tbh jeagjotgej ec mgrh`ters lut jet tbh lusgjhss èjmu`thm ot tbh

ahhtgjk).

SEI ;? <)>




prevgsgejs, ojm mgsùsshs tbh omvojtokhs ojm mgsomvojtokhs ec tbh prevgsgejs te

sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters.

ôrt GS mgsùsshs twe rh`hjt èurt mh`gsgejs tbot bovh upbhim gjùalhjt mgrh`-

ters' ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ujmhr èrperoth iow6 Jertbhrj Agjhrois

Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ojm Aoumerh AgjhroisItm Borleur

Ceujmotgej.7 Gj portgùior ôrt GS shts eut tbh lo`dkreujm ec tbh mgspuths, tbh

mh`gsgej ec ho`b @eurt ojm tbh hvhjts tbot ceiiewhm ho`b mh`gsgej.

[bgih omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj lh lhjhcg`goi te sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y,

mgrh`ters aoy ush omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gj o aojjhr tbot boras tbh gjthrhsts

ec sborhbeimhrs. ôrt S sukkhsts tbot omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj bovh o mhih-

thrgeus hcch`t ej sborhbeimhrs ujmhr shvhroi `grùastoj`hs. Cer gjstoj`h, mgrh`ters

aoy mroct ojm gapihahjt omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy

prhìumhs sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot o ahhtgjk, er gj o aojjhr tbotrhmu`hs tbh `boj`h tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii hih`t o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s jeagjhh.

[bhrh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej boras sborhbeimhrs, tbh prevgsgej aoy lh

èjtrory te letb èrperoth ojm shùrgtghs iow. ôrt SG orkuhs tbot oitbeukb tbh

@eurts gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh mgm jet strgdh mewj tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs

gapihahjthm ly tbh mgrh`ters, gj tbh cuturh, èurts agkbt gjvoigmoth su`b prevgsgejs

wbhj tbhy orh ushm ly mgrh`ters gj o woy tbot lrho`bhs tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs

ec o mgssgmhjt sborh-beimhr gj o aojjhr tbot gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfumg`goi

te bgs er bhr gjthrhsts. Gj portgùior wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej octhr

tbh iost moy ej wbg`b tbh prevgsgej phragts jeagjotgejs ( ùt-ecc moth ), er wbhjmgrh`ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej ìesh te tbh ùt-ecc moth ojm todh sthps te stoii

tbh ojjeuj`hahjt ec tbh jeagjotgej, tbh mgrh`ters' ush ec tbh omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej aoy lh epprhssgvh ojm èjtrory te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @ojomo Lusgjhss

@erperotgejsO`te os gjthrprhthm ly tbh Puprhah @eurt ec @ojomo gj L@H Gj`

?7;3 Mhlhjturhbeimhrs. Curtbhr wbhrh o prevgsgej prebglgts jeagjotgejs prger

te o sph`gcg` moth wgtbeut rhosej èurts aoy oppiy tbh epprhssgej rhahmy te higa-

gjoth tbh rhstrg`tgej.

Gj ommgtgej, tbh mgrh`ters' ush ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy lh èjtrory

te shùrgtghs iow. Phùrgtghs ihkgsiotgej kgvhs shùrgtghs rhkuioters tbh pewhr tegjthrvhjh wbhj mgrh`ters' o`tgejs orh èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.

?< ôrt SGG wgii

orkuh tbot gj igkbt ec tbh gj`rhoshm ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ly @ojomgoj

2 Pupro jeth 3.

7 <>?< EJP@ =<88, ??? E\ 0m) 33 TAoumerhQ.

?> \P@ ?728, ` @-== s<=? T@L@OQ ]bgs ortgìh ceùshs aogjiy ej tbh @L@O lhòush aojy iorkh èr-

perotgejs orh hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbgs stotuth, ojm gt sborhs aojy èaaej choturhs wgtb etbhr prevgj`goi

stotuths su`b os tbh Ejtorge Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t \PE ?77>, ` L.?3 TEL@OQ ojm tbh Oilhrto

Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t \PO <>>> ` L-7 TOL@OQ ]bgs ortgìh oise mgsùsshs tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo

Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t PL@ <>>< ` 8; TL@L@OQ lhòush ec gts ujgquh choturh ec io`dgjk mgrh`tergapihahjthm ly-iows lut oiiewgjk mgrh`ter gapihahjthm leorm peig`ghs.

?? < 2 P@@ 37, T<>>2Q 0 P@\ 83 TL@HQ

?< Phh h.k. Phùrgtghs O`t \PE ?77>, ` P.8, s ?<; TEPOQ4 Phùrgtghs O`t \PL@ ?773, ` =?2, s ?3?

TL@POQ4 Phùrgtghs O`t \PO <>>> ` P-= ss ?7;-72.

P^\GJK < ?0 0?




èrperotgejs, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `rgtgòiiy hxoagjh omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgejs, ojm me se ej o òsh-ly-òsh losgs te mhthragjh wbhtbhr oj omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej gs èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Gj portgùior, oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej aoy lh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs ojm òpgtoi aordhts wbhrh tbh prevgsgejgs ushm te hgtbhr hjtrhj`b aojokhahjt er èjstrogj tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec

sborhbeimhrs. @ejshquhjtiy, gc ihct uj`bh`dhm, tbh moaokh te sborhbeimhr mhae`-

ro`y aoy ihom te gjhccg`ghjt aordhts ojm o mhìgjh gj gjvhsters' èjcgmhj`h gj

@ojomgoj òpgtoi aordhts.

GG PBO\HBEIMH\P, MG\H@]E\P, OJM ]BH @E\Ê\O]GEJ

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs bovh tbh pethjtgoi te occh`t bew sborhbeimhrs hxhr`gsh

tbhgr rgkbt te veth ojm jeagjoth mgrh`ters. ]bhrhcerh, lhcerh èjsgmhrgjk omvoj`hjetg`h prevgsgejs, tbgs ortgìh wgii hxoagjh seah ec tbh stotutery ah`bojgsas tbot

kgvh sborhbeimhrs tbh olgigty te veth cer mgrh`ters ojm ej etbhr èrperoth aotthrs,

ojm te prepesh jhw èrperoth mgrh`ters.

. PBO\HBEIMH\ SE]GJK Ê[H\

@ojomgoj èrperoth iow prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh rgkbt te `bojkh tbh leorm

ec mgrh`ters ojm te oahjm tbh èrperotgej s èjstotgjk meùahjts. ]bgs sulsh`-

tgej ec tbh ortgìh wgii èjsgmhr sborhbeimhrs' stotutery rgkbt te mhthragjh tbh

èrperotgej s mgrh`ters, jm tbh hcch`t ec tbgs rgkbt ej mgrh`ters gj`hjtgvhs te `t

gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej. Gj ommgtgej, tbgs sulsh`tgej wgii èjsgmhr

sborhbeimhrs' rgkbts te èjtrei tbh thras ec tbh èrperoth èjtro`t tbot kevhrjs

tbh rhiotgejsbgp lhtwhhj tbh mgrh`ters, tbh sborhbeimhrs, ojm tbh èrperotgej.

g) @bojkgjk bh Leormec Mgrh`ters

Khjhroiiy, o èrperotgej bos tbh òpo`gty, rgkbts, pewhrs, ojm prgvgihkhs ec o

joturoi phrsej.? Bewhvhr, lhòush o èrperotgej gs oj ortgcg`goi, furgstg` hjtgty,

gjmgvgmuois aust o`t ej lhboic ec tbh èrperotgej. Ly mhcouit, èrperoth iow èjchrs

tbgs rhspejsglgigty ej mgrh`ters. Pph`gcgòiiy, sulfh`t te o ujojgaeus sborhbeimhr

okrhhahjt,?3tbh @L@O rhqugrhs tbh mgrh`ters te aojokh, er suphrvgsh tbh aojokh-

ahjt ec, tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej. Gj ommgtgej, mgrh`ters òj

0 Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjk, suprojeth <.

?= @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?8 ?).

8 Phh h.k., Dhvgj A`Kugjjhss, Boislury sIows ec @ojomo6Lusgjhss @erperotgejs <>?0 \hgssuh), t

hm (Aordboa6 IhxgsJhxgs @ojomo, <>?0), BL@-?.

3 @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?=3(?).

; Glgm, s ?><(?).

SEI ;? <)<




oppegjt eccg`hrs, ojm òj mhihkoth `hrtogj pewhrs te tbh eccg`hrs te oiiew tbha te

aojokh tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej.

Oitbeukb tbh mgrh`ters ojm eccg`hrs aojokh tbh èrperotgej, tbhy orh jet tbh

rhsgmuoi ìogaojts ec tbh èrperotgej s osshts. Ph`tgej <= ec tbh @L@O prevgmhstbot wbhrh o èrperotgej bos ejh ìoss ec sborhs, beimhrs ec tbesh sborhs aust

bovh tbh rgkbt te veth ot sborhbeimhr ahhtgjks, te rh`hgvh mgvgmhjms, ojm te rh`hgvh

tbh rhaogjgjk prephrty ec tbh èrperotgej ej mgsseiutgej. ?7 Curtbhr, sh`tgej ?>3

ec tbh @L@O hxpig`gtiy lhstews ej sborhbeimhrs tbh pewhr te hih`t tbh mgrh`ters. <>

Crea o èrperoth kevhrjoj`h phrsph`tgvh, sh`tgejs <= ojm ?>3 ec tbh @L@O òj

lh tbeukbt ec os prevgmgjk sborhbeimhrs wgtb mhae`rotg` rgkbts ojm o cgjoj`goi

gjthrhst gj tbh èrperotgej.

Gj sbert, tbh @L@O prevgmhs tbot mgrh`ters aojokh tbh èrperotgej ojm sborh-

beimhrs hih`t tbesh mgrh`ters. Gj kgvgjk mgrh`ters ojm sborhbeimhrs tbhsh mgstgj`trgkbts, tbh @L@O `rhoths o shporotgej ec ewjhrsbgp ojm èjtrei. <? Os mgsùsshm ly

Omeic Lhrih Kormgjhr Ahojs gj tbhgr shagjoi werd, ]bh Aemhrj @erperotgej

ojm ^rgvoth ^rephrty << mgrh`ters ojm eccg`hrs aetgvothm ly phrsejoi gjthrhsts aoy

jet o`t gj o aojjhr tbot aoxgagzhs èrperoth voiuh. <0 ]bh mgvhrkhjt gjthrhsts ec

aojokhahjt ojm sborhbeimhrs òj ihom te okhj`y èsts, wbg`b èjsgst ec tbh èsts

tbot tbh prgj`gpoi ojm okhjt gjùr te hjsurh tbot tbh okhjt o`ts gj tbh prgj`gpoi's

lhst gjthrhsts, os whii os tbh èsts ec ojy rhsgmuoi mgvhrkhj`h lhtwhhj tbh okhjt's

mh`gsgejs ojm tbh mh`gsgejs tbot orh gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh prgj`gpoi.<= ]bus,

sborhbeimhrs aoy gjùr èsts wbhrh tbh o`tgejs ec aojokhahjt me jet oigkj wgtbtbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej, ojm wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs aust todh sthps

te agjgagzh su`b agsoigkjahjt.

Bewhvhr, èrperoth iow ojm aordht ah`bojgsas òj èjtrei tbhsh mgvhrkhjt

gjthrhsts ojm okhj`y èsts. <8 Pborhbeimhrs òj agjgagzh okhj`y èsts ojm aoxg-

agzh cgra voiuh ly usgjk tbhgr stotutery rgkbt te rhpio`h mgrh`ters-tbh olgigty ec

sborhbeimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters sbeuim gj`hjtgvgzh tbh mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst

gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej. Gj etbhr werms, sborhbeimhrs' rgkbt te rhpio`h mgrh`-

ters gs gjthjmhm te rhjmhr tbh mgrh`ters o`èujtolih te sborhbeimhrs . <3

2 Glgm s ?<?(o).

7 Glgm s <=(0).

<> Glgm s ?>3 0).

<? Phh khjhroiiy Omeic O Lhrih, Fr Kormgjhr @Ahojs, ]bh Aemhrj @erperotgejojm ^rgvoth rephrty

(Jhw Werd6 AoÀgiioj, ?700).

<< Glgm.

<0 Glgmot ?<<.

<= Ag`bohi @ Fhjshj [giigoa B Ah`digjk, ]bhery ec tbh Cgra6 Aojokhrgoi Lhbovger, Okhj`y @ests

ojm Ewjhrsbgp Ptru`turh ?7;3) 06= Feurjoi ec Cgjoj`goi Hèjeag`s 0>8 ot 0>2.

<8 êejoa ûrg ht oi, @oshs AothrgoisojmJeths ej ôrtjhrsbgpsojm@ojomgojLusgjhss @erperotgejs

8tb hm (]erejte6 @ orswhii, <>??) ot ?27.

<3 FOjtbejy SojMuzhr, ]bh Iow ec ortjhrsbgps @erperotgejs 0m hm (]erejte6 Grwgj Iow, <>>7)

ot <8=.

P^\GJK < ?0 00




Oitbeukb tbh olgigty te `bojkh tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters òj gjmhphjmhjtiy gjciu-

hj`h tbh mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej, tbh olgigty ec sborh-

beimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters leisthrs etbhr aordht ah`bojgsas tbot èjtrei okhj`y

èsts. Cer hxoapih, tbh aordht cer èrperoth èjtrei

<;

rhighs ej tbh olgigty ecsborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters. <2 ]bh aordht cer èrperoth

èjtrei ephroths ly gj`hjtgvgzgjk oj gjvhster te o`qugrh èjtrei ec o agsaojokhm

èrperotgej ojm rhpio`h hxgstgjk aojokhahjt, <7 lhòush tbh sborh prg`h ec o

agsaojokhm èrperotgej sbeuim gj`rhosh wbhj jhw mgrh`ters rhpio`h gjhccg`ghjt

mgrh`ters.e ]bgs cgjoj`goi gj`hjtgvh gs mhphjmhjt ej tbh sborhbeimhr s olgigty te

rhpio`h hxgstgjk aojokhahjt. [gtbeut tbh olgigty te rhpio`h gjhccg`ghjt aojokh-

ahjt, tbh gjvhster òjjet hxph`t tbh voiuh ec bgs er bhr gjvhstahjt te gj`rhosh.

(gg) @bojkgjktbh @erperoth@ejtro`t

Gj ommgtgej te rhpio`gjk mgrh`ters, sborhbeimhrs òj ush tbhgr vetgjk pewhr te

`bojkh tbh èrperotgej s èjstotgjk meùahjts.? O @L@O èrperotgej s èjstot-

gjk meùahjts gjìumh tbh ortgìhs ec gjèrperotgej ojm tbh èrperoth ly-iows.0 <

]bh èjstotgjk meùahjts hstoligsb tbh rgkbts ec mgrh`ters, sborhbeimhrs, er tbh

èrperotgej. ]bh èjstotgjk meùahjts giiustroth tbh èjtro`torgoj èj`hptgej ec

èrperoth iow, wbg`b sukkhsts tbot tbh èrperotgej gs o jhxus ec vorgeus èjtro`tuoi

rhiotgejsbgps lhtwhhj juahreus portghs, su`b os sborhbeimhrs ojm aojokhrs.

Crea tbgs phrsph`tgvh, èrperoth stotuths sbeuim hsshjtgoiiy sht eut o stojmorm-

gzhm èjtro`t tbot strgvhs te kgvh sborhbeimhrs ojm aojokhahjt tbh thras tbotletb portghs weuim mhsgrh olshjt stotutery gjveivhahjt.0= Pborhbeimhrs lhjhcgt

crea stojmormgzhm thras lhòush stojmormgzhm thras rhmu`h tbh trojso`tgej èsts

ec jhketgotgjk tbh èrperoth èjtro`t .08 Gj ommgtgej, èrperoth stotuths sbeuim

hjolih èjtro`tgjk ly prevgmgjk sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te oithr, er èjtro`t

oreujm, stojmorm thras.0 3 Cer hxoapih, sh`tgej ?>0 ec tbh @L@O prevgmhs mgrh`-

ters wgtb tbh olgigty te aodh, oahjm, er rhphoi ojy ly-iows tbot rhkuioth tbh lusg-

jhss er occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej4 bewhvhr, tbh ortgìhs, ly-iows, er o ujojgaeus

<; Bhjry K Aojj h, Ahrkhrs ojm tbh Aordht cer @erperoth @ejtrei ?738) ;06< Feurjoi ec êigtgòi

Hèjeay ??> ot ??<-?0.

<2 ûrg, supro jeth <8 ot ?78.

<7 Glgm.

0> Aojjh, supro jeth <; ot ??0.

0 Phh h.k., @L@O supro jeth ?> ss ?>0(=), ?;8.

0< Mubo^rgjthrs [hsthrj) Itm v @ojomo, ?772Q P@\ ;78 ot poro 82, ?87 MI\ (=tb) =8;.

00 ûrg, supro jeth <8 ot ?2;.

0= lgm ot ?7;.

08 Glgm ot ?73.

03 Glgm ot ?7;.

SEI ; <)=




sborhbeimhr okrhhahjt òj rhaevh tbh mgrh`ters' olgigty te `bojkh tbhsh ly-iows.

]bh olgigty ec mgrh`ters ojm sborhbeimhrs te aodh ly-iows tbot kevhrj tbh èrpero-

tgej giiustroths tbh tbhery ec tbh èrperoth èjtro`t . Lhòush tbh @L@O gs sgihjt

ej aest kevhrjoj`h gssuhs, tbh @L@O phragts sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters te mhthr-agjh aojy ec tbh ruihs tbot kevhrj ho`b èrperotgej.

GG IHKOI P]\O]HKW ]E \HÎO@H MG\H@]E\P OJM ]BH HIHAHJ] EC PX\^\GPH

Os mgsùsshm tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh èrperotgej s mgrh`ters gs

o losg` rgkbt tbot oiiews sborhbeimhrs te hjsurh tbot tbh mgrh`ters orh o`tgjk gj tbh

lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej. Gj ommgtgej te tbhgr rgkbt te hih`t mgrh`ters, sborh-

beimhrs òj jeagjoth mgrh`ters.0 7 ]bh ahtbem ly wbg`b sborhbeimhrs jeagjoth o

mgrh`ter mhphjms ej wbhtbhr tbh jeagjotgej todhs pio`h gj tbh èjthxt ec o sborh-

beimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk er o mgrh`ter-òiihm ahhtgjk. Ho`b typh ec ahhtgjkwgii lh ommrhsshm shporothiy lhiew.

g)Ptrothkghs te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters Xjmhr o Ahhtgjk @oiihm ly tbh @erperotgej

Mgrh`ter-òiihm ahhtgjks prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh eppertujgty te jeagjoth

tbhgr ewj mgrh`ters tbreukb o sborhbeimhr prepesoi, sborhbeimhr oalusb, er prexy

cgkbt.

o) O MgssgmhjtAoy Pulagt o Pborhbeimhr^repesoiJeagjotgjk Jhw Mgrh`ters

O`èrmgjk te sh`tgej ?0; ec tbh @L@O o rhkgsthrhm er lhjhcg`goi sborhbeimhr òj

sulagt o prepesoi cer oii sborhbeimhrs te èjsgmhr ot o ahhtgjk.=> ]bgs pewhr

prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te jeagjoth oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters cer hih`-

tgej, prevgmhm tbh mgssgmhjt er kreup ec mgssgmhjts beim ot ihost cgvh phr`hjt ec tbh

eutstojmgjk sborhs ec o ìoss ec sborhs ec tbh èrperotgej.=?

l) O MgssgmhjtAoy Ojjeuj`h o Jeagjotgej ot tbh Ahhtgjk

[bhrh tbh mgssgmhjt er o kreup ec mgssgmhjts beims o succg`ghjtiy iorkh prepertgej

ec sborhs, o sborhbeimhr oalusb òj lh oj hcch`tgvh strothky te rhpio`h hxgstgjk

mgrh`ters. O sborhbeimhr oalusb e`ùrs wbhj o mgssgmhjt jeagjoths mgrh`ters ot

0; @L@O suprojeth ?> s ?>0 ?).

02 Mgrh`ters òj khjhroiiy gapesh ly-iows wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t. Pborhbeimhrs òj prepesh ly-iows

ojm rhfh`t ly-iows omepthm ly tbh mgrh`ters.

07 Phh h.k., @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?0;(=).

=> Glgm s ?0;.

=? Glgm s ?0;(=).

P^\GJK <>?0 08




tbh ahhtgjk wgtbeut ojy worjgjk, rhiygjk ej tbh to`tgòi omvojtokh ec surprgsh.= <

O

sborhbeimhr oalusb gs jet oj ujèaaej e`ùrrhj`h gj @ojomo.=0

`)O Mgssgmhjt Aoy Peig`gt ^rexghs

O mgssgmhjt aoy oise hjkokh tbh hxgstgjk aojokhahjt gj o prexy lottih. O prexy gs

o cera tbot phragts o sborhbeimhr te kgvh ojetbhr phrsej tbh pewhr te veth bgs er

bhr sborhs.== Pborhbeimhrs aoy mh`gmh te shjm tbhgr prexy cera te aojokhahjt te

hjolih aojokhahjt te veth cer tbhgr ewj jeagjhhs ej tbh sborhbeimhr s lhboic.

Bewhvhr, wbhrh o mgssgmhjt prepeshs jeagjhhs, tbh mgssgmhjt aoy seig`gt sborh-

beimhrs' prexghs gj o`èrmoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?8> ec tbh @L@O 8 ojm ôrt ; ec tbh

@L@O \hkuiotgejs3 se tbot tbh mgssgmhjt òj veth tbh prexghs gj coveur ec bgs er

bhr ewj jeagjhhs.= ; ^rexy seig`gtotgej ruihs khjhroiiy rhqugrh mgssgmhjts te shjm

o prexy `grùior gj prhs`rglhm cera stotgjk tbh purpeshs ec tbh seig`gtotgej te tbhoumgter ec tbh èrperotgej, te ho`b sborhbeimhr wbesh prexy gs seig`gthm, te ho`b

mgrh`ter ojm ...te tbh èrperotgej .=2 ^rexy seig`gtotgej gs usuoiiy aerh èstiy tboj

o sborhbeimhr prepesoi, lhòush ujigdh o prepesoi, tbh mgssgmhjt lhors tbh èst ec

prexy seig`gtotgej.= 7

]bh @L@O prevgmhs twe hxhaptgejs te sborhbeimhrs crea tbh eligkotgej te

èapiy wgtb sh`tgej ?8>(?). Cgrst, gc tbh mgssgmhjt seig`gts prexghs crea ?8 er chwhr

sborhbeimhrs, wgtb twe er aerh fegjt beimhrs èujtgjk os ejh, tbhj tbh mgssgmhjt

jhhm jet shjm o prexy `grùior os etbhrwgsh rhqugrhm ly sh`tgej ?8>(?) te tbh

èrperotgej ojm gts mgrh`ters. > O mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr piojjgjk oj oalusb òjlhjhcgt crea tbgs hxhaptgej. O`èrmgjk te tbh @L@O mgrh`ters bovh tbh rgkbt te

sht o rhèrm moth cer tbh purpesh ec mhthragjgjk wbg`b sborhbeimhrs orh hjtgtihm

te veth ot o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk. Gc sborhbeimhrs o`qugrh o vetgjk sborh octhr tbh

rhèrm moth, tbhy wgii lh gjhigkglih te veth ot tbh certbèagjk ahhtgjk. Hcch`tgvhiy,

tbh rhèrm moth prhvhjts sborhbeimhrs crea o`qugrgjk ojm vetgjk o iorkh jualhr

=< Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjk, supro jeth <.

=0 Glgm.

== Phh h.k. @L@O suprojeth ?>, ss <=, ?=; cera ec prexy , prexy (sh`tgej <= ec tbh @L@O hjolihssborhbeimhrs te veth ot ojy sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk, ojm sh`tgej ?=; sph`gcghs tbot o prexybeimhr òj ot-

thjm ojm o`t ej tbh sborhbeimhr's lhboic ot o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk).

=8 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?8>.

=3 @ojomoLusgjhss @erperotgejs\hkuiotgejs <>>? PE\/<>>?-8?< T\hkuiotgejsQ.

=; \hkormihss ec wbhtbhr tbhrh orh etbhr jeagjotgejs, aojokhahjt aust shjm o cera ec prexy te

sborhbeimhrs gj o`èrmoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?=7(?) ec tbh @L@O supro jeth ?>, sulfh`t te sh`tgej ?=7(<).

=2 Glgm s ?8>(?).

=7 Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjks, suprojeth <.

8> @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?8>(?.?). Ej gts co`h, tbgs hxhaptgej weuim opphor te lh o iekgòi cgt wgtb

o sborhbeimhr oalusb4 bewhvhr, shùrgtghs iow wgii rhqugrh mgsìesurh wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs' okkrh-koth vetgjk pewhr gs ?> er aerh6 shh h.k. EPO suprojeth ?<, s ?><.?(?).

8? @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?0=(?)(m).

SEI ;? <)03




ec sborhs gaahmgothiy lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ]bus, mgssgmhjts òj ush tbgs hxhaptgej

te evhrèah tbh hcch`t ec tbh rhèrm moth ly qughtiy seig`gtgjk prexghs crea ?8 er

chwhr sborhbeimhrs gaahmgothiy lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.

Phèjm, gc tbh mgssgmhjt seig`gts ly woy ec pulig` lreomòst sphh`b er pulig-òtgej , gj tbh prhs`rglhm `grùastoj`hs, tbhj tbh mgssgmhjt jhhm jet shjm o prexy

`grùior te tbh èrperotgej ojm mgrh`ters os etbhrwgsh rhqugrhm ly sh`tgej ?8> ?).8<

gg) Ptrothkghs te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters Xjmhr o Ahhtgjk @oiihmly tbh Pborhbeimhr

]bh @L@O oise prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te rhqugsgtgej o ahhtgjk.

]bh sborhbeimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk òj lh ushm cer tbh purpesh ec, gjthr oigo

rhpio`gjk tbh mgrh`ters. Gj o`èrmoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?=0(?), tbh sborhbeimhr rhqug-

sgtgejgjk tbh ahhtgjk aust beim je ihss tboj8 ec tbh sborhs.8= ]bh sborhbeim-

hr wbe òiis su`b o ahhtgjk gs rhqugrhm te èapiy wgtb aojy ec tbh soah ruihs

tbot oppiy te oj ojjuoi ahhtgjk. ]bgs agkbt oise lh o aerh hxphjsgvh eptgej

tboj o sborhbeimhr prepesoi os sh`tgej ?=0(3) stoths tbot tbh èrperotgej sboii

rhgalursh tbh sborhbeimhrs tbh hxphjshs rhosejoliy gjùrrhm ly tbha gj rhqugsg-

tgejgjk, òiigjk ojm beimgjk tbh ahhtgjk . 3 Os o rhsuit ujigdh tbh èst ec tbh sborh-

beimhr prepesoi wbg`b gs lerjh ly tbh èrperotgej tbh mgrh`ters bovh mgs`rhtgej

te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh hxphjshs ec o rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk whrh rhosejolih.

GGG OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

Os prhvgeusiy stothm, oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gs o prevgsgej gj o èrperotgej s

ortgìhs, ly-iows, er èrperoth kevhrjoj`h peig`y tbot rhqugrhs mgssgmhjt sborh-

beimhrs te prevgmh jetg`h gj omvoj`h ec o ahhtgjk ec tbhgr gjthjtgej te gjìumh

o jeagjhh ot tbh certbèagjk ahhtgjk. ; Lhcerh èjsgmhrgjk tbh omvojtokhs ojm

mgsomvojtokhs ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, tbh ihkoi ah`bojgsas mgrh`ters agkbt

ush te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wgii lh mhs`rglhm.

8< Glgm s ?8> ?.<).

80 Glgm s ?=0.

8= Glgm s ?=0(?).

88 Glgm s ?=0(8) (sh`tgej ?=0(8) gs èjtogjhm gj ôrt RG ec tbh @L@O ojm stoths tbot o ahhtgjk sboii

lh òiihm os jhoriy os pessglih gj tbh aojjhr gj wbg`b ahhtgjks orh te lh òiihm pursuojt te tbh ly-

iows, tbgs ôrt ojm ôrt RGGG ec tbh @L@O ôrt RG oise èjtogjs ruihs tbot kevhrj ojjuoi ahhtgjks6

shh h.k., glgm s ?00).

83 Glgm s ?=0(3) (sh`tgej ?=0(3) stoths tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs wgiilh rhgalurshm ujihss tbhy etbhrwgshrhseivh ot o ahhtgjk òiihm ujmhr sh`tgej ?=0(=)).

8; Phh khjhroiiy ^hthrsej @uaa gjk, supro jeth <.

P^\GJK < ?0 0;




G ]BH AH@BOJGPAP ]E GAÎHAHJ] OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

Mgrh`ters òj gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb tbh èjstotgjk meù-

ahjts er tbreukb o leorm peig`y. Cer o @L@O èrperotgej, tbh mgrh`ters aoy omept

tbh prevgsgej tbreukb oj ortgìh er ly-iow oahjmahjt. Cer o Lrgtgsb @eiualgo

Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t èrperotgej, tbh mgrh`ters aoy omept tbh prevgsgej

usgjk oj ortgìh oahjmahjt er leorm peig`y.

g)Gjìusgej gj, erOahjmahjt ec tbh @ejstotgjkMeùahjts

O @L@O èrperotgej òj omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly oahjmgjk, er

ommgjk te, tbh ly-iows er tbh ortgìhs. Xjmhr tbh @L@O mgrh`ters òj oahjm tbh

ly-iows wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t.87 ]bh ly-iows wgii `hosh te lh hcch`tgvh gc tbh ly-iow

mehs jet rh`hgvh sborhbeimhr opprevoi ly ermgjory rhseiutgej wbg`b rhqugrhs tbhsuppert ec o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs. 3> Os o rhsuit gc mgrh`ters orh èj`hrjhm

oleut o sborhbeimhr oalusb, tbhy òj gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

gaahmgothiy.

Mgrh`ters òj oise aodh o prepesoi te oahjm tbh ortgìhs.3 Cer su`b o prepesoi

te lh hcch`tgvh, sborhbeimhrs aust opprevh gt ly sph`goi rhseiutgej wbg`b rhqugrhs

tbh suppert ec twe-tbgrms ec sborhbeimhrs. 3< Os o rhsuit o mgrh`ter s prepesoi te

oahjm tbh ortgìhs wgii jet bovh gaahmgoth hcch`t.

(gg) Omeptgej ec o Leormêig`y

@erperotgejs hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh L@L@O me jet bovh ly-iows. Ceraoiiy, tbh

èrperoth ortgìhs rhstrg`t tbh pewhrs ec mgrh`ters ojm tbh occogrs ec tbh èrpero-

tgej. 3 Bewhvhr, os ujmhr tbh @L@O oahjmahjts te tbh ortgìhs orh gjhcch`tgvh

ujtgi sborhbeimhrs opprevh tbh oahjmahjts ly sph`goi rhseiutgej. 3= ^ro`tgòiiy,

tbgs òj aodh aojokgjk tbh lusgjhss mgccgùit. Os o rhsuit mgrh`ters ec L@L@O

èrperotgejs ecthj ush leorm peig`ghs te sht eut gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt ruihs cer tbh

82 L@L@O, suprojeth ?

87 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?>0 0).

3> Glgm s ?>0 <) (oj ermgjory rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) os o rhseiutgej posshm ly o ao-

fergty ec tbh veths òst ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec tbot rhseiutgej ).

3? Glgm, s ?;8 ?).

3< Phh glgm ss ?;0 ?), ?;3 3) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) os o rhseiutgej posshm

ly o aofergty ec jet ihss tboj twe-tbgrms ec tbh veths òst ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec

tbot rhseiutgej er sgkjhm ly oii tbh sborhbeimhrs hjtgtihm te veth ej tbot rhseiutgej ).

30 Phh h.k., L@L@O, suprojeth ?>, s ?<.

3= Glgm s <87 ?) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs rhqugrhm ujihss tbh ortgìhs sph`gcy tbot o mgcchrhjt typh ec

rhseiutgej gs rhqugrhm te oahjm tbh ortgìhs).

02 SEI ;? <)




occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej.3 Os mgsùsshm lhiew, tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah

@eurt gj Aujmere bhim tbot mgrh`ters èuim gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-

sgej usgjk o leorm peig`y, prevgmhm tbh leorm peig`y gs jet èjtrory te tbh ortgìhs

er tbh L@L@O.

33

?G ]BH OMSOJ]OKHP EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj prevgmh omvojtokhs te letb mgrh`ters ojm sborh-

beimhrs. Oitbeukb èrperoth jhws rhihoshs ecthj `gth tbh lhjhcgts te sborhbeimhrs

os o rhosej cer omeptgjk tbhsh prevgsgejs, 3; tbhy òj oise lhjhcgt mgrh`ters.

g)Mgrh`ters ^hrsph`tgvh

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs prevgmh tbh mgrh`ters wgtb o worjgjk tbot o mgssgmhjtgs shhdgjk te rhpio`h tbha. Oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej mhstreys tbh hihahjt

ec surprgsh ojm tbh olgigty ec mgssgmhjts te ush o sborhbeimhr oalusb te rhpio`h

gjùalhjt mgrh`ters. Curtbhr, os giiustrothm lhiew gj Aujmere bovgjk jetg`h

òj prevgmh succg`ghjt tgah cer tbh mgrh`ters te aeujt oj ecchjsgvh òapogkj te

preaeth tbhgr jeagjhhs (usuoiiy tbhashivhs) ojm mgs`rhmgt tbh jeagjhhs ec tbh

mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs.

Oithrjotgvhiy, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj oiiew mgrh`ters te èj`hjtroth ej

aojokgjk tbh èrperotgej rotbhr tboj gjhccg`ghjtiy èj`hjtrotgjk ej tbh pessglgi-

gty ec mgssgmhjt jeagjotgejs. Gc omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs phragt sborhbeimhrs tejeagjoth mgrh`ters ejiy murgjk o lrghc phrgem ec tbh yhor, tbh gjùalhjt mgrh`ters

òj sphjm tbh rhst ec tbh yhor ceùshm ej aoxgagzgjk cgra voiuh.

(gg) Pborhbeimhrs ^hrsph`tgvh

Jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs aoy lhjhcgt crea omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ly lhgjk

prevgmhm wgtb gjceraotgej tbot òj bhip tbha aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej wgtb

rhsph`t te hih`tgjk mgrh`ters.32 Xjmhr @ojomgoj èrperoth iow, gjcerahm sborh-

beimhrs sbeuim hjboj`h sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y cer shvhroi rhosejs. Cgrst, gj hih`-

tgejs tbhy lhighvh orh ujèjthsthm sborhbeimhrs aoy mh`gmh jet te otthjm tbh

38 Phh khjhroiiy Lel ôdrui, ]bh êwhr ec Leorm êig`ghs ?? Phpthalhr <>?<), ejigjh6 Oihxoj-

mhr Beilurj Lhoumgj Iojk II^ Lusgjhss Iow Liek 9bttp6//lusgjhssiowliek.obli.ò/<>?</>7/??/

tbh-pewhr-ec-leorm-peig`ghs/:.

33 Phh Aujmere, supro jeth 3 ot poros =8-=3.

3; Phh h.k., Mujòstih Keim @erp, Jhws \hihosh, Mujòstih Omepts Omvoj`h Jetg`h êig`y cer

Mgrh`ter Jeagjotgejs 2 Aor`b <>?0), ejigjh6 Mujòstih 9bttp6//www.mujòstihkeimèrp.èa/

hj/jhws/;;/mujòstih-omepts-omvoj`h-jetg`h-peig`y-cer-mgrh`ter-jeagjotgejs.pbp: TMujòstih OJ^

rhihoshQ.

32 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs Gj`, @ojomgoj @erperoth Kevhrjoj`h êig`y6 <>?0 Xpmoths?3 Jevhalhr <>?<) ot ?0, ejigjh6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs GPP) 9bttp6//www.gsskevhr-

joj`h.èa:.

P^\GJK < ?0 07




sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk. 37 Os o rhsuit, tbgs èuim hxìumh o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeim-

hrs crea bovgjk tbh eppertujgty te veth gj coveur ec tbh mgssgmhjt s jeagjhhs er

aojokhahjt s jeagjhhs.

Phèjm, sborhbeimhrs ec o èrperotgej wgtbeut o aofergty vetgjk peig`y èuimio`d oj gj`hjtgvh te veth. [bhj ejiy tbh gjùalhjt aojokhahjt bos prepeshm

jeagjhhs, sborhbeimhrs òj ejiy veth gj coveur ec tbh prepeshm jeagjhhs er

wgtbbeim tbhgr veth. Gj o èrperotgej wgtbeut o aofergty vetgjk peig`y, ejh veth

gj coveur ec oj ujèjthsthm jeagjhh gs succg`ghjt cer tbh jeagjotgej te su``hhm.

]bhrhcerh, gj su`b èrperotgejs, gc sborhbeimhrs orh ujoworh ec o èjthsthm lottih,

tbhy èuim io`d tbh gj`hjtgvh te veth, lhòush tbhy aoy ossuah tbot ot ihost ejh

sborhbeimhr wgii veth gj coveur ec tbh ujèjthsthm jeagjhhsY. ]bgs wgii typgòiiy

lh o rhosejolih ossuaptgej lhòush shic-jeagjothm mgrh`ters typgòiiy beim vetgjk

sborhs ec tbh èrperotgej.]bgrm, lhòush ec tbh @L@O s mhcgjgtgej ec ermgjory rhseiutgej, ;> sgkjgcgòjtiy

chwhr tboj 8> pius ejh ec tbh sborhbeimhrs èuim mhthragjh tbh mgrh`tersbgp ec

tbh èrperotgej, os tbh jeagjhhs gj o èjthsthm hih`tgej aust rh`hgvh 8> pius

ejh ec tbh veths òst te lhèah tbh mgrh`ters. Lhòush su``hss turjs ej tbh veths

òst, whod vethr portg`gpotgej òj rhsuit gj o sborhbeimhr wgtb chwhr tboj 8>

pius ejh ec tbh èrperotgej s vetgjk rgkbts gjmhphjmhjtiy hih`tgjk tbh èrperotgej s

mgrh`ters. Cer hxoapih, wbhrh vethr portg`gpotgej gs whod, o ?> vetgjk gjthrhst

aoy lh succg`ghjt te kuorojthh oj ermgjory rhseiutgej.; ?

GGG. ]BH MGPOMSOJ]OKHP EC OMSOJ@H JE]G H

Oitbeukb èrperoth jhws rhihoshs teut tbh lhjhcgts ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs,

tbhy khjhroiiy cogi te sht eut tbh pessglih mgsomvojtokhs ec su`b prevgsgejs. [bgih

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh aerh igdhiy te bora sborhbeimhrs, tbhsh prevgsgejs

òj oise `rhoth mgsomvojtokhs cer gjùalhjt mgrh`ters.

g)Mgrh`ters ^hrsph`tgvh

Oitbeukb tbhrh orh preloliy chw mgsomvojtokhs te mgrh`ters crea gapihahjtgjkomvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, su`b prevgsgejs aoy werd okogjst gjùalhjt aojokh-

ahjt. Cer hxoapih, gj tbh olshj`h ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, o sborhbeimhr

oalusb aoy uitgaothiy lh gjhcch`tgvh lhòush tbh mgssgmhjt agsfumkhm tbh jualhr

ec veths rhqugrhm te wgj tbh hih`tgej4 bewhvhr, gc tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

rhqugrhs o mgssgmhjt te iouj`b o òapogkj ojm kotbhr suppert, wbg`b tbh mgssg-

mhjt weuim jet etbhrwgsh bovh mejh, tbhj tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy werd

okogjst tbh mgrh`ters.

37 Phh h.k., Aujmere, suprojeth 3 ot poros 0<, 08.;> @L@O suprojeth ?>, s <(?) (oj ermgjory rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm os o rhseiutgej posshm ly o aofer-

gty ec tbh veths òst ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec tbot rhseiutgej ).

;? Phh h.k., ûrg suprojeth <8 ot =78.

SEI ; <)>




gg) Pborhbeimhrs' ^hrsph`tgvh

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj `rhoth sph`gcg` mgsomvojtokhs te mgssgmhjt ojm

jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Crea o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s phrsph`tgvh, tbh gjtre-

mu`tgej ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wgii prhvhjt tbha crea usgjk o sborhbeim-hr oalusb. Os mgsùsshm horighr, tbh hihahjt ec surprgsh òj lh oj hcch`tgvh teei

cer rhpio`gjk aojokhahjt, lut surprgsh wgii lh iest gc mgssgmhjts orh rhqugrhm te

mgsìesh tbhgr gjthjtgej ojm jeagjhhs prger te tbh hih`tgej moth.

Crea o jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s phrsph`tgvh, gc tbh mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs

weuim lh aerh hcch`tgvh gj upbeimgjk tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs tboj tbh gjùa-

lhjt aojokha hjt, jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs aoy agss tbh eppertujgty cer lhtthr

aojokhahjt.

Curtbhr, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs aoy omvhrshiy occh`t sborhbeimhrs ly

gj`rhosgjk tbh rgsd ec aojokhrs o`tgjk èjtrory te tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrper-

otgej, ojm gj`rhosgjk tbh rhiothm okhj`y èsts. Os mgsùsshm prhvgeusiy, tbh olgigty

ec sborhbeimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters òj rhmu`h tbh rgsd ec aojokhrs o`tgjk epper-

tujgstgòiiy ojm òj bhip te èjtrei okhj`y èsts. [bhrh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs

jhkotgvhiy gapo`t tbh olgigty ec o sborhbeimhr te rhpio`h eppertujgstg` mgrh`ters,

okhj`y èsts aoy gj`rhosh. Aerhevhr, tbgs typh ec ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-

sgejs aoy whodhj tbh aordht cer èrperoth èjtrei ojm gj`rhosh eppertujgstg`

aojokhahjt lhbovgeur ojm okhj`y èsts, lhòush tbh aordht cer èrperoth

èjtrei mhphjms ej tbh olgigty ec oj o`qugrhr ec sborhs te veth te eust mgrh`ters .; <

Mgrh`ters agkbt hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs ly usgjk tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs terhmu`h tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs jeagjotgjk oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters.

Iostiy, wbhtbhr tbh èrperoth èjtro`t phragts mgrh`ters te ush ly-iows te

omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gs quhstgejolih. ]bh @L@ gs loshm ej o rhpert

ly \elhrt [S Mg`dhrsej òiihm ^repesoiscer o Jhw usgjhss @erperotgejsIow

cer @ojomo. ]bh Mg`dhrsej \hpert gjìumhm o mroct èrperoth stotuth ojm o`èa-

pojygjk èaahjtory ej hvhry prepeshm stotutery prevgsgej. Ph`tgej ?>0 ec tbh

@L@ gs sulstojtgoiiy tbh soah os sh`tgej 7.>< ec tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert. Letb

tbh @L@ ojm tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert kgvh sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters tbh pewhr

te oahjm tbh èrperotgej s ly-iows. Os ôrt GG mgsùsshm, sborhbeimhrs er mgrh`-ters òj ush tbh èrperoth ly-iows te aemgcy tbh èrperoth èjtro`t . Bewhvhr,

tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s gjthrprhtotgej ec mgrh`ters' olgigty te `bojkh tbh èrper-

otgej's ly-iows agkbt jet oiiew mgrh`ters te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-

sgej. O`èrmgjk te tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert, mgrh`ters' olgigty te aodh o ly-iow mehs

jet krojt mgrh`ters tbh pewhr te èjtrei tbh gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt ec tbh èrper-

;< Glgmot ?73.

;0 Hm [ogtzhr Febjjy Foswoi, ^hepihs, L@H, ojm tbh Keem @erperoth '@gtgzhj ' <>>7) =;60Eskeemh Boii IF =07 ot ==8, `gtgjk \elhrt [S Mg`dhrsej ht oi, ^repesois er o Jhw Lusgjhss @erper-

otgejs Iow cer @ojomo,vei ? (Ettowo6 Gjceraotgej @ojomo, ?7;? TMg`dhrsej \hpertQ.

P^\GJK <>?0 =?




otgej te tbh hxìusgej ec sborhbeimhrs . ;= Gj èjsgmhrgjk tbh mgvgsgej ec èjtrei,

tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s mroct èrperoth stotuth o`djewihmkhm tbh rhoigtghs ec

èrperoth aojokhahjt ly pio`gjk rhsgmuoi èjtrei ec gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt wbhrh

gt lhiejks-wgtb tbh sborhbeimhrs-lut kgvgjk tbh mgrh`ters pewhr te omagjgsthr tbhèrperotgej crea moy te moy .;8 Os o rhsuit ec tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s gjthrprhto-

tgej ec mgrh`ters' pewhr te aodh ly-iows, gt gs ujìhor wbhtbhr mgrh`ters òj ush o

lyiow te `bojkh tbh èrperoth èjtro`t gj o aojjhr tbot prhvhjts sborhbeimhrs

crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters murgjk o sulstojtgoi port ec tbh yhor.

Gj sbert, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs prevgmh sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters wgtb

omvojtokhs ojm mgsomvojtokhs. [bgih tbhsh prevgsgejs òj hjèurokh sborhbeim-

hr mhae`ro`y, tbhy òj oise bora gt Oitbeukb èrperoth jhws rhihoshs me jet

khjhroiiy mgsùss tbh hcch`t ec tbhsh prevgsgejs ej mgrh`ters, tbhrh gs rhosej te

lhighvh tbot mgrh`ters agkbt lh aetgvothm te ush omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs te tbhgromvojtokh. Gj ommgtgej, os wgii lh mgsùsshm gj ôrt S, wbhtbhr tbh omvojtokhs te

sborhbeimhrs ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej eutwhgkb tbh mgsomvojtokhs wgii igdhiy

mhphjm ej tbh ah`bojgsa tbot mgrh`ters ush te gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej.

GS OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP GJ ^\O@]G@H

@ojomgoj èurts bom tbh eppertujgty te èjsgmhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs

ej twe e`òsgejs gj <>?<. Cgrst, gj Aujmere, tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah

@eurt èjsgmhrhm wbhtbhr oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ecchjmhm tbh L@L@OPhèjm, gj Aoumerh,

; tbh Ejtorge Puphrger @eurt ec Fustg`h èjsgmhrhm wbhtbhr

oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos epprhssgvh te tbh mgssgmhjt ujmhr tbh Ejtorge

Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t ; Os wgii lh mgsùsshm gj ôrt S, tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters

ec Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ( Aujmere ) ojm Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm ( Aoumerh )

omepthm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs tbot èuim bora tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs.

Bewhvhr, lhòush letb leorms pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjks gj wbg`b mgrh`ter jeagj-

otgejs whrh te lh èjsgmhrhm, tbh rhsph`tgvh @eurts mgm jet ommrhss wbhtbhr

tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs crustrothm tbh rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth

mgrh`ters. Curtbhr, jhgtbhr @eurt ommrhsshm bew tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty te

jeagjoth mgrh`ters agkbt occh`t sborhbeimhrs os o wbeih. ]bgs sh`tgej ec tbh ortgìh

mgsùsshs Aujmere ojm Aoumerh. ]bh rhaogjmhr ec tbh ortgìh wgii èjsgmhr tbh

pethjtgoiiy prelihaotg` ushs ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ujmhr @ojomgoj èrper-

oth ojm shùrgtghs iow.

;= Glgm ot poro 7=

; Glgm ot poro 78

;3 Pupro jeth 3

;; Pupro jeth 7

;2 EL@O supro jeth ?>

SEI ; (<)<




G AXJME\E

g) Lo`dkreujm

Aujmere gs o èrperotgej hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh L@L@O tbot ephroths gj tbh

agjhroi rhseur`h sh`ter, wgtb o ceùs ej mhvhiepahjt, hxpierotgej, ojm gjvhst-

ahjt.;7 Gt beims agjhroi gjthrhsts gj Ahxgè ojm Phrlgo,e ojm tbh aofergty ec

Aujmere s sborhbeimhrs orh rhtogi gjvhsters.

Ej Oprgi <>, <>?<, Aujmere kovh jetg`h tbot gt weuim beim gts ojjuoi khjhroi

ahhtgjk ej Fujh <3, <>?<, ojm sht tbh rhèrm moth cer Aoy <<, <>?<.2< Ej Aoy

<<, <>?<, gt gssuhm o aojokhahjt prexy `grùior. ]bh aojokhahjt prexy `grù-

ior stothm tbot tbh ahhtgjk weuim prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb oj eppertujgty te

rh`hgvh tbh cgjoj`goi stothahjts ec tbh èapojy, hih`t mgrh`ters, ojm rhoppegjt tbhoumgters. Ej Fujh 7, <>?<, Aujmere s leorm gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej.2= Gt ojjeuj`hm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ej Fujh ??, <>?<, wbg`b

wos ?8 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ]bh prevgsgej rhqugrhm jetg`h ec mgrh`ter jeagj-

otgejs lhtwhhj 0> ojm 38 moys prger te tbh ahhtgjk. 3 Gj ommgtgej, tbh prevgsgej

prevgmhm tbot tbh `bograoj ec tbh ahhtgjk bom tbh pewhr ojm muty te mhthr-

agjh wbhtbhr o jeagjotgej wos aomh gj o`èrmoj`h wgtb tbh TprevgsgejQ ojm tbot

tbh leorm gj gts seih mgs`rhtgej èuim wogvh ojy rhqugrhahjt ec tbh TprevgsgejQ .

]bh prevgsgej oise èjtogjhm o òrvh-eut tbot phragtthm sborhbeimhrs te aodh

prepesois ojm rhqugsgtgejs eutsgmh ec tbh phragtthm phrgem. Gj hcch`t, tbh prevg-

sgej prebglgthm sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk jeagjotgejs wgtbeut prger jetg`h te tbh

èrperotgej lhòush tbh mgrh`ters hjo`thm tbh rhqugrhahjt ?8 moys lhcerh tbh

ahhtgjk ojm tbh prevgsgej rhqugrhm sborhbeimhrs te kgvh jetg`h ot ihost 0> moys

lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.

Jertbhrj Agjhroi Gjvhstahjts ( JAG ) gs o prgvothiy bhim L@L@O èrper-

otgej. Ot tbh tgah ec tbh @eurt s mh`gsgej, JAG bhim opprexgaothiy 2.=% ec

Aujmere s sborhs.27 Ej Fujh ?0, <>?<, JAG, o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr jetgcghm

;7 Phh h.k., Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Gjvhster Co`tsbhht (Oprgi <>?0), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.

aujmere.èa/co`tsbhht:.

2 Glgm

2? Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poro 0

2< Glgmot poro =.

20 Glgmot poro 8

2= Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. Opprevhs Omvoj`h Jetg`h êig`y

?? Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.èa/jhws/<>?<: TAujmere OJ^ rhihoshQ.

28 Glgm4 Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poro 3.

23 Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, suprojeth 2=.

2; Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 3.

22 Phh Aujmere OJ^, suprojeth =.

27 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 0

P^\GJK < ?0 =0




Aujmere tbot JAG lhighvhm Aujmere bom je ihkoi losgs cer gjstgtutgjk tbh omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej. 7> ]bh jhxt moy, Fujh ?=, <>?<, Aujmere ojjeuj`hm tbot gt weuim

shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec tbh prevgsgej ojm weuim pestpejh tbh ojjuoi ahht-

gjk.

7?

Oise ej Fujh ?=, <>?<, JAG `boiihjkhm tbh prevgsgej ly lrgjkgjk oj oppigò-tgej te tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah @eurt.

7 < Ceur moys iothr, ej Fujh ?2, <>?<,

JAG ojjeuj`hm o sioth ec mgrh`ters cer jeagjotgej ot tbh certbèagjk ahhtgjk. 70

JAG's sioth gjìumhm Febj (Vejk Bog) Boj, wbe wos tbh @HE ec JAG. 7= JAG's

sioth ojjeuj`hahjt stothm tbot gt wos shhdgjk te rhpio`h tbh gjùalhjt mgrh`ters

lhòush tbh sborh prg`h bom coiihj 8 sgj`h Mh`halhr <>>7 ojm tbh èrperoth

hxphjshs bom lhhj ujrhosejoliy bgkb evhr tbh post cgvh yhors. 78

gg) Mh`gsgej

JAG's oppigòtgej seukbt oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea pestpejgjk

er omfeurjgjk tbh Fujh <3, <>?< ahhtgjk, oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea

`bojkgjk tbh rhèrm moth, ojm oj ermhr mhìorgjk tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

wos ujhjcer`holih. 73

o)êstpejgjk bh Ahhtgjk ojm bojkgjk bh \hèrm Moth

Fustg`h ûjjhtt mgsagsshm JAG's orkuahjt tbot tbh mgrh`ters èuim jet pest-

pejh tbh ahhtgjk cer twe rhosejs. Cgrst, ûjjhtt bhim tbot tbh L@L@O phragts

mgrh`ters te pestpejh oj ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Bh èjìumhm tbot tbh L@L@O krojts

mgrh`ters rhsgmuoi pewhrs te aojokh tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej,

lhòush oj gjthrprhtotgej prevgmgjk mgrh`ters wgtb ejiy tbesh pewhrs tbot tbh

L@L@O hxpig`gtiy krojts weuim lh ujmuiy rhstrg`tgvh ojm èuim ihom te ujrhosej-

olih rhsuits. 7; Curtbhr, ûjjht bhim tbot os o aotthr ec èjtro`tuoi gjthrprhtotgej,

7> Glgm ot poro ;.

7? Glgm ot poro 24 Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. êstpejhs Ojjuoi

Khjhroi Ahhtgjk ec Pborhbeimhrs (?= Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.èa/

jhws/<>?<: TAujmere pestpejhahjt rhihoshQ.

7< Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 7.

70 Glgm ot poro 00. Phh khjhroiiy Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`.

@eaahjts ej Mgssgmhjt O`tgej ?7 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.èa/

jhws/<>?<:. Ej tbh soah moy, Aujmere gapihahjthm o sborhbeimhr rgkbts pioj (djewj èiiequgoiiy

os o pegsej pgii)6 shh Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. Ojjeuj`hs tbh

Omeptgej ec o Pborhbeimhr \gkbts îoj ?2 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.

èa/jhws/<>?<:.

7= Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp, ^rhss \hihosh, Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp Oj-

jeuj`hs Jeagjhhs cer Hih`tgej te tbh Leorm ec Mgrh`ters ec Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ?2 Fujh <>?<),

ejigjh6 Aordhtwgrh 9bttp6//www.aordhtwgrh.èa/prhss-rhihosh/jertbhrj-agjhrois-gjvhstahjt-èrp-

ojjeuj`hs-jeagjhhs-hih`tgej-leorm-mgrh`ters-aujmere-tsx-vhjturh-auj- ?3;>328.bta:.

78 Glgm.

73 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 7.

7; Glgm ot poro <3 .

SEI ; <)==




tbh L@L@O ojm Aujmere's ortgìhs krojthm tbh mgrh`ters rhsgmuoi pewhrs te pest-

pejh o ahhtgjk. 72

Phèjm, ûjjhtt èjìumhm tbot JAG's ioth jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt

kovh rgsh te `grùastoj`hs tbot fustgcghm tbh pestpejhahjt ec tbh ahhtgjk. 77 Bhrhosejhm tbot JAG's ioth jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt mgm jet ihovh hjeukb tgah

cer tbh mgrh`ters te hjsurh tbot oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs whrh omvgshm ojm kgvhj

tbh eppertujgty te otthjm er sulagt tbhgr prexghs . ?>>Curtbhr, ûjjhtt bhim tbot

tbhrh wos je hvgmhj`h tbot tbh leorm wos jet o`tgjk gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh

sborhbeimhrs .?>?

Bh oise mgsagsshm JAG s rhquhst cer oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea

`bojkgjk tbh rhèrm moth.?>< Bh bhim tbot tbh outbergty te `bojkh tbh rhèrm moth

ceiiews crea tbh olgigty te pestpejh tbh ojjuoi khjhroi ahhtgjk.?>0

l) meptgjk tbh Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgej

Fustg`h ûjjhtt mgsagsshm JAG's rhquhst cer o mhìorotgej tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej wos ujhjcer`holih. ?>= Bewhvhr, bh sukkhsthm tbot èurts sbeuim èjsgm-

hr ho`b òsh loshm ej tbh `grùastoj`hs. ?> Bhrh, bh ceujm tbot tbh `grùastoj`hs

mgm jet worrojt gjthrvhjtgej.

ûjjhtt bhim tbot jhgtbhr tbh L@L@O jer tbh ortgìhs prhvhjthm tbh mgrh`ters

crea omeptgjk oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej.?>3 ]bhrh whrh twe rhosejs cer tbgs

beimgjk. Cgrst, os JAG omagtthm, tbh L@L@O gs sgihjt ej tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters teomept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. ?> Phèjm, Aujmere's ortgìhs prevgmhm tbot tbh

mgrh`ters aust aojokh er suphrvgsh tbh aojokhahjt ec tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs

ec TAujmereQ ojm bovh tbh outbergty te hxhr`gsh oii su`b pewhrs ec TAujmereQ

os orh jet, ly tbh TL@L@OQ er ly tbhsh Ortgìhs, rhqugrhm te lh hxhr`gshm ly tbh

sborhbeimhrs ec TAujmereQ .?>

72 Glgm

77 Glgmot poro 03.

?>> Glgm ot poro 08.

?>? Glgm ot poro 03.

?>< Glgm ot poro 0;.

?>0 Glgm

?>= Glgm ot poro 88.

?>8 Glgm ot poros =; 80.

?>3 Glgm ot poros =8 =3.

?>; Glgm

?>2 Glgm ot poro =8 `gtgjk Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, @hrtgcgòth ec Gjèrperotgej 2 Aoy <>>2), s ?8.?,

ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Meùahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.èa:, cgihm os Phùrgty beimhrs meùahjts Hjkigsb , Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` 2 Aoy <>>2 .

P^\GJK < ?0 =8




Curtbhr, ûjjhtt bhim tbot tbh hvgmhj`h mgm jet hstoligsb tbot tbh omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej gjcrgjkhm sborhbeimhr rgkbts. \otbhr, tbh prevgsgej gj tbgs òsh

hjsurhm oj ermhriy jeagjotgej pre`hss ojm prevgmhm oii sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh

eppertujgty te lhèah gjcerahm oleut tbh mgrh`ter jeagjhhs.

? >7

]bh omvoj`hjetg`h prevgsgej tbhrhcerh prhvhjtThmQ o kreup ec sborhbeimhrs crea todgjk omvoj-

tokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm sborhbeimhrs ahhtgjk te gapesh tbhgr sioth ec mgrh`ters ej

wbot èuim lh o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs ujoworh ec su`b o pessglgigty orgsgjk .??>

Gj ommgtgej, ûjjhtt bhim tbot tbh prevgsgej hvgmhj`hTmQ keem cogtb ojm

rhosejolihjhss , lhòush tbh mgrh`ters rhtogjhm mgs`rhtgej te wogvh ojy rhqugrh-

ahjt ec tbh prevgsgej, tbhgr mh`gsgej te hxhr`gsh mgs`rhtgej wos sulfh`t te fumg-

`goi rhvghw, ojm tbhy piojjhm te shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ot tbh ojjuoi khjhroi

ahhtgjk.

Cgjoiiy, ûjjhtt ceujm tbot Aujmere s mgrh`ters mgm jet gapihahjt tbhomvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej te 'gjciuhj`h er prhìumh' o prexy èjthst . ??< Gjsthom,

tbhy gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej te hjsurh tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs whrh oworh ec tbh

prexy èjthst.?

ggg)Pulshquhjt Hvhjts

Aujmere bhim gts ojjuoi khjhroi ahhtgjk ej Oukust <;, <>?<. ]bh omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej mgm jet rh`hgvh tbh twe-tbgrms opprevoi ojm wos tbus jet hcch`tgvh

kegjk cerworm, lut tbh sborhbeimhrs rh-hih`thm aojokhahjt's sioth ec mgrh`ters.??=

Mhspgth tbh prhvgeusiy uj su``hsscui prevgsgej, A ujmere ojjeuj`hm ej Jevhalhr

7, <>?< tbot gt bom omepthm o jualhr ec èrperoth kevhrjoj`h peig`ghs, gjìum-

gjk oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, wbg`b sborhbeimhrs aust opprevh ot tbh jhxt

ahhtgjk.?

Gj suaaory, Aujmere s mgrh`ters gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

octhr tbh ùt-ecc moth. Gj tbh co`h ec sborhbeimhr `boiihjkh, Aujmere s mgrh`ters

pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk ojm rhseivhm te shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi. Lhòush tbh

mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk, JAG wos olih te jeagjoth mgrh`ters wgtbeut

vgeiotgjk tbh prevgsgej. [bgih tbh @eurt èjìumhm tbot tbgs portgùior omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej wos hjcer`holih, gt sukkhsthm tbot èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr prevg-

sgejs ej o òsh-ly-òsh losgs.

? 7 Aujmere,suprojeth 3 ot poro =;.

?? Glgm.

lgm ot poro 8?.

< lgm ot poro 80.

??0 Glgm.

??= Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere ]bojds Pborhbeimhrs cer ]bhgr Puppert <2

Oukust <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.èa/jhws/<>?<:.??8 Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere Ojjeuj`hs 0 Cgjoj`gois ojm @eaprhbhj-

sgvh Kevhrjoj`h êig`ghs 7 Jevhalhr <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.èa/

jhws/<>?<:.

SEI ; (<)=3




?G AOXME\H

g) Lo`dkreujm

Aoumerh gs o @ojomgoj agjgjk èrperotgej hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh EL@O

Aoumerh's sborhs orh igsthm ej tbh ]PR Shjturh,??; ojm tbh èapojy sph`goigz-

hs gj agjgjk keim, wgtb gts osshts ieòthm gj _uhlh`, @ojomo.B7 @eiih`tgvhiy,

]bh Borleur Ceujmotgej ojm @gty Phùrgtghs Igagthm (tekhtbhr, Borleur ) gs

Aoumerh's iorkhst sborhbeimhr.?<> Phokhr \hx Borleur ( Ar. Borleur ) ojm bgs

sej Mojghi Borleur ( Mr. Borleur ) orh trusthhs ec ]bh Borleur Ceujmotgej,

ojm Ar. Borleur gs tbh ceujmhr ojm prgj`gpoi ec @gty Phùrgtghs Igagthm. ?<?

Gj <>??, Ar. Borleur lhòah èj`hrjhm oleut Aoumerh's aojokhahjt.

]e ommrhss bgs èj`hrjs, bh shjt Mr. Borleur ojm Beworm @orr ( Mr. @orr ),oj hèjeag` kheiekgst ojm coagiy crghjm, te vgsgt Aoumerh's agjh gj Soi M'Er,

_uhlh`. ?<< Lhcerh oiiewgjk Mr. @orr te vgsgt tbh agjh, Aoumerh's @HE, \ejoim

Pberr, rhqugrhm Mr. @orr te sgkj o èjcgmhjtgoigty okrhhahjt. ?<0 Murgjk tbh vgsgt,

Mr. @orr èjìumhm tbot Aoumerh's puligìy-mgsìeshm agjgjk gjceraotgej wos

èrrh`t, lut tbot Aoumerh's @HE pesshsshm je th`bjgòi djewihmkh ojm tbh hxgst-

gjk aojokhahjt wos agsaojokgjk tbh kheiekgòi èjsuitojts. ?<=

Pulshquhjtiy, ej Oprgi ?? <>?<, Aoumerh's leorm ec mgrh`ters kovh jetg`h

tbot tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk weuim e`ùr ej Fujh 2, <>?<, ojm tbot tbh rhèrm moth

weuim lh Aoy =, <>?<.?<8 ]bh leorm oise stru`d o sph`goi èaagtthh ec gjmhphjm-hjt mgrh`ters te rhspejm te Ar. Borleur's èj`hrjs wbhj gt lhòah ìhor tbot

bh agkbt gjgtgoth o prexy èjthxt. ?<3 Ej Oprgi <0, <>?<, Ar. Borleur èjto`thm

Aoumerh's @HE ojm prepeshm tbot Mr. @orr rhpio`h bga, ojm tbot tbh leorm

jeagjoth o jhw @bograoj. ?<; Ar. Borleur oise gjmgòthm tbot bh mgm jet wgsb te

rhpio`h tbh hjtgrh leorm ec mgrh`ters. ?<2 Jhvhrtbhihss, Aoumerh's @HE ojm leorm

??3 Phh h.k., Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm Ojjuoi Oumgthm Cgjoj`goi Ptothahjts 0? Mh`halhr, <>??)

ot 2, ejigjh6 Aoumerh 9bttp6//www.aoumerh.èa/s/Cgjoj`goiPtothahjts.osp: TAoumerh Ojjuoi

\hpertQ.

??; Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poro ?

??2 Aoumerh Ojjuoi \hpert, suprojeth ??3.

??7 Glgm ot ?2-?7.

?<> Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro ?

?<? Glgm ot poro =

?<< Glgm ot poros ?8-?7.

?<0 Glgm ot poro <8.

?<= Glgm ot poro 02.

?<8 Glgm ot poro =< .

?<3 Glgm ot poro == .

?<; Glgm ot poro =8.

?<2 Glgm

P^\GJK < ?0 =;




ec mgrh`ters rhcushm te gapihahjt Ar. Borleur s prepesoi.?<7 Gj rhspejsh, Ar.

Borleur mh`gmhm te prepesh bgs ewj sioth ec mgrh`ters cer tbh leorm.E

Ej Aoy <8 <>?<, Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt bom oahjmhm gts ly-iows

te gjìumh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. ]bh prevgsgej, igdh tbot gj Aujmere

rhqugrhm sborhbeimhrs te gjcera tbh mgrh`ters ec ojy prepeshm jeagjotgejs ot

ihost 0> moys, ojm jet aerh tboj 38 moys, lhcerh tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Gj èjtrost

te Aujmere, Aoumerh gjstgtuthm tbh prevgsgej lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth. Bewhvhr,

tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej ejiy cgvh moys lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth,

ojm Aoumerh rhcushm te rhspejm (te tbh mgssgmhjt s sotgsco`tgej) te tbh mgssgmhjt s

rhquhst cer ìorgcgòtgej ej bew tbh prevgsgej sbeuim lh gjthrprhthm.?0 < Gj igkbt ec

tbh èjthjtgeus rhiotgejsbgp lhtwhhj tbh portghs, Aoumerh aoy bovh rhsgsthm tbh

mgssgmhjt s rhquhst cer ìorgcgòtgej os o stoiigjk to`tg` te prhvhjt tbh mgssgmhjt crea

èapiygjk wgtb tbh ly-iow.

0

Ej Fujh =, <>?<, Borleur otthapthm te èapiy wgtb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h

rhqugrhahjt.?0= ]bh ceiiewgjk moy, Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt wos pestpejgjk tbh

sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk moth ojm tbh rhèrm moth te Fuiy <7 <>?< ojm Fujh 2 <>?<,

rhsph`tgvhiy. Jetoliy, Boleur s jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt wos chwhr tboj 0>

moys crea tbh moth ec tbh sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk, lut ojy gssuh ec èapigoj`h wgtb

tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos aeet octhr tbh mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk.

gg)Mh`gsgej

Aoumerh lreukbt o aetgej shhdgjk gjfuj`tgvh rhighc okogjst Borleur s ush ec

Mr. @orr s èjcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej. Borleur lreukbt o èujthr-aetgej shhdgjk

mhìorotery ojm gjfuj`tgvh rhighc crea Aoumerh s oiihkhmiy epprhssgvh èjmu`t.

Fustg`h ^hrhii oppighm tbh gjfuj`tgej thst crea \F\-Ao`mejoim @ojomo OK)

te rhfh`t ho`b porty s rhquhst.3 Bh bhim tbot jhgtbhr porty èuim hstoligsb o strejk

prgao co`gh òsh, jer èuim tbhy hstoligsb tbot tbh loioj`h ec èjvhjghj`h coveurhm

oj gjfuj`tgej, os tbh thst rhqugrhs.? 0;

?<7 Glgm.

?0> Glgm.

0 Glgm ot poro 8=.

?0< Glgmot poro 88.

?00 Ejh agkbt oise sphùioth tbot Aoumerh bephm te iothr `boiihjkh tbh mgssgmhjt s èapigoj`h wgtb

tbh OJ^ gc tbh mgssgmhjt wos su``hsscui gj tbh veth.

?0= Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poro 82.

?08 Glgmot poro 87.

?03 Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro ;=, `gtgjk \F\-Ao`MejoimGj` v @ojomo OK), T?77=Q P@\ 0??MI\ (=tb) 028.

?0; Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poros 7?-7< 72 ??7-<>.

=2 SEI ; <)




o) Aoumerh s\hquhst cer oj Gjfuj`tgej

Fustg`h ^hrhii mhjghm Aoumerh's rhquhst cer oj gjfuj`tgej prebglgtgjk Borleur

crea vetgjk gts shùrgtghs.' Oitbeukb bh ceujm tbot Borleur igdhiy eltogjhm èjcg-

mhjtgoi gjceraotgej bh bhim tbot Aoumerh bom cogihm te hstoligsb o strejk prgaoco`gh òsh tbot Borleur agsushm èjcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej.?0 7

Curtbhr, ^hrhii bhim

tbot tbh loioj`h ec èjvhjghj`h mgm jet coveur Aoumerh. => Bh rhosejhm tbot

hvhj gc Borleur agsushm tbh èjcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej, gt mgm se cer tbh purpesh ec

hxhr`gsgjk gts rgkbt te hjkokh gj o prexy èjthst.?=? Bh oise ceujm tbot oj gjfuj`-

tgej prhvhjtgjk Borleur crea hxhr`gsgjk gts jeraoi hih`teroi rgkbts weuim lh

mroèjgoj , lhòush Aoumerh's @HE thstgcghm tbot Borleur kogjhm igttih crea

tbh èjcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej. ?= < Fustg`h ^hrhii jethm tbot tbhrh TwosQ seahtbgjk

te lh sogm cer TBorleur'sQ sukkhstgej aomh murgjk orkuahjt tbot tbh mgsèacert

er gjèjvhjghj`h TwosQ jet khjugjh lut rotbhr o èvhr cer o to`tgòi mhvg`h gj tbh

prexy cgkbt .?=0

l)Borleur s\hquhst cer \highcojm oj Gjfuj`tgej

Fustg`h ^hrhii oise rhcushm te krojt Borleur o mhìorotgej er gjthrieùtery rhighc

ujmhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy.?== Ej tbh co`ts, bh èjìumhm tbot tbhrh wos je

rhosej er losgs te gjthrchrh wgtb tbh èjtro`tuoi ojm èrperoth outejeay ec

Aoumerh's leorm.?=8 Aerhevhr, Aoumerh's mh`gsgej te pestpejh tbh sborhbeimhr

ahhtgjk wos ujmhrstojmolih ojm rhosejolih, hsph`goiiy sgj`h tbh leorm pestpejhm

tbh ahhtgjk gj oj otthapt te opphosh Ar. Borleur .?=3

\hkormgjk tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, ^hrhii bhim tbot tbh prevgsgej wos

jet epprhssgvh. [gtbeut kgvgjk ojy sph`gcg` rhosejs er èjsgmhrgjk tbh portgùior

prevgsgej gapihahjthm, ^hrhii stothm tbot tbhrh wos jetbgjk ujcogr er gjoppre-

prgoth gj gjtremu`gjk tbh TprevgsgejQ te hjsurh tbot oii sborhbeimhrs weuim bovh

succg`ghjt jetg`h ec o èjthsthm hih`tgej ec mgrh`ters . ?=;

Fustg`h ^hrhii èjìumhm tbot tbh @eurt sbeuim jet krojt Borleur oj gjfuj`-

tgej ej tbh kreujm ec epprhssgej. Bh bhim tbot Borleur mgm jet sbew o strejk

?02 lgm ot poros 27 7=.

?07 lgm ot poros 7> 7?.

?=> Glgm ot poro 72.

?=? lgm ot poro 78.

?=< Glgm ot poro 73.

?=0 Glgm ot poro 7;.

?== Phh glgm ot poros =-8, ?>> ?<> (Fustg`h ^hrhii rhfh`thm Borleur's oppigòtgej cer rhighc ujmhr

sh`tgej <=2 ec tbh EL@O, wbg`b gs tbh hqugvoihjt te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @L@O .

?=8 Glgm ot poro ?>7.

?=3 Glgm ot poro ??0.

?=; Glgm ot poro ??=.

P^\GJK < ?0 =7




prgao co`gh òsh cer o aojmotery gjfuj`tgej ,?=2 ojm tbot Borleur weuim jet succhr

grrhporolih bora gc Aoumerh s `bograoj gaprephriy èjmu`thm tbh sborhbeim-

hr ahhtgjk. = 7 Ommgtgejoiiy, os tbh gjfuj`tgej weuim bovh hsshjtgoiiy mhthragjhm

tbh aotthr, tbh loioj`h ec èjvhjghj`h mgm jet coveur oj gjthrchrhj`h wgtb tbhèjtro`tuoi ojm èrperoth outejeay ec Aoumerh ojm gts sborhbeimhrs .8 >

ggg)Pulshquhjt Hvhjts

]bh @eurt rhihoshm tbh Aoumerh mh`gsgej ej Fuiy ?2, <>?<-tbh moy lhcerh tbh

ahhtgjk. Ej tbh moy ec tbh ahhtgjk, A oumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt bom hjthrhm gjte o

shttihahjt wgtb Borleur tbot kovh tbh mgssgmhjt cgvh ec tbh shvhj leorm shots, ojm

trojsgtgejhm te Borleur s prhchrrhm @HE. '

Gj suaaory, Aoumerh s mgrh`ters gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

cgvh moys lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth ojm mgm jet gaahmgothiy rhspejm te Borleur s

rhquhst cer ìorgcgòtgej oleut tbh prevgsgej. [bhj Borleur ojjeuj`hm gts jeagj-

otgejs octhr tbh ùt-ecc moth, Aoumerh s mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk. Lhòush

tbh mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk, ojy gssuh ec Borleur vgeiotgjk tbh prevgsgej

wos aeet, ojm tbh @eurt mhjghm tbh mgssgmhjt s epprhssgej èapiogjt. Gj èjtrost

te Aujmere, tbh mgssgmhjt gj Aoumerh bom hjeukb vetgjk pewhr te èjvgj`h tbh

gjùalhjt leorm te `hmh èjtrei ec tbh èapojy's leorm.

S ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPH OJM M\OC]GJK EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

jAujmere,?8 < tbh mgrh`ters ushm o leorm peig`y te omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-

sgej ?8 moys lhcerh tbh s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk.' ]bh prevgsgej prhìumhm o mgssgmhjt

crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters, lhòush tbh prevgsgej phragtthm o mgssgmhjt te jeagj-

oth mgrh`ters ejiy lhtwhhj 0> te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.?8= Gj rhspejsh te

JAG's ihkoi `boiihjkh, Aujmere pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk ojm stothm tbot gt weuim

shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec tbh peig`y.?88

?=2 Glgm ot poro ??7.

?=7 Glgm.

?8 Glgm.

?8? Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm, Jhws \hihosh, Ojjuoi Ahhtgjk Xpmoth (?7 Fuiy <>?<), ejigjh6 Aoumerh

9bttp6//www.aoumerh.èa/s/Jhws\hihoshs.osp:.

?8< Aujmere suprojeth 3.

?80 Phh khjhroiiy Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, supro jeth 2=4 Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poros =, 3 (tbh

ahhtgjk wos te lh bhim ej Fujh <3, <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Fujh

?? <>?<).

?8= Aujmere OJ^, supro jeth = ot <.

?88 Aujmere pestpejhahjt rhihosh, suprojeth 7?.

SEI ;? <)




o rhsuit, hvhj gc sborhbeimhrs vethm okogjst tbh prevgsgej, tbhy weuim jet lh olih

te jeagjoth mgrh`ters crea tbh cieer ec tbh ahhtgjk lhòush tbh veth cer mgrh`ters

weuim bovh oirhomy e`ùrrhm.

Hvhj wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej lhcerh tbh ùt-eccmoth, tbh mgrh`ters agkbt ush etbhr to`tg`s te prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea lhgjk olih

te èapiy wgtb tbh prevgsgej. Os mhaejstrothm gj Aoumerh Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm

tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej shvhroi moys lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth, lut tbhj cogihm

te rhspejm gj o tgahiy aojjhr te tbh mgssgmhjt's rhquhst cer ìorgcgòtgej oleut tbh

prevgsgej.?3? [bhj tbh mgrh`ters stoii ly cogigjk te rhspejm te su`b rhquhsts, tbh

mgrh`ters agkbt lh usgjk tbh prevgsgej te hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs rotbhr tboj prevgmh

sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh eppertujgty te èjsgmhr oii pessglih jea gjhhs.

[bgih omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs agkbt gjìumh o òrvh-eut cer prepesois ojm

rhqugsgtgejs, tbh òrvh-eut òj lh ushihss ujmhr `hrtogj sgtuotgejs. Cer hxoapih,o`èrmgjk te sh`tgej ?0;(8)(o) ec tbh @L@O ojm sh`tgej =7 ec tbh \hkuiotgejs

3<

prepesois aust lh sulagtthm te tbh èrperotgej ot ihost 7> moys lhcerh tbh ojjg-

vhrsory moth ec tbh jetg`h cer tbh prhvgeus yhor's ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Gj ommgtgej,

mgrh`ters orh jet rhqugrhm te òii o sborhbeimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk wbhj o

rhèrm moth bos lhhj cgxhm ujmhr porokropb ?0=(?)(`) ojm jetg`h ec gt bos lhhj

kgvhj ujmhr sulsh`tgej ?0=(0) ?,?30 er wbhj tbh mgrh`ters bovh òiihm o ahhtgjk

ec sborhbeimhrs ojm bovh kgvhj jetg`h tbhrhec ujmhr sh`tgej ?08 ?.?3= Os o rhsuit,

èrperoth iow aoy prhìumh o sborhbeimhr crea sulagttgjk o prepesoi er rhqugsg-

tgejgjk o ahhtgjk hvhj prger te tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty lhgjk ovogiolih. ]bus,mgrh`ters agkbt ush òrvh-euts os wgjmew mrhssgjk te mgskugsh tbhgr gjthjtgejs ec

mhchotgjk o mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.

GG ^\HSHJ]GJK JEAGJO]GEJP LHCE\H O P^H@GCG@ MO]H

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs aoy oise lh quhstgejolih wbhj tbhy orlgtrorgiy prhvhjt

jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth. Okogj, tbh èaaej fustgcgòtgej cer omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbot tbhy oiiew sborhbeimhrs te lh gjcerahm ec etbhr òjmgmoths

cer mgrh`tersbgp. Gc tbgs gs tbh fustgcgòtgej, tbhj gt gs ujìhor wby omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgejs sbeuim prhvhjt sborhbeimhrs crea hgtbhr jeagjotgjk er gjceragjk etbhrsborhbeimhrs ec oithrjotgvh jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth. ]bh omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgejs gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere letb prebglgthm jeagjotgejs aomh aerh

tboj 38 moys lhcerh tbh moth ec tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk.?38 Gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere

jhgtbhr tbh mgrh`ters jer tbh @eurts hxpiogjhm er ojoiyzhm wby tbh mgrh`ters sht

o 38-moy ùt-ecc. [bgih mgrh`ters aoy orkuh tbot iejk mrowj eut prexy lottihs orh

3 Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro 88.

?3< @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?0;(8)(o)4 \hkuiotgejs supro jeth =3, s =7.

?30 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?=0(0)(o).

?3= Glgm s ?=0(0)(l).

?38 Aujmere OJ^, supro jeth = ot <4 Aoumerh OJ^, suprojeth = ot 8

SEI ;? <<




o wosth ec èrperoth rhseur`hs, tbh hvhjts lhtwhhj @^ \ogi ( @^ ) ojm ^hrsbgjk

Pquorh ( ^hrsbgjk ) gj <>??-?< giiustroth tbh pewhr ec o iejk pulig` òapogkj.

Ej E`telhr <7, <>??, ^hrsbgjk ojjeuj`hm tbot gt wos kegjk te otthapt te

`bojkh tbh aojokhahjt thoa ec @^. ?33

^hrsbgjk prepeshm tbot @^ oppegjtshvhroi gjmgvgmuois os mgrh`ters ojm rhpio`h tbh @HE.3' ]bh gjùalhjt leorm ec

@^ rhcushm ^hrsbgjk's rhquhst.?32 Ej Fojuory <0, <>?<, @^ ojjeuj`hm tbot tbh

ojjuoi ahhtgjk weuim e`ùr ej Aoy ?;, <>?<.?37 ]bh ceiiewgjk moy, Fojuory <=,

<>?<, ^hrsbgjk gjcerahm tbh leorm tbot gt gjthjmhm te jeagjoth gts ewj leorm

ahalhrs ojm te seig`gt prexghs. ?;> ^hrsbgjk ojjeuj`hm gts gjthjtgejs oiaest ceur

aejtbs lhcerh @^'s ojjuoi ahhtgjk. ]bh omvoj`hm o`tgej oiiewhm ^hrsbgjk te ruj

o òapogkj tbot gjìumhm èaaujgòtgej wgtb sborhbeimhrs evhr o ceur-aejtb

phrgem. Gj ommgtgej, shvhroi prexy omvgser cgras ojm o iorkh gjstgtutgejoi gjvhst-

er rhèaahjmhm vetgjk gj coveur ec ^hrsbgjk gj horiy Aoy <>?<.?;? ^rhsuaoliy,o iejkhr phrgem oiiews prexy omvgsery cgras ojm sborhbeimhrs te lhtthr hvoiuoth

tbh mgssgmhjt s jeagjotgejs. Cer hxoapih, tbh sigmh mh`d ushm ly ^hrsbgjk ot gts

Chlruory 3, <>?< tewj boii ahhtgjk wos ??< sigmhs iejk.?;< ]bh prexy `grùior

rhihoshm ly ^hrsbgjk ej Oprgi =, <>?< wos 8= pokhs iejk.?;0 Bom tbgs gjceraotgej

lhhj kgvhj te tbh sborhbeimhrs 0> te 3> moys prger te tbh ahhtgjk, gt gs quhstgej-

olih wbhtbhr tbh prexy omvgsery cgras ojm sborhbeimhrs weuim bovh lhhj olih

te hvoiuoth ^hrsbgjk's jeagjhhs os tbereukbiy. Curtbhr ^hrsbgjk igdhiy lhjhcgthm

crea cgrst aevhr omvojtokhs. Gc mgrh`ters bovh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj pio`h,

tbhj tbhy òj lhkgj te todh o`tgejs tbot hapbosgzh tbhgr rhèrm ec o`èapigsbahjt

prger te tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty. O bhom stort cer aojokhahjt òj lh mgsomvoj-

tokheus te o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr, lhòush tbh mgssgmhjt aust otthapt te evhr-

èah sborhbeimhrs' prhmhthragjhm lhighcs tbot aojokhahjt s gjgtgoi èaaujgò-

tgejs òj hstoligsb.

]bh 0>- te 38-moy wgjmew ec eppertujgty tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs

gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh prevgmhm sborhbeimhrs gs oise hapgrgòiiy quhstgej-

olih. O stumy ly Cosdhj Aortgjhou MuAeuigj II^ ojoiyzhm ?>? @ojomgoj prexy

?33 ]gahigjh ec @^ \ogi's prexy lottih erejte Ptor ?; Aoy <>?<), ejigjh6 ]erejte Ptor 9bttp6//www.tbhstor.èa/lusgjhss/ortgìh/??;7337-tgahigjh-ec-`p-rogi-s-prexy-lottih: T@^ \ogi ]gahigjhQ.

?3; Glgm

?32 Glgm

?37 Glgm

?;> Glgm

?;? Glgm

?;< ^hrsbgjk Pquorh @opgtoi Aojokhahjt I^, ]bh Jeagjhhs cer Aojokhahjt @bojkh (3 Chlru-

ory <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Meùahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.

èa:, cgihm os Etbhr , @ojomgoj ô`gcg` \ogiwoy Igagthm (3 Chlruory <>?<).

?;0 ^hrsbgjk Pquorh @opgtoi Aojokhahjt I^, @^ \gsgjk (= Oprgi <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`-trejg` Meùahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.èa:, cgihm os Gjceraotgej `grùior

- Hjkigsb , @ojomgoj ô`gcg` \ogiwoy Igagthm 8Oprgi <>?<).

P^\GJK < ?0 80




èjthsts tbot e`ùrrhm lhtwhhj Fojuory ?,<>>2 ojm Mh`halhr 0?, <>?< ?;= ]b h

stumy èjsgmhrhm tbh mgssgmhjt su``hss roth loshm ej wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm

tbh prexy èjthst. Pph`gcgòiiy, tbh outbers mgvgmhm tbh gjgtgotgej moth gjte tbrhh

òthkerghs6 3> er aerh moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, 0> te 87 moyslhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, ojm chwhr tboj 0> moys lhcerh tbh ergkgj-

oiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk. ]bh stumy ceujm tbot wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy

èjthst 3> moys er aerh lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh mgssgmhjt

su``hss roth wos 3;%.; ? [bhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy èjthst lhtwhhj 0>

ojm 87 moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh su``hss roth wos =?> .?;3

Iostiy, wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy èjthst chwhr tboj 0> moys lhcerh tbh

ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh mgssgmhjt su``hss roth wos =7 .; ; ]bus, gt wos

ceujm tbot mgssgmhjts whrh ihost igdhiy te wgj o prexy èjthst wbhj tbhy gjgtgothm

tbh prexy èjthst 0> te 87 moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk. [bgih

tbh stumy èjsgmhrhm ejiy prexy èjthsts tbot mgssgmhjts gjgtgothm wgtbeut rhiygjk

ej hgtbhr ec tbh prexy hxhaptgejs, tbh rhsuits ec tbh stumy sukkhst tbot mgssgmhjts

òj krhotiy lhjhcgt crea rujjgjk o iejk pulig` òapogkj er o whii-prhporhm sbert

òapogkj. Gj ommgtgej, tbh rhsuits ec tbh stumy sukkhst tbot oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej tbot prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb o 0>- te 38-moy wgjmew ec eppertujgty,

os gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh agkbt rhmu`h tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs hih`tgjk o

mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.

Curtbhr, os mhaejstrothm gj tbh @^ \ogi soko, o mgssgmhjt aoy oppreo`b tbh

leorm prgvothiy ojm bovh tbh gjùalhjt mgrh`ters oppegjt shvhroi ec tbh mgssgmhjt's

rhprhshjtotgvhs te tbh leorm.?;2 ]bh omvojtokh te tbh èrperotgej ec oppegjtgjk

shvhroi ec tbh mgssgmhjt s rhprhshjtotgvhs gs tbot tbh gjùalhjt aojokhahjt òj

èjtgjuh te ephroth tbh èrperotgej o`èrmgjk te tbhgr pioj ojm ovegm o prexy

lottih. ?;7 Bewhvhr, wbhrh o prevgsgej rhstrg`ts jetg`h prger te 38 moys, mgssgmhjts

wgii igdhiy lh òutgeus oleut oihrtgjk tbh leorm tee horiy ec tbhgr mhsgrh te bovh

shvhroi rhprhshjtotgvhs ej tbh leorm. Os o rhsuit, rhstrg`tgjk jeagjotgejs lhcerh o

sph`gcghm moth aoy mgsèurokh mgssgmhjts crea hjthrgjk gjte o iejkhr, aerh mrowj

?;= Oorej FOtdgjsej, Mojghi Lotgsto Lromihy O Crhhioj, <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy @ejthst Ptumy

(<>?0) ot 0, ejigjh6 Cosdhj Aortgjhou MuAeuigj II^ 9bttp6//rhspejsh.cosdhj.èa/ecchrs/cosdhj-aortgjhou-òjomgoj-prexy-èjthsts-stumy-<>?0.pmc:.

?;8 Glgm ot 0> (tbh su``hss roth gs tbh okkrhkoth ec wbot tbh outbers' òthkergzhm os portgoi ojm cuii

mgssgmhjt wgjs6 shh glgm ot 8).

?;3 Glgm

?;; Glgm.

?;2 Mgrh`ters aoy oppegjt ommgtgejoi mgrh`ters ujmhr sh`tgej ?>3(2) ec tbh @L@O supro jeth ?>. ]bh

olgigty ec mgrh`ters te oppegjt ommgtgejoi mgrh`ters gs mgstgj`t crea tbh jeagjotgej ojm hih`tgej pre`hss.

Os khjhroiiy mrocthm, @ojomgoj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs me jet prhvhjt oppegjtahjts.

?;7 Cer hxoapih, ot tbh tgah ec ^hrsbgjk's rhquhst, @^ \ogi bom ?8 leorm ahalhrs6 shh \huthrs

O`daoj te aodh bgs pgt`b te @^ sborhbeimhrs Chl. 3 Jotgejoi est (<; Fojuory <>?<), ejigjh6

Cgjoj`goi êst 9bttp6//lusgjhss.cgjoj`goipest.èa/<>?</>?/<;/o`daoj-te-aodh-òsh-cer-jhw-`he-ot-`p-ahhtgjk/:. Gt gs ujigdhiy tbot tbh ommgtgej er rhpio`hahjt ec shvhroi mgrh`ters weuim sgkjgcgòjtiy

occh`t vetgjk eutèahs.

SEI ;? <8=




eut pre`hss ec jhketgotgej ojm èapreagsh, wbg`b uitgaothiy agkbt ihom te ihss

wosth ec tgah, hjhrky, ojm rhseur`hs crea mgssgmhjts ojm aojokhahjt èjmu`tgjk

o cuii-liewj òapogkj. Cer hxoapih, ej Jevhalhr =, <>??, evhr sgx aejtbs prger

te tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk, ^hrsbgjk rhquhsthm tbot tbh gjùalhjt mgrh`ters pio`h tw eec ^hrsbgjk's rhprhshjtotgvhs ej tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters.se ]bh hxgstgjk aojokhahjt

rhcushm. Gc oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej prebglgthm ^hrsbgjk crea aodgjk jeagj-

otgejs horighr tboj 38 moys lhcerh o ahhtgjk, ^hrsbgjk aoy jet bovh oppreo`bhm

tbh leorm os horiy, lhòush tbh gjùalhjt leorm weuim bovh shvhroi aejtbs te

hapbosgzh gts tro`d rhèrm te sborhbeimhrs lhcerh ^hrsbgjk èuim jeagjoth gts

òjmgmoths cer hih`tgej. O 38-moy igagt weuim bovh cer`hm ^hrsbgjk, @^'s mgrh`ters,

ojm @^'s sborhbeimhrs te o`t ej o aerh èaprhsshm tgahigjh, ojm gt gs ujìhor

wbhtbhr sborhbeimhrs weuim èjshquhjtiy lhjhcgt.

SG L@H JM MS J@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

Gj Aujmere,?2 < tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters ergkgjoiiy omepthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y ?8 moys lhcerh tbh s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk,' lut

prevgmhm o jeagjotgej wgjmew ec lhtwhhj 0> te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ? =

Gj Aoumerh, oitbeukb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos omepthm wgtbgj tbh

prevgsgej's jeagjotgej wgjmew, 2 3 Aoumerh cogihm te ìorgcy tbh prevgsgej ujtgi

tbh jeagjotgej wgjmew bom ìeshm. Gj letb òshs, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

hcch`tgvhiy prhìumhm tbh mgssgmhjt crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters. Gj ommgtgej, letb

òshs gjveivhm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbot prhvhjthm jeagjotgejs prger te 38

moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. Os sht eut lhiew, mgrh`ters' ush ojm mroctgjk ec su`b prevg-

sgejs bos tbh pethjtgoi te epprhss, ujcogriy prhfumg`h, er ujcogriy mgsrhkorm sborh-

beimhrs' rgkbts ojm gjthrhsts. Gj @ojomgoj èrperoth iow, wbhrh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs

rogsh gssuhs ec cogrjhss er hqugty, èurts aoy rhvghw tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs usgjk tbh

epprhssgej rhahmy, wbg`b gs oj hqugtolih rhahmy ceujm gj sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh

?2> @^ \ogi ]gahigjh, suprojeth ?33.

?2? ]bgs ôrt oppighs L@H. ]bh purpesh ec tbgs ortgìh gs jet te quhstgej er `rgtgquh tbh Puprhah

@eurt s rhosejgjk. Cer `rgtg`gsa rhkormgjk L@H shh Hmworm ioèlu``g, Gjmhthragjo`y ojm tbh @ojo-

mgoj Puprhah @eurt s Oppreo`b te @erperoth Cgmu`gory Mutghs <>>7) =26< @oj Lus IF <0<. Phh

oise Fhccrhy K Ao`Gjtesb, L@H ojm tbh ^hepihs' @erperoth Iow6 Ihorjgjk te Igvh ej _ug`dsojm

<>>7) =26< @oj Lus I <88.

2<Aujmere, suprojeth 3.

?20 Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, suprojeth 2=4 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poros =, 3 (tbh ahhtgjk wos te lh

bhim ej Fujh <3 <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Fujh ?? <>?<).

?2= Aujmere OJ^ suprojeth = ot <.

28 Aoumerh suprojeth 7.

?23 Phh glgm ot poros 8> 8= (tbh ahhtgjk wos `bojkhm te Fujh <7 <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-sgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Aoy <8 <>?<).

?2; Glgm ot poro 88.

P^\GJK < ?0 88




@L@O tbot rhighs bhovgiy ej tbh portgùior co`ts ec ho`b òsh.' ]bgs sh`tgej wgii

èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy sbeuim lh ovogiolih te o mgssgmhjt sborh-

beimhr wbhj oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej omvhrshiy occh`ts tbh mgssgmhjt.

O`èrmgjk te sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh @L@O

Gc, ej oj oppigòtgej ujmhr sulsh`tgej ?), tbh èurt gs sotgscghm tbot gj

rhsph`t ec o èrperotgej...

(o) ojy o`t er eagssgej ec tbh èrperotgej... hcch`ts o rhsuit,

l) tbh lusgjhss er occogrs ec tbh èrperotgej...orh er bovh lhhj òrrghm

ej er èjmu`thm gj o aojjhr, er

(`) tbh pewhrs ec tbh mgrh`ters ec tbh èrperotgej...orh er bovh lhhj

hxhr`gshm gj o aojjhr

tbot gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfumg`goi te er tbot ujcogriy mgsrhkorms tbh

gjthrhsts ec ojy shùrgty beimhr...tbh èurt aoy aodh oj ermhr te rh`tgcy

tbh aotthrs èapiogjhm ec.

Gt gs ìhor tbot sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh @L@O gs sulfh`t te sgkjgcgòjt fumg`goi

gjthrprhtotgej.?7>

L@H shts eut tbot wbhj oppiygjk sh`tgej <=?(<), èurts aust

mhthragjh (g) wbhtbhr tbh èjmu`t lrho`bhm tbh èapiogjojt's rhosejolih hxph`t-

otgejs ojm, gc se, (gg) wbhtbhr tbh èjmu`t èapiogjhm ec oaeujts te epprhssgej ,

ujcogr prhfumg`h , er ujcogr mgsrhkorm .?7?

G. \HOPEJOLIH HR^H@]O]GEJP

O lrho`b ec rhosejolih hxph`totgejs mehs jet rhqugrh preec ec oj ujiowcui o`t er

ec o vgeiotgej ec o sborhbeimhr's ihkoi rg bt?7 <

O`èrmgjk te L@H tbh sborhbeim-

hr aust gmhjtgcy tbh hxph`totgejs tbot bh er sbh ìogas bovh lhhj vgeiothm ly

tbh èjmu`t ot gssuh ojm hstoligsb tbot tbh hxph`totgejs whrh rhosejoliy bhim .?70

@eurts sbeuim mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh sborhbeimhr bos hstoligsbhm o rhosej-

olih hxph`totgej ej oj elfh`tgvh losgs4 o rhosejolih hxph`totgej gs o aotthr ec

co`t.

?7=

Gj CermAeter @e ec @ojomo v Ejtorge Aujg`gpoi Hapieyhhs \htgrhahjtLeorm

78tbh Ejtorge @eurt ec Opphoi stothm tbot rhosejolih hxph`totgejs òj

?22 L@H suprojeth ?? ot poros 83-87.

?27 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s <=?(<). Cer prevgj`goi hqugvoihjts te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @L@O shh EL@O

supro jeth ?>, s <=24 L@L@O supro jeth ?>, s <<;4 OL@O supro jeth ?>, s <=<.

?7> Phh khjhroiiy ^hthrsej @uaagjk, supro jeth <, `b ?; ot <=.

?7? L@H supro jeth ?? ot poro 83.

?7< Glgmot poro ;?.

?70 Glgmot poro ;>.

?7= Phh h.k. ^hjth GjvhstahjtAojokhahjt Itm v P`bjhgmhr @erp ?772), =< E\ 0m) ?;; ot <>?-><,??0 EO@ <80 @O)4 @osurgjo Itm ôrtjhrsbgp \ge Oikea Itm <>>=), => LI\ 0m) ??< ot ?<=, ?2?

EO@ ?7 @O).

?78 <>>3), ;7 E\ 0m) 2?, <30 MI\ =tb) =8> @O) TCerm`gthm te E\Q.

SEI ;? <)83




Lhòush @ojomgoj èrperotgejs bovh ejiy rh`hjtiy storthm te omept omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgejs, <>= oiiewgjk sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth mgrh`ters ot o certbèa-

gjk ahhtgjk wgtbeut jetg`h òj lh vghwhm os o jeraoi lusgjhss pro`tg`h. Gj ommg-

tgej, mhvgotgej crea tbgs jeraoi lusgjhss pro`tg`h òj ujmhragjh tbh olgigty ecsborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh èrperotgej s leorm ec mgrh`ters, wbg`b gs ejh ec

tbhgr cujmoahjtoi rgkbts. Cer hxoapih, gj ôuisej @e j`SOikeao Pthhi Gj` <> 8

@uaagjk F èjsgmhrhm tbh hxthjt te wbg`b mgrh`ters aoy sgkjgcgòjtiy mhioy o

ahhtgjk rhqugsgtgejhm ly tbh mgssgmhjt cer tbh purpesh ec jeagjotgjk oithrjotgvh

mgrh`ters. Gj oppiygjk sh`tgej ?>8 ec tbh EL@O < >3-wbg`b mhois wgtb tbh rgkbt ec

sborhbeimhrs te rhqugsgtgej o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk ojm gs tbh Ejtorge hqugvoihjt ec

sh`tgej ?=0 ec tbh @L@O < >;-@uaagjk F stothm tbot tbh

cujmoahjtoi rgkbt gj rhsph`t ec èrperoth kevhrjoj`h occermhm ly s. ?> 8

Tec tbh EL@OQ prevg hs j gapert jt jm voiuolih rhahmy cer agjergty

sborhbeimhrs... TtbotQ gs ejiy ahojgjkcui gc gt òj lh hxhr`gshm gj o tgahiy

ojm hxphmgtgeus aojjhr.<>2

[bgih ôuisej mhoit wgtb mgrh`ters sgkjgcgòjtiy mhioygjk o sborhbeimhr-rhqugsg-

tgejhm ahhtgjk, tbh soah aetgvotgejs orgsh wbhrh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej

hcch`tgvhiy prhvhjts o sborhbeimhr crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`ter ot tbh certbèagjk

ahhtgjk, er prhvhjts o sborhbeimhr crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters prger te o sht moth,

lhòush o sborhbeimhr s olgigty te jeagjoth mgrh`ters pioys o sgagior reih os o

èrperoth kevhrjoj`h ah`bojgsa.

Os mgsùsshm horighr, o mgssgmhjt òapogkj òj lhjhcgt crea pulig` suppert ojm

oworhjhss. Lhòush èrperoth iow oiiews ?8 aejtbs te poss lhtwhhj ojjuoi ahht-

gjks, <>7 o 08-moy wgjmew tbot hjms ejh aejtb lhcerh tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk shhas te

orlgtrorgiy rhstrg`t o mgssgmhjt s olgigty te iouj`b o cuii pulig` òapogkj ojm aoy

ujmhragjh er crustroth tbh sborhbeimhr s cujmoahjtoi rgkbts.

gg) ost^ro`tg`h

@eurts aoy èjsgmhr tbh mgrh`ters' er èrperotgej s post pro`tg`h gj mhthragjgjk

wbhtbhr tbh sborhbeimhr bom o rhosejolih hxph`totgej ec lhgjk olih te jeagj-

<>= Movgm \ojmhii Krohah Jerweem, Omvoj`h Jetg`h Ly-Iows Mhchjmgjk Okogjst o Purprgsh

Otto`d A`@ortby ]htrouit II^ ?8 Fojuory <>?0), ejigjh6 A`@ortby ]htrouit II^ 9bttp6//www.

òjomgojahrkhrso`qugsgtgejs.èa/<>?0/>?/?8/omvoj`h-jetg`h-ly-iows-mhchjmgjk-okogjst-o-surprgsh-

otto`d/:. Gj èjtrost, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh pepuior gj tbh Xjgthm Ptoths, wbg`b gs portiy o

rhsuit ec oahjmahjts te XP shùrgtghs iows tbot @ojomo bos jet sulshquhjtiy omepthm6 shh h.k., Sgr-

kgjgo D \eshjloua, @erperoth]odhevhr Mhchjshs (Aoryiojm, Xjgthm Ptoths6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr

Phrvg`hs, <>>3) ot vgg-vggg.

<>8 <>>3), ;7 E\ 0m) ?7?, = LI\ (=tb) ?>= (Pup @t) Tôuisej `gthm te E\Q.

<>3 EL@O supro jeth ?>, s ?>8.

<>; @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?=0.

<>2 ôuisej, suprojeth <>8 ot <>?-><.

<>7 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?00 ?).

82 SEI ;? <)




oth o mgrh`ter ot ojy pegjt gj tgah. O`èrmgjk te L@H post pro`tg`h gs hsph`goiiy

gapertojt oaejk sborhbeimhrs ec o ìeshiy bhim èrperotgej ej aotthrs rhiotgjk

te portg`gpotgej ec sborhbeimhrs gj tbh èrperotgej s precgts ojm kevhrjoj`h . < ?>

[bhrh sborhbeimhrs prhvgeusiy bom tbh eptgej te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter ot ojy pegjtprger te o ahhtgjk, tbh sborhbeimhrs aoy bovh o rhosejolih hxph`totgej tbot tbhy

weuim lh olih te me se okogj. Curtbhr, wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs bovh tbh olgigty

ujmhr èrperoth iow te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter, tbh sborhbeimhrs weuim igdhiy bovh tbh

hxph`totgej tbot, prger te tbh ahhtgjk, tbh mgrh`ters weuim jet gapihahjt o prevg-

sgej tbot lorrhm tbha crea aodgjk o jeagjotgej er tbot aomh gt aerh mgccgùit te

bovh tbhgr jeagjhhs hih`thm.

L@H òutgejhm okogjst oj gjcihxglih oppreo`b te post pro`tg`h. ]bh @eurt

stothm tbot TwQbhrh voigm èaahr`goi rhosejs hxgst cer tbh `bojkh ojm tbh `bojkh

mehs jet ujmhragjh tbh èapiogjojt s rgkbts, tbhrh òj lh je rhosejolih hxph`t-otgej tbot mgrh`ters wgii rhsgst o mhporturh crea post pro`tg`h . <?? Gj tbh olstro`t,

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs me jet ujmhragjh tbh rgkbts ec mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs.

Bewhvhr, wbhj mgrh`ters omept o prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prhìumhs

sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`ter ot tbh jhxt ahhtgjk, er gj o aojjhr tbot

rhmu`hs tbh `boj`h ec o jeagjhh lhgjk hih`thm, èurts sbeuim rhqugrh tbh mgrh`-

ters te hxpiogj bew o ihss quhstgejolih prevgsgej weuim jet bovh voigmiy shrvhm

tbh èrperotgej s èaahr`goi elfh`tgvhs. Curtbhr, ujihss mgrh`ters gjmgòth o

èj`rhth èaahr`goi rhosej cer prebglgtgjk jeagjotgejs prger te 3 moys lhcerh

tbh a hhtgjk, èurts sbeuim jet todh o cihxglih oppreo`b te post pro`tg`h. Gj khjhroi,

èurts sbeuim rhqugrh tbh mgrh`ters te hxpiogj tbh rhosejs lhbgjm shih`tgjk tbh

stort moth, hjm moth, ojm ihjktb ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty.

ggg) rhvhjtotgvhPthps

@eurts aoy osshss wbhtbhr o mgssgmhjt s hxph`totgejs whrh rhosejolih gj igkbt ec

sthps tbh mgssgmhjt èuim bovh todhj te preth`t bgashic er bhrshic.<?< Ec tbh co`ters

prepeshm gj L@H tbgs co`ter gs igdhiy tbh aest mhtrgahjtoi te o mgssgmhjt s pesgtgej.

O leorm gs igdhiy te orkuh tbot tbh mgssgmhjt èuim bovh jeagjothm o mgrh`ter prger

te tbh omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej.Bewhvhr, tbgs orkuahjt evhrieeds tbh co`t tbot tbh mgrh`ters èuim bovh

mrocthm tbh prevgsgej te phragt oj hx`hptgej te tbh 0>-moy rhqugrhahjt cer tbh cgrst

ahhtgjk. Cer hxoapih, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej èuim bovh oiiewhm sborhbeim-

hrs te kgvh jetg`h twe moys octhr tbh omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej. ]bgs weuim cer`h o

sborhbeimhr èjthapiotgjk o mgrh`ter jeagjotgej te ojjeuj`h tbh jeagjhh prger

te tbh ahhtgjk ojm tbhrhcerh kgvh sborhbeimhrs tgah te èjsgmhr oithrjotgvhs.

<?> L@H supro jeth ot poro ;

< lgm ot poro ;;

< < lgm ot poro ;2

P^\GJK < ?0




Gj ommgtgej, hvhj wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth,

os gj Aoumerh èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr tbh o`tgejs ec tbh mgrh`ters, su`b os bew

Aoumerh stoiihm gj ojswhrgjk tbh mgssgmhjt s quhstgejs oleut tbh prevgsgej. [bhj

tbh mgrh`ters ush stoiigjk er mroctgjk to`tg`s te prhvhjt tbh mgssgmhjt crea jeagj-otgjk o mgrh`ter, èurts sbeuim jet èjìumh tbot tbh mgssgmhjt èuim bovh todhj

prhvhjtotgvh sthps. Bewhvhr, wbhj mgrh`ters omept o prevgsgej cor gj omvoj`h ec

tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty ojm gj omvoj`h ec stotutery igagts ej tbh rgkbts ec sborh-

beimhrs te rhqugsgtgej o ahhtgjk er sulagt o prepesoi, èurts sbeuim cgjm tbot tbh

sborhbeimhrs èuim bovh todhj prhvhjtotgvh sthps te hjsurh tbot tbhy whrh olih te

jeagjoth mgrh`ters.

gv) Cogr\hseiutgej

@eurts aoy èjsgmhr tbh c gr rhseiutgej ec ejcig tgjk gjthrhsts Os stothm gj @H

T]Qbh muty ec mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej èaprh-

bhjms o muty te trhot gjmgvgmuoi stodhbeimhrs occh`thm ly èrperoth o`tgejs hqugt-

oliy ojm cogriy. <?0 @eurts wgii mhchr te tbh lusgjhss fumkahjt ec mgrh`ters wbhrh

tbh mgrh`ters aodh o mh`gsgej gj keem cogtb,<?= ojm wbhrh tbh mh`gsgej coiis wgtbgj

o rojkh ec rhosejolih `beg`hs tbot tbh mgrh`ters èuim bovh aomh ly whgkbgjk

èjcig`tgjk gjthrhsts. <?8 ]bh èrperotgej gs hjtgtihm te èjsgmhr tbh omvojtokhs ec

oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej cer jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs, lut jet ly trhotgjk

mgssgmhjts ujcogriy. <?3@eurts sbeuim osshss oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej os o wbeih,

ojm sbeuim oise osshss tbh aojjhr gj wbg`b tbh mgrh`ters omepthm tbh prevgsgejlhcerh mhthragjgjk tbot tbh lusgjhss fumkahjt ruih fustgcghs tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs.

Os mgsùsshm prhvgeusiy, oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej òj lhjhcgt o èrper-

otgej s sborhbeimhrs ly oiiewgjk tbha te cuiiy èjsgmhr ojy oithrjotgvh jeagjo-

tgejs gj mh`gmgjk wbg`b mgrh`ters wgii lhst shrvh tbh gjthrhsts ec tbh èrperotgej.

Bewhvhr, gt gs gjhqugtolih ojm ujcogr te mgssgmhjts wbhj mgrh`ters mh`gmh te gapih-

ahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prhìumhs sborhbeim-

hrs crea jeagjotgjk etbhr òjmgmoths. Xjcogrjhss aoy oise rhsuit wbhrh mgrh`-

ters mroct oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot prhvhjts o mgssgmhjt crea

jeagjotgjk ojetbhr sborhbeimhr lhcerh o `hrtogj moth lhòush ec tbh reih tbot tgahòj pioy, os hvgmhj`hm gj tbh soko lhtwhhj @^ ojm ^hrsbgjk. Os sht eut horighr, gj

òshs wbhrh oithrjotgvh jeagjhhs weuim lhtthr shrvh tbh gjthrhsts ec tbh èrpero-

tgej, su`b omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs èuim bora oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs.

\hkormihss ec wbhj tbh mgrh`ters omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej er tbh

ihjktb ec tbh prevgsgej's wgjmew ec eppertujgty, èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr o jualhr

<?0 Glgm ot poro 2<.

< = lgm ot poros 77 ?>>.

<?8 Glgm ot poro =>

<?3 Glgm ot poro 3=.

SEI ; <)




ec co`ters te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh mroctgjk ojm omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej coiis

wgtbgj o rojkh ec rhosejolih oithrjotgvhs.

Ejh co`ter tbot èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr gs tbh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs occh`thm

ly tbh prevgsgej. O èrperotgej wgtb aerh sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh o mgssgmhjtte hxhrt aerh hccert ojm todh aerh tgah te mgsshagjoth mgssgmhjt gjceraotgej ojm

prexy `grùiors te oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs. Ojm os hvgmhj`hm gj tbh @^ \ogi soko,

iorkh pulig` lottihs aoy rhqugrh sborhbeimhrs ojm etbhr gjthrhsthm portghs te sphjm

o sgkjgcgòjt oaeujt ec tgah mgkhstgjk ojy prevgmhm gjceraotgej. O`èrmgjkiy, gc

o èrperotgej bos aojy sborhbeimhrs, gt aoy lh jh`hssory te phragt jeagjotgejs

prger te 38 moys lhcerh o ahhtgjk. Gt aoy oise lh jh`hssory tbot mgrh`ters omept

oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej lhcerh tbh cgrst moy ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty ojm

sgkjgcgòjtiy gj omvoj`h ec tbh ùt-ecc moth te prevgmh ujprhporhm mgssgmhjts wgtb

hjeukb tgah te mhthragjh wbhtbhr te jeagjoth oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters.Ojetbhr co`ter tbot sbeuim lh èjsgmhrhm gs wbhtbhr tbh èrperotgej ushs o

sioth vetgjk systha. Gc o sioth vetgjk systha gs ushm, sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh aerh

tgah te èjsgmhr tbh cuii sioth ec jeagjotgejs os eppeshm te shvhroi jeagjhhs

ujmhr oj gjmgvgmuoi vetgjk systha. @eurts sbeuim tbhrhcerh rhqugrh mgrh`ters te

omept omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs curtbhr gj omvoj`h ujmhr tbh sioth vetgjk systha

te kgvh sborhbeimhrs aerh tgah te whgkb tbhgr eptgejs.

Loioj`gjk tbh L@H co`ters, gt gs orkuolih tbot o leorm s mh`gsgej te omept oj

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y er ly-iow octhr tbh ùt-ecc moth

weuim lrho`b tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec mgssgmhjts. Curtbhr, hvhj wbhrh mgrh`-ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej gj omvoj`h ec tbh ùt-ecc moth, tbh `grùastoj`hs

agkbt jejhtbhihss gjmgòth tbot tbh prevgsgej lrho`bhs rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec

mgssgmhjts.

GG. E^^\HPPGEJ XJCOG\ ^\HFXMG@H, E\ XJCOG\ MGP\HKO\M

]bh shèjm sthp sht eut gj L@H rhqugrhs tbh mgssgmhjt te sbew tbot tbh èjmu`t

oaeujts te epprhssgej, ujcogr prhfumg`h, er ujcogr mgsrhkorm ec gts gjthrhsts os o

shùrgty beimhr. Os stothm gj L@H Hvhj gc rhosejolih jet hvhry ujaht hxph`to-

tgej kgvhs rgsh te ìoga ujmhr s. <=?. <?; Curtbhr, èurts aust èjsgmhr tbh hcch`t

ec tbh mgrh`ters' èjmu`t ej tbh sborhbeimhr rotbhr tboj tbh sulfh`tgvh gjthjtgejs

lhbgjm tbh mgrh`ters' èjmu`t. <?2

L@H igsts hxoapihs ec tbh typhs ec èjmu`t tbot èurts aoy `boro`thrgzh os

epprhssgej, ujcogr prhfumg`h, er ujcogr mgsrhkorm ec o sborhbeimhr s gjthrhsts.< ?7

Epprhssgej gjìumhs oj 'olush ec pewhr' kegjk te tbh prelgty ec bew tbh èrper-

<?; Glgm ot poro 3;.

<?2 Phh h.k. GòbjôrtjhrsI^ v Igejs othHjthrtogjahjt@erp <>?? L@@O <<2 ot poro ;?, ?; L@I\

8tb) 07?4 rojtGjvhstahjts Itm v Dhhp\gth Gj` ?77?), 0 E\ 0m) <27, 2> MI\ =tb) ?3? @O)4 [oid-hr v Lhtts < 3 L@P@ ?<2, ?8 LI\ =tb) ??=4 Aesqugte supro jeth ?7; ot poro 8<.

<?7 L@H supro jeth ?? ot poros 7<-7=.

P^\GJK <>?0 3?




otgej s occogrs orh lhgjk èjmu`thm .<<> [bhrh tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej

usgjk o ly-iow oahjmahjt er leorm peig`y gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prhìumhs

sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot tbh certbèagjk ahhtgjk er aodhs gt

ihss igdhiy tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii hih`t o mgssgmhjt s jeagjhhs, èurts sbeuim cgjmtbot tbh mgrh`ters' èjmu`t wos oj olush ec pewhr occh`tgjk tbh gjthkrgty ec bew tbh

èrperotgej èjmu`ts gts occogrs. Gt gs ihss ìhor wbhtbhr èurts weuim cgjm epprhs-

sgej wbhrh tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej gj omvoj`h ec tbh ùt-ecc moth lut

rhstrg`t tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth mgrh`ters lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth-cer

hxoapih, prger te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk4 èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr tbgs gssuh ej

o òsh-ly-òsh losgs.

Oitbeukb epprhssgej ojm ujcogr prhfumg`h aoy evhriop, <<? ujcogr prhfumg`h

gjveivhs èjmu`t tbot gs ihss ecchjsgvh tboj epprhssgej. <<<Gj L@H tbh @eurt jethm

tbot ujcogr prhfumg`h agkbt gjìumh

squhhzgjk eut o agjergty sborhbeimhr, cogigjk te mgsìesh rhiothm porty

trojso`tgejs, `bojkgjk èrperoth stru`turh te mrostgòiiy oithr mhlt rotges,

omeptgjk o 'pegsej pgii' te prhvhjt o todhevhr lgm, poygjk mgvgmhjms wgtb-

eut o ceraoi mhìorotgej, prhchrrgjk seah sborhbeimhrs wgtb aojokhahjt

chhs ojm poygjk mgrh`ters' chhs bgkbhr tboj tbh gjmustry jera. < <0

Oii ec tbhsh hxoapihs òj bovh o jhkotgvh gapo`t ej tbh ihkoi ojm hèjea-

g` gjthrhsts ec tbh èapiogjojt. Cer hxoapih, o agjergty sborhbeimhr squhhzh-eut

gjveivhs cer`gjk sborhbeimhrs te shii tbhgr sborhs, rhkormihss ec wbhtbhr tbhy wojt

te shii.< <= ]bh cogiurh te mgsìesh o rhiothm porty trojso`tgej òj lh mgsomvojto-

kheus te sborhbeimhrs lhòush etbhr trojso`tgejs aoy bovh lhhj ovogiolih lu t

tbh rhiothm-porty trojso`tgej prevgmhm ommgtgejoi lhjhcgts te mgrh`ters. Gj etbhr

werms, mgrh`ters orh o`tgjk gj tbhgr ewj gjthrhst rotbhr tboj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec

tbh èrperotgej. Pgagior te tbh L@H hxoapihs, wbhrh tbh leorm mh`gmhs te omept

oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y er ly-iow octhr tbh wgjmew ec

eppertujgty bos posshm, tbh mh`gsgej wgii lh ujcogriy prhfumg`goi te tbh mgssgmhjts,

lhòush tbh prevgsgej wgii hcch`tgvhiy prhìumh o mgssgmhjt crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`-

ter. Ommgtgejoiiy, omeptgjk o prevgsgej tbot rhstrg`ts jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcghm

moth aoy prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea bovgjk o rhoigstg` pessglgigty ec bovgjk bgs er bhrjeagjhh pio`hm ej tbh leorm.

Os wgtb tbh cogr rhseiutgej ec èjcig`tgjk gjthrhsts, èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr tbh

jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs ojm tbh ush ec sioth vetgjk. Letb ec tbhsh èjsgmhrotgejs

aoy mhaejstroth tbot tbh hcch`t ec tbh prevgsgej gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfu-

<<> Glgm ot poro 7<

<< Glgmot poro 7?

<<< Glgm ot poro 70

<<0 Glgm

<<= [bgih tbh squhhzhm-eut sborhbeimhrs rh`hgvh cogr voiuh cer tbhgr sborhs, tbhy iesh aerh tboj upsgmh

pethjtgoi-tbh sborhbeimhrs iesh tbh olgigty te kevhrj ojm bovh oj gjput gjte èrperoth occogrs.

SEI ; <)




mg`goi te tbh gjthrhsts ec mgssgmhjt er jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Okogj, lhòush

mgssgmhjts rhqugrh hxtro tgah te èaaujgòth gjceraotgej wbhj mhoigjk wgtb o

wgmhiy bhim èrperotgej, èurts sbeuim èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh moth ej wbg`b tbh

mgrh`ters omepthm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ojm tbh moths phrtogjgjk te tbhwgjmew ec eppertujgty orh epprhssgvh, ujcogriy prhfumg`goi, er ujcogriy mgsrhkorm

tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs. Gj ommgtgej, lhòush sioth vetgjk òj lh gjmgòtgvh

ec mgrh`ter hjtrhj`bahjt, <<8 sioth vetgjk aoy suppert oj epprhssgej ìoga. Gj

èjsgmhrgjk tbh aojjhr ec omeptgej er tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty, èurts sbeuim

èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh hcch`t ec tbh prevgsgej prhìumhs o jeagjotgej er rhmu`hs tbh

`boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs hih`tgjk tbh mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.

Gj ommgtgej te tbhsh co`ters, èurts sbeuim oise èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh èrpero-

tgej ushs ùauiotgvh vetgjk. Ph`tgej ?>; ec tbh @L@O phragts ùauiotgvh vetgjk,

wbg`b werds os ceiiews6

THQo`b sborhbeimhr hjtgtihm te veth ot oj hih`tgej ec mgrh`ters bos tbh rgkbt

te òst o jualhr ec veths hquoi te tbh jualhr ec veths otto`bhm te tbh

sborhs bhim ly tbh sborhbeimhr auitgpighm ly tbh jualhr ec mgrh`ters te

lh hih`thm, ojm aoy òst oii ec tbesh veths gj coveur ec ejh òjmgmoth ermgstrgluth tbha oaejk tbh òjmgmoths gj ojy aojjhr.< <3

@uauiotgvh vetgjk oiiews o agjergty sborhbeimhr te ush bgs er bhr auitgpighm

veth ej ejh òjmgmoth, wbg`b òj gj`rhosh tbh `boj`h ec tbot òjmgmoth lhgjk

hih`thm. O`èrmgjk te tbh XP Phùrgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej, ùauiotgvh

vetgjk bhips strhjktbhj tbh olgigty ec agjergty sborhbeimhrs te hih`t o mgrh`ter . <<;

Os o rhsuit, gc o èrperotgej ushs ùauiotgvh vetgjk, o èurt aoy vghw tbgs os o

co`ter sukkhstgjk o io`d ec ujcogriy prhfumg`goi èjmu`t er epprhssgej.

@eurts aoy èjsgmhr etbhr co`ters tbot sukkhst sborhbeimhrs rhqugrh ommgtgej-

oi tgah te pre`hss gjceraotgej. Cer hxoapih, sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh aerh tgah

te èjsgmhr gjceraotgej gc o èrperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec mgrh`ters. Curtbhr,

gc tbhrh orh shvhroi mgssgmhjts prepesgjk jeagjotgejs er sioths, sborhbeimhrs wgii

rhqugrh ommgtgejoi tgah te èjsgmhr tbhgr eptgejs ojm aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej.

Gj sbert, èurts sbeuim ìeshiy s`rutgjgzh wbhj ojm bew mgrh`ters gapihahjtoj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. [bhrh o leorm ec mgrh`ters omepts oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej octhr tbh ùt-ecc moth, tbh leorm s o`tgej lrho`bhs tbh rhosejolih hxph`t-

otgejs ec sborhbeimhrs ojm gs epprhssgvh. Pgagioriy, wbhrh tbh mgrh`ters omept o

prevgsgej lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth lut todh sthps te stoii o sborhbeimhr crea jeagj-

otgjk mgrh`ters lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth, su`b oj o`tgej sbeuim oise lh vghwhm os

<<8 Phh h.k. Movgm \ Purot ht oi, <>?0 Mgsìesurh Xpmoth ?; Fojuory <>?0) ot <, ejigjh6 Lermhj

Iomjhr Khrvogs II^ 9bttp6//www.lik.èa/cr/beah/puligòtgejs/Meùahjts/ uligòtgejU0<02.

pmc:.

3@L@O supr jeth ?>, s ?>;(l).<<; XP Phùrgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej, @uauiotgvh Setgjk ?0 E`telhr <>>=), ejigjh6 XP

Phùrgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej 9bttp6//www.sh`.kev/ojswhrs/ùauiotgvhveth.bta:.

P^\GJK < ?0 30




oj epprhssgvh o`tgej tbot lrho`bhs tbh sborhbeimhr s rhosejolih hxph`totgejs.

Ommgtgejoiiy, os tbh <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy @ejthst Ptumy ly Cosdhj Aortgjhou

MuAeuigj II^ hvgmhj`hs, < <2 tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty

òj ujcogriy prhfumg`h mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs, lhòush mgrh`ters òj gapihahjt owgjmew ec eppertujgty tbot aodhs sborhbeimhrs ihss igdhiy te hih`t o mgssgmhjt's

jeagjhhs.

SGG ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] Ê[H\

\hkormihss ec wbhtbhr o èurt rhcushs te prhvhjt quhstgejolih ushs ec omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgejs, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr wbhtbhr su`b quhstgej-

olih ushs orh èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Phùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim gjthrvhjh

te preth`t tbh pulig` gjthrhst wbhj mgrh`ters ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tehjtrhj`b tbhashivhs, er wbhj tbh prevgsgej boras tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh-

beimhrs. Gj su`b òshs, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh olusgvh ec letb sborhbeimhrs

ojm òpgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi. ]bgs sh`tgej wgii sht eut tbh joturh ojm sèph ec tbh

pulig` gjthrhst pewhr, èjsgmhr tbh thjsgej lhtwhhj èrperoth ojm shùrgtghs iow,

ojm oppiy tbh hxgstgjk pulig` gjthrhst furgsprumhj`h te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs.

G.]BH JO]X\H OJM P@E^H EC ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] Ê[H\

Xjmhr tbh Ejtorge Phùrgtghs `t7 tbh Ejtorge Phùrgtghs @eaagssgej ( EP@ )

b s tbh pew r te a dh auitgpih ermhrs gc t gs ec tbh epgjgej tb t tbh ermhr gs gj

tbh pulig` gjthrhst.<0 > ]bh EPO prevgmhs cer o best ec pethjtgoi ermhrs, ec wbg`b

tbh aest rhihvojt te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbh ermhr ovogiolih ujmhr poro-

kropb = ec sh`tgej ?<;(?). ôrokropb = phragts tbh EP@ te aodh ToQj ermhr tbot

o aordht portg`gpojt sulagt te o rhvghw ec bgs, bhr er gts pro`tg`hs ojm pre`hmurhs

ojm gjstgtuth su`b `bojkhs os aoy lh ermhrhm ly tbh @eaagssgej . <0? ]bh EPO

mhcgjhs aordht portg`gpojt te gjìumh o rhpertgjk gssuhr er o mgrh`ter, eccg`hr er

preaethr ec o rhpertgjk gssuhr . <0 < \homgjk tbhsh prevgsgejs tekhtbhr, sh`tgej ?<;

prevgmhs tbh EP@ wgtb tbh pewhr te aodh oj ermhr tbot o rhpertgjk gssuhr er gts

mgrh`ters gjstgtuth su`b `bojkh os tbh EP@ ermhrs.

<<2 Otdgjsej, Lotgsto Crhhioj, supro jeth ?;= ot 0> .

<<7 EPO supro jeth ?<.

<0> Glgm s ?<;.

<0? Glgm s ?<;(?)=.

<0< Glgm s ?(?) aordht portg`gpojt poro (`).

SEI ;? (<)3=




Oitbeukb tbh EP@ s pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gs vhry lreom<00 tbh pewhr gs jet

ujigagthm. ]bh EP@ ojm tbh èurts bovh phrgemgòiiy sht tbh leujmorghs ojm

mhcgjhm tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr. <0=

]bhrh orh ceur dhy prgj`gpihs kevhrjgjk tbh oppigòtgej ec tbh EP@'s pulig`gjthrhst pewhr. Cgrst, gj @eaagtthh cer Hquoi ]rhotahjt ec Oslhstes Agjergty

Pborhbeimhrsv Ejtorge Phùrgtghs @eaagssgej),<08 tbh Puprhah @eurt ec @ojomo

bhim tbot letb purpeshs ec tbh EPO ojgaoth tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr. <03 O`èrmgjk

te sh`tgej ?.? tbh twe purpeshs ec tbh EPO orh (o) te prevgmh preth`tgej te

gjvhsters crea ujcogr, gaprephr er croumuihjt pro`tg`hs4 ojm l) te cesthr cogr ojm

hccg`ghjt òpgtoi aordhts ojm èjcgmhj`h gj òpgtoi aordhts . <0; ]bh Puprhah @eurt

oise òutgejhm tbot gj èjsgmhrgjk oj ermhr gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst gt gs oj hrrer te

ceùs ejiy ej tbh cogr trhotahjt ec gjvhsters . <02

Phèjm, tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gs rhahmgoi rotbhr tboj pujgtgvh. Gj \hAgtbros Aojokhahjt Itm <07 tbh EP@ stothm tbot gts reih gs jet te pujgsb post

èjmu`t, os su`b o reih gs cer tbh èurts. <=> Gjsthom, o prgaory reih ec tbh EP@ gs

te rhstrogj os lhst TgtQ òj, cuturh èjmu`t tbot gs igdhiy te lh prhfumg`goi te tbh

pulig` gjthrhst gj bovgjk òpgtoi aordhts tbot orh letb cogr ojm hccg`ghjt . <= ?

]bgrm, tbh EP@ aoy èjsgmhr khjhroi mhthrrhj`h wbhj gapesgjk soj`tgejs

ej o aordht portg`gpojt. Gj \h @ortowoy\hseur`hs @erp,<=< tbh Puprhah @eurt

ec @ojomo mhcgjhm o soj`tgej aetgvothm ly khjhroi mhthrrhj`h os o phjoity tbot

gs mhsgkjhm te dhhp oj e`ùrrhj`h crea bopphjgjk4 gt mgsèurokhs sgagior wrejk-

megjk gj etbhrs . <=0 Bewhvhr, tbh @eurt òutgejhm tbot khjhroi mhthrrhj`h sbeuimjet lh tbh ejiy co`ter aetgvotgjk tbh soj`tgej6 ]bh rhsph`tgvh gapertoj`h ec

khjhroi mhthrrhj`h os o co`ter wgii vory o`èrmgjk te tbh lrho`b ec tbh TL@POQ ojm

tbh `grùastoj`hs ec tbh phrsej `borkhm wgtb lrho`bgjk tbh TL@POQ<==

<00 ôui K Cgjmioy, Phùrgtghs Iow ^ro`tg`h, eesh-ihoc (èjsuithm ej ?8 Fojuory <>?0), 0m hm (]e-

rejte6 @orswhii, <>>0), `b << ot 03-03.?.

<0= Phh h.k., @eaagtthh cer Hquoi ]rhotahjtec Oslhstes Agjergty Pborhbeimhrsv Ejtorge Phùrgtghs

@eaagssgej , <>>? P@@ 0;, T<>>?Q < P@\ ?0< TOslhstesQ4 \h @ortowoy\hseur`hs @erp, <>>= P@@

<3, T<>>=Q P@\ 3;< T@ortowoyQ4 \h @ojomgoj]grh @erp ?72;), ?> EP@L 28; T@ojomgoj]grhQ4 \h

Agtbros Aojokhahjt Itm ?77>), ?0 EP@L ?3>> TAgtbrosQ.

<08 Oslhstes, supro jeth <0=.

<03 Glgm ot poro =?.

<0; EPO supro jeth ?<, s ?.?.

<02 Oslhstes, supro jeth <0= ot poro =?.

<07 Agtbros, suprojeth <0=.

<=> Glgm ot ?3?>.

<=? Glgm ot ?3?>- ??.

<=< @ortowoy,suprojeth <0=.

<=0 Glgm ot poro 3?.

<== Glgm.

P^\GJK < ?0 38




Ceurtb tbh EP@ aoy ush tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gj tbh olshj`h ec oj o`tuoi

vgeiotgej ec shùrgtghs iow. Gj \h @ojomgoj]grh @erp <= 8 tbh EP@ stothm tbot

TtQe gjvedh tbh pulig` gjthrhst thst ec sh`tgej T?<;Q, portgùioriy gj tbh ol-

shj`h ec o mhaejstrothm lrho`b ec tbh TEPOQ tbh rhkuiotgejs er o peig`y

stothahjt, tbh èjmu`t er trojso`tgej aust ìhoriy lh mhaejstrothm te

lh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs gj portgùior, ojm ec tbh òpgtoi aordhts gj

khjhroi. <=3

]bh preth`tgej ec òpgtoi aordhts aoy rhqugrh hxphmghjt o`tgej. Aordht

portg`gpojts aoy o`t gj o aojjhr tbot òj gaahmgothiy rhsuit gj shrgeus bora te

òpgtoi aordhts. ]bh EP@, gj rhèkjgzgjk tbh rhkuiotery joturh ec gts pewhrs,

stothm tbot ToQ rhkuiotery okhj`y `borkhm wgtb evhrsgkbt ec tbh òpgtoi aordhts

aust bovh tbh òpo`gty te aevh qug`diy te step trojso`tgejs wbg`b gt èjsgmhrs te

lh gjfurgeus te tbh òpgtoi aordhts . <= ;

GG. ]BH ]HJPGEJ LH][HHJ @E\Ê\O]H JM PH@X\G]GHP IO [

]bh rhkuiotgej ec èrperoth kevhrjoj`h ly shùrgtghs rhkuioters gs jet wgtbeut

`rgtg`gsa. <=2 Bgstergòiiy, tbh rhkuiotgej ec tbh jeagjotgej ojm opprevoi ec èrper-

oth mgrh`ters wos tbh meaogj ec èrperoth iow. <= 7 Bewhvhr, @ojomgoj shùrgtghs

iow bos gj`rhosgjkiy ceùshm ej gssuhs rhiothm te èrperoth kevhrjoj`h ojm sborh-

beimhr rgkbts. <8> @ojomgoj shùrgtghs rhkuioters' otthapt te agrrer XP shùrgtghs

iow aoy portiy hxpiogj tbh gj`rhoshm rhkuiotgej ec èrperoth kevhrjoj`h gssuhs ly@ojomgoj rhkuioters. <8? ]we jetolih orhos ec evhriop orh tbh mgrh`ter jeagjotgej

pre`hss ojm tbh evhrsgkbt ec sborhbeimhr opprevoi.

g)Phùrgtghs Iow ojm tbh Mgrh`terJeagjotgej ^re`hss

Sorgeus ports ec tbh @L@O rhkuioth tbh mgrh`ter jeagjotgej pre`hss. ]bh @L@O

rhkuioths letb tbh pre`hmuroi ojm sulstojtgvh rgkbts ec tbh èrperotgej ojm tbh

sborhbeimhrs. ]bh purpesh ec tbh @L@O sh`tgejs ej prexy seig`gtotgej gs sborhbeim-

hr preth`tgej.<8 < Gj ommgtgej, shùrgtghs iow oise rhkuioths tbh gjceraotgej `grùior

<=8 @ojomgoj]grh suprojeth <0=.

<=3 Glgmot 7=;.

<=; Glgm.

<=2 Aory K @ejmej, Ojgto GOjojm Fojgs ^ Porro, PhùrgtghsIow gj @ojomo6@oshs ojm @eaahj-

tory <m hm (]erejte6 Haejm Aejtkeahry, <>?>) ot =<2.

<=7 Phh glgm ot ==;.

<8> Glgm ot =<;.

<8? Glgm.

<8< \h ô`gcgòôphrsGj` <>>? L@P@ ?>37 ot poro 70, 7< L@I\ 0m) ?82, `gtgjk @L@O suprojeth

?> s ?8> ?).

SEI ;? <33




ojm prexy pre`hss. <80 O`èrmgjk te Aory @ejmej, Ojgto Ojojm, ojm ojgs Porro,

tbh gjceraotgej `grùior ojm prexy pre`hss oiiews gjvhsters te hxhr`gsh tbhgr rgkbts

te portg`gpoth tbreukb vetgjk ojm sborhbeimhr prepesoi ah`bojgsas, krojthm te

tbha ly letb èrperoth ojm shùrgtghs iow stotuths .

<8=

Cogrjhss ojm hccg`ghj`y ecòpgtoi aordhts gs mhphjmhjt ej tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te bovh èjcgmhj`h tbot

tbh èrperotgej tbot tbhy portiy ewj gs lhgjk aojokhm gj gts lhst gjthrhsts. Os o

rhsuit, sborhbeimhrs utgigzh prexy ojm prepesoi prevgsgejs te evhrshh tbh kevhrj-

oj`h ec tbh èrperotgej. <88 Gj ommgtgej, wbhrh o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr gs olih te

hxhr`gsh bgs er bhr portg`gpotgej rgkbts, tbh sgkjoi crea tbh mgssgmhjt s o`tgejs òj

lhjhcgt etbhr sborhbeimhrs.

Kgvhj tbot shùrgtghs iow gs oirhomy gjveivhm gj tbh evhrsgkbt ec tbh prexy

ah`bojgsa, tbh èjsgmhrotgej ec èrperoth o`tgejs tbot occh`t sborhbeimhr vetgjk

weuim lh o iekgòi sthp te aogjtogjgjk pulig` èjcgmhj`h gj tbh aordht os whii oshjsurgjk tbot aordhts orh ephrotgjk cogriy ojm hccg`ghjtiy.

gg) PhùrgtghsIow ojm êgsej^giis

O sborhbeimhr rgkbts pioj, ecthj djewj os o pegsej pgii , gs o mhchjsgvh ahosurh

tbot mgrh`ters òj ush te prhvhjt o todhevhr ec tbh èrperotgej.<8 3 Igdh tbh omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej, tbh ush ec pegsej pgiis gs jet ujèaaej. <8 ; [bhj o porty trgkkhrs

o pegsej pgii, tbh pgii phragts jej-trgkkhrgjk sborhbeimhrs te o`qugrh ommgtgejoi

sborhs ot lhiew aordht voiuh. <82 Xsuoiiy, o trgkkhrgjk hvhjt e`ùrs wbhj o sborh-

beimhr eltogjs o sht phr`hjtokh ec tbh èrperotgej s sborhs. <8 7 ]bh pgii `rhoths omgsgj`hjtgvh cer o sborhbeimhr te trgkkhr tbh pgii lhòush tbh pgii wgii mgiuth tbh

trgkkhrgjk sborhbeimhr s gjthrhst gj tbh èrperotgej. Pgagior te oj omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej, gj tbh rgkbt `grùastoj`hs, tbh pgii òj shrvh tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh

èrperotgej. <3> Jhvhrtbhihss, shùrgtghs rhkuioters bovh lhhj s`hptgòi ec pegsej

pgiis lhòush ec tbh rgsd tbot mgrh`ters agkbt ush pegsej pgiis te hjtrhj`b tbha-

shivhs. <3? @ojomgoj rhkuioters wgii gssuh o `hosh tromh ermhr okogjst shùrgtghs

sulfh`t te o pegsej pgii wbhrh tbh pgii gs èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.<3<

<80 Phh h.k. Jotgejoi Gjstruahjt 8?-?>< - cer cgjoj`goi yhors lhkgjjgjk ej er octhr Fojuory ?,<>??

(ujeccg`goi èjseigmotgej), EP@ JG 8?-?>< 0? E`telhr <>??), ôrt 7, ejigjh6 Ejtorge Phùrgtghs @ea-

agssgej 9bttp6//www.es`.kev.ej.ò/hj/?00=<.bta:4 EPO suprojeth ?<, ôrt RGR.

<8= @ejmej, Ojojm Porro, suprojeth <=2 ot =<7.

<88 Glgm ot =0?.

<83 Glgm ot 887.

<8; Phh h.k. \h ??80<72 Oilhrto Itm, <>>8 OLOP@ ;<8 ot poro =3 T??80<72 OilhrtoQ.

<82 @ejmej, Ojojm Porro, suprojeth <=2 ot 887.

<87 @brgstepbhr @ Jg`beiis, Ahrkhrs O`qugsgtgejs ojm Etbhr @bojkhs ec @erperoth @ejtrei <m hm

(]erejte6 Grwgj Iow, <>?<) ot <8=-88.

<3 Phh h.k. ??80<72 Oilhrto suprojeth <8; ot poro =3 .

<3? Phh h.k. glgm.

<3< Phh h.k. glgm ot poro 28.

P^\GJK < ?0 3;




Gj hvoiuotgjk tbh o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters, shùrgtghs rhkuioters bovh hapbosgzhm

tbh gapertoj`h ec prhshrvgjk tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te hxhr`gsh tbh cujmoahj-

toi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp. Gj tbh pegsej pgii èjthxt, tbh EP@ bos stothm tbot

tbh pulig` gjthrhst ighs gj oiiewgjk sborhbeimhrs ec o torkht èapojy te

hxhr`gsh ejh ec tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp-tbh olgigty te

mgspesh ec sborhs os ejh wgsbhs-wgtbeut ujmuh bgjmroj`h crea.. .mhchj-

sgvh to`tg`s.. .omepthm y tbh torkht leorm. <30

Curtbhr, shùrgtghs rhkuioters bovh ushm tbhgr pulig` gjthrhst pewhr te rhaevh

o pegsej pgii wbhj tbh mgrh`ters' ejiy pessglih fustgcgòtgej wos te hjtrhj`b tbha-

shivhs. Gj \h ??80<72 Oilhrto<3= tbh Oilhrto Phùrgtghs @eaagssgej OP@) mhoit

wgtb wbhtbhr tbh èaagssgej sbeuim `hosh tromh sborhs sulfh`t te o pegsej pgii.

O lgmmhr bom aomh oj ecchr cer tbh sborhs ec tbh torkht èrperotgej tbot weuim

rhaogj ephj ujtgi Fuiy <7, <>>8 <38 Ej Fuiy <2, <>>8 tbh torkht èrperotgej's

leorm omepthm o pegsej pgii tbot weuim lh trgkkhrhm ly o lgmmhr gc tbh lgmmhr

o`qugrhm o tbrhsbeim jualhr ec sborhs etbhrwgsh tboj gj o trojso`tgej opprevhm

ly tbh torkht s leorm ec mgrh`ters. <33 ]bh mgrh`ters mgm jet kgvh sborhbeimhrs tbh

eppertujgty te opprevh tbh pegsej pgii ojm tbh lgmmhr sulshquhjtiy oppighm te tbh

OP@ cer oj ermhr thragjotgjk tbh ephrotgej ec tbh pgii. <3; Gj mhchjmgjk gts o`tgejs,

tbh torkht èapojy sulagtthm te tbh OP@ tbot tbh pegsej pgii wos gj tbh gjthrhst ec

sborhbeimhrs lhòush gt weuim oiiew sborhbeimhrs te lhjhcgt crea lgms ojtg`gpothm

te lh rh`hgvhm ej Oukust ? <>>8.<32 ]bh OP@ èjsgmhrhm tbot tbh ergkgjoi lgm wos

te ìesh ejiy tbrhh moys lhcerh tbh moth ej wbg`b tbh torkht leorm ojtg`gpothm gtweuim rh`hgvh èaphtgjk ecchrs, ojm sukkhsthm tbot bovgjk oj ommgtgejoi whhdhjm

te eltogj èaphtgjk lgms wos o vhry whod losgs cer upbeimgjk tbh pgii. <37 ]bh OP@

èjìumhm tbot cogigjk te prhvhjt tbh omeptgej ec tbh pgii gj tbh `grùastoj`hs

èuim bovh ujmhragjhm tbh prhmg`tolgigty ec tbh todh-evhr lgm pre`hss

khjhroiiyT, wbg`bQ...weuim ephroth te tbh mhtrgahjt ec etbhr aordht por-

tg`gpojts wbe gj TtbhQ cuturh agkbt cgjm tbhashivhs pejmhrgjk, er hjkokhm

gj seah òpo`gty gj, o Ttodh-evhrQ lgm ec tbhgr ewj ojm wejmhrgjk bew

tbhy eukbt te pre`hhm er jet pre`hhm.< ;>

]bh OP@ sukkhsthm tbot ejiy aojokhahjt shhdgjk te hjtrhj`b gtshic weuim

lhjhcgt crea su`b uj`hrtogjty ojm ujprhmg`tolgigty , <;? ojm whjt ej te beim tbot

<30 \h @ojomgoj erhx Itm ?77<), ?8 EP@L <8; ot <33 TFerhxQ.

<3= ??80<72 Oilhrto supro jeth <8;.

<38 Glgm ot poro <.

<33 Glgm ot poros 0 =>.

<3; Glgm ot poros = 02.

<32 Glgm ot poro 82.

<37 Glgm ot poros 87-3>.

<;> Glgm ot poro 20.

<;? Glgm

32 SEI ;? <)




gt wos gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst te aodh oj ermhr tbot prhvhjthm tbh pegsej pgii crea

ephrotgjk. <; < ]bh OP@ gjthrvhjhm lhòush ec èj`hrjs evhr tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters

te hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs ojm te olush tbhgr pewhrs ly strgppgjk sborhbeimhrs ec

cujmoahjtoi sborhbeimhr rgkbts.

GG. ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] Ê[H\ OJM ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPHP EC OMSOJ@H

JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP

Os stothm olevh, @ojomgoj]grh prevgmhs tbot gj tbh olshj`h ec o sph`gcg` lrho`b ec

shùrgtghs iow, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim ejiy ush tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr wbhj

mgrh`ters' o`tgejs orh olusgvh te sborhbeimhrs ojm ec òpgtoi aordhts gj khjhr-

oi. <;0 Oj o`tgej gs jet olusgvh sgapiy lhòush gt gs ujcogr.<;= O`èrmgjk te \h Phors

@ojomo j`, <;8 tbh mhcgjgtgej ec olusgvh khjhroiiy ahojs te agstrhot. <; 3Curtbhr,

Phors sukkhsts tbot tbh EP@ prhchrs o aoiiholih mhcgjgtgej ec olusgvh tbot gt òjoppiy wbhj tbh `grùastoj`hs gjmgòth o rhahmy gs jh`hssory.<;; Os orkuhm olevh

gj ôrt SG, o leorm s omeptgej ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh ùt-ecc

moth usgjk o leorm peig`y er ly-iows gs oj olush ec pewhr occh`tgjk tbh gjthkrgty ec

bew tbh èrperotgej s occogrs orh lhgjk èjmu`thm. Aerhevhr, mhphjmgjk ej tbh

`grùastoj`hs, èurts aoy cgjm epprhssgej er ujcogr prhfumg`h wbhrh tbh prevgsgej

rhstrg`ts sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk o jeagjotgej lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth.

[bgih @ojomgoj]grh sukkhsts tbot o èaagssgej òjjet rhsert te tbh pulig`

gjthrhst pewhr wbhrh tbh èjmu`t gs ahrhiy ujcogr,<;2 o èaagssgej sbeuim jet

èjcioth ujcogr ojm ujcogr prhfumg`h . Xjcogr prhfumg`h èjtogjs oj hxtrohihahjt tbot gs lhyejm ahrh ujcogrjhss. ]bgs gs hvgmhjt gj L@H wbhrh tbh @eurt

gjmgòths tbot ujcogr mgsrhkorm gs ihss shrgeus tboj ujcogr prhfumg`h . <; 7 Curtbhr

Jotgejoi êig`y 3<-<><,<2> wbg`b ommrhsshs mhchjsgvh to`tg`s su`b os pegsej pgiis,

stoths tbot shùrgtghs rhkuioters orh prhporhm te hxoagjh torkht èapojy to`tg`s

gj sph`gcg` òshs te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbhy orh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrrgkbts .<2? Gj

L@H tbh @eurt stothm tbot tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii gs oj hxoapih ec ujcogr

<;< Glgm ot poro 28.

<;0 @ojomgoj]grh, suprojeth <0= ot 7=;.

<;= Glgm

<;8 <>>3), 08 EP@L 2;2?.

<;3 Glgm ot 22?=.

<;; Glgm.

<;2 @ojomgoj]grh, suprojeth <0= ot 7=;.

<;7 L@H supro jeth ot poros 70-7=.

<2 Jetg`h ojm \hs`gssgej ojm Cgjoi Jotgejoi êig`y (hcch`tgvh = Oukust ?77;)6 J^ 3<-<>< ]odh-

Evhr Lgms Mhchjsgvh ]o`tg`s, EP@ J^ 3<-<>< (= Fuiy ?77;), ejigjh6 Ejtorge Phùrgtghs @eaagssgej9bttp6//www.es`.kev.ej.ò/hj/?0<;=.bta: TJ^ 3<-<><Q.

<2? Glgm s ?.? 0) Thapbosgs ommhmQ.

P^\GJK < ?0 37




prhfumg`h . <2 < Purhiy, tbh @eurt wos jet gapiygjk tbot shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim

èjsgmhr tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii te lh ahrhiy ujcogr cer shùrgtghs iow

purpeshs wbhj tbh @eurt `boro`thrgzhm tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii os èjmu`t

tbot wos ujcogr prhfumg`h .Os gj tbh pegsej pgii èjthxt, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim èjstrogj tbh ush ec

oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wbhrh gt gs ujigdhiy te o`bghvh ojy curtbhr lhjhcgts cer

sborhbeimhrs . <2 0 Phùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet quhstgej hvhry omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgej. Gj portgùior, wbhrh o leorm oahjms èrperoth ortgìhs te gapihahjt

o prevgsgej succg`ghjtiy gj omvoj`h ec tbh ùt-ecc moth, ojm tbh prevgsgej mehs jet

èjtogj o rhstrg`tgej ej jetg`h prger te o `hrtogj moth, tbh prevgsgej gs prgao co`gh

èjsgsthjt wgtb tbh pulig` gjthrhst, lhòush tbh prevgsgej wgii jet lh hcch`tgvh ujtgi

gt gs opprevhm ly twe-tbgrms ec sborhbeimhrs ojm gt wgii jet prhvhjt oppreprgothiy

iejk òapogkjs.Oithrjotgvhiy, wbhrh tbh `grùastoj`hs sukkhst tbot mgrh`ters orh lhgjk olusgvh

te sborhbeimhrs ojm òpgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi, rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr wbhtbhr

tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej orh gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst.

Gj portgùior, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs tbot orh gapihahjthm gj oj otthapt te

hjtrhj`b aojokhahjt er te èjstrogj tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs orh

olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs ojm tbh òpgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi lhòush ec tbh gapert-

ojt reih tbot sborhbeimhr vetgjk bos gj hjsurgjk mgrh`ters o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts

ec tbh èrperotgej. Curtbhr, wbhtbhr sborhbeimhrs orh olih te veth ej oj omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej, er wbhtbhr tbh mgrh`ters bovh èapighm wgtb tbhgr èrperoth iowmutghs, sbeuim jet gjmhphjmhjtiy mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh prevgsgej gs èjtrory te

tbh pulig` gjthrhst.

g) AojokhahjtHjtrhj`bahjt

Ejh èaaej choturh ec pegsej pgiis ojm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbot o leorm

òj gapihahjt tbha te hjtrhj`b gtshic.<2= Gj osshssgjk tbh pulig` gjthrhst, rhkuioters

wgii lh portgùioriy èj`hrjhm wbhrh tbhrh orh gjmgòtgejs tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs

orh lhgjk ujmuiy er ujcogriy mhprgvhm ec tbh olgigty te rhspejm te eppertujgtghs

rhiotgjk te tbhgr gjvhstahjt <28-cer hxoapih, wbhrh sthps TorhQ todhj ly torkhtèapojy aojokhahjt te worm ecc o pethjtgoi o`qugrhr gj oj otthapt te hjtrhj`b

aojokhahjt's ewj pesgtgej . <2 3 Pgagioriy, os stothm ly tbh EP@, Leorm pre`hss

wgii lh èapreagshm wbhrh.. .mh`gsgejs ly tbh torkht leorm er sph`goi èaagtthh

<2< L@H supro jeth ot poro 7=.

<20 @.c \h LoccgjiojmGrej Agjhs @erp <>?>), 00 EP@L ??028 ot ??027, ;; LI\ =tb) ?=0.

<2= ôdrui, suprojeth 38.

<28 \h ?=;223> ilhrtoItm <>>7 OLOP@ ==2 ot poro 03.

<23 Glgm.

SEI ; <>




sukkhst hjtrhj`bahjt. <2 ; Os gj tbh pegsej pgii èjthxt,<22 shùrgtghs rhkuioters

sbeuim èjsgmhr usgjk tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr wbhrh tbh ejiy fustgcgòtgej cer tbh

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej opphors te lh tbh hjtrhj`bahjt ec aojokhahjt.

Gc o leorm ushs o ly-iow er leorm peig`y te omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej,shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr aojokhahjt hjtrhj`bahjt. ]bh olgigty ec

mgrh`ters te aodh o ly-iow er leorm peig`y gaahmgothiy hcch`tgvh òj lh olusgvh

te sborhbeimhr rgkbts ojm tbh òpgtoi aordhts cer twe rhosejs. Cgrst, lhòush oj

omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gapihahjthm tbreukb o ly-iow er leorm peig`y gs hcch`tgvh

gaahmgothiy, mgrh`ters òj ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej rhkormihss ec wbhtbhr

tbh mgrh`ters lhighvh o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs weuim suppert tbha evhr oithrjo-

tgvh jeagjhhs. @ejshquhjtiy, wbhrh mgrh`ters susph`t tbot tbhy wgii jet lh rh-hih`t-

hm, tbhy aoy omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj oj otthapt te preiejk tbhgr

thjurh. Phèjm, o veth te opprevh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej òj todh pio`hocthr tbh veth te hih`t mgrh`ters, os e`ùrrhm gj Aujmere. Gj su`b o òsh, hvhj gc

sborhbeimhrs whrh te rhfh`t tbh prevgsgej, o mgssgmhjt weuim bovh lhhj ujolih te

jeagjoth o mgrh`ter crea tbh cieer-tbh veth te hih`t mgrh`ters weuim bovh oirhomy

todhj pio`h. <27

[bgih Aujmere gapighs tbot beimgjk o sborhbeimhr veth aodhs oj omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej aerh igdhiy te lh hjcer`holih, <7> gt mehs jet stoth tbot tbh prevgsgej

gj quhstgej weuim bovh lhhj gjhcch`tgvh gc tbh mgrh`ters bom jet put gt te o sborh-

beimhr veth. Jhvhrtbhihss, gc mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly

usgjk o leorm peig`y wgtbeut o sborhbeimhr veth, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim cgjmtbot tbh prevgsgej wos omepthm te hjtrhj`b tbh mgrh`ters.

Gj ommgtgej te bew tbh leorm gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, rhku-

ioters sbeuim oise èjsgmhr wbhj tbh leorm gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej, ojm tbh

leorm s lhbovgeur oreujm tbgs tgah. Os gj Aujmere wbhrh o leorm ushs hgtbhr

o leorm peig`y er ly-iow te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh

ùt-ecc moth, tbh mgrh`ters o`tgejs prgaoco`gh sukkhst aojokhahjt hjtrhj`bahjt.

Curtbhr, wbhrh tbh `grùastoj`hs hvgj`h pessglih stoiigjk to`tg`s, su`b os tbesh gj

Aoumerh o rhkuioter sbeuim lh oihrt te etbhr gjmg`go ec hjtrhj`bahjt.

[bhrh o leorm gapihahjts oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb oj oahjm-ahjt te tbh ortgìhs, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh ihss èj`hrjhm oleut aojokh-

ahjt hjtrhj`bahjt. ]bgs gs lhòush oahjmahjts te tbh ortgìhs orh jet hcch`tgvh

ujtgi opprevhm ly sborhbeimhrs tbreukb sph`goi rhseiutgej. <7? Bewhvhr, shùrgtghs

rhkuioters aoy stgii èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty te jeagjoth mgrh`-

<2; \h Jhe Aothrgoi]h`bjeiekghs Gj` <>>7), 0< EP@L 37=? ot 3782, 30 LI\ (=tb) ?<0.

<22 ??80<72 Oilhrto supro jeth <8; ot poros 20-28.

<27 Phh h.k. ]beasej Pbgsbihr, suprojeth ?3>.

<7 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 8?.

<7? @L@O supro jeth ?> s ?;0(?)(`) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) te ahoj o rhseiu-

tgej posshm ly o aofergty ec jet ihss tboj twe-tbgrms ec vetgjk sborhbeimhrs).

P^\GJK < ?0 ;?




ters ephroths te hjtrhj`b hxgstgjk mgrh`ters. O èaagssgej sbeuim èjsgmhr tbh

prhshj`h ec hjtrhj`bahjt wbhrh tbh prevgsgej phragts o sbert wgjmew ec epper-

tujgty cer jeagjotgej. Os giiustrothm ly tbh @^ \ogi soko, mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs

òj lhjhcgt sulstojtgoiiy crea rujjgjk o iejk pulig` òapogkj. \hkuioters sbeuimèjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh mgrh`ters bovh ojy fustgcgòtgej etbhr tboj hjtrhj`bahjt cer

rhstrg`tgjk jeagjotgejs lhcerh seah sph`gcghm moth.

Gj èjsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr tbh leorm gs otthaptgjk te hjtrhj`b gtshic, shùrgtghs

rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr sgagior co`ters os gj tbh epprhssgej èjthxt. Cgrst, gc tbh

èrperotgej ushs sioth vetgjk, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy bovh oj hjtrhj`b-

gjk hcch`t. Phèjm, jej-ùauiotgvh vetgjk aoy sukkhst hjtrhj`bahjt gc gt aodhs

gt ihss igdhiy tbot tbh agjergty sborhbeimhrs òj gjciuhj`h tbh mhthragjotgej ec

mgrh`ters. ]bgrm, gc tbh èrperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs, shùrgtghs

rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty bos oj hjtrhj`bgjkhcch`t ly aodgjk tbh hih`tgej ec o mgssgmhjt s jeagjhh ujigdhiy.

gg) Bora te PborhbeimhrsCujmoahjtoi \gkbts

\h @ojomgojFerhx Itm sukkhsts tbot shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh oihrt te ojy

o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters tbot evhrrgmh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs. < 7< Gj portgù

ior, Ferhx sukkhsts tbot tbh pulig` gjthrhst ighs gj prebglgtgjk mgrh`ters crea ujmuiy

bgjmhrgjk tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp. <70Gj \h BumLoy Agjhrois

Gj` <7= tbh EP@ stothm tbot TtQbh rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs te veth ej ojm mhthragjh

tbh aodh-up ec tbh leorm gs o cujmoahjtoi kevhrjoj`h rgkbt . <78 Curtbhr, lhòush T`Qopgtoi aordhts mhphjm ej tbh ruihs tbot èrperoth iow hstoligsbhs cer mhthr-

agjgjk bew gjvhsters rhoigzh rhturjs ,<73 tbh voiuh ec sborhs aoy mgagjgsb gc mgrh`-

ters evhrrgmh tbh rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs, os gjvhsters aoy lhkgj te quhstgej tbh

`hrtogjty ec tbh losg` ossuaptgejs ej wbg`b tbhy aodh gjvhstahjt mh`gsgejs. Os

stothm gj ôrt SG, ujmhr èrperoth iow, o cujmoahjtoi rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs gs

te shih`t tbh mgrh`ters ec o èapojy. <7; Lhòush èrperoth iow aodhs mgrh`ters

rhspejsglih cer aojokgjk tbh èrperotgej,<72 sborhbeimhrs tbot orh mgssotgscghm

wgtb aojokhahjt òj me igttih aerh tboj shii tbhgr sborhs, er otthapt te rhpio`h

tbh mgrh`ters te hxprhss tbhgr mgssotgsco`tgej. [bhj o sborhbeimhr je iejkhr bostbh olgigty te otthapt te rhpio`h tbh mgrh`ters, tbh sborhbeimhr's ejiy eptgej gs te

shii gts sborhs. Crea o pulig` gjthrhst phrsph`tgvh, tbgs gs portgùioriy treulihseah

lhòush sborhbeimhrs khjhroiiy ejiy èjsgmhr rhpio`gjk mgrh`ters wbhj tbh sborhs

<7< Phh Ferhx, supro jeth <30.

<70 Glgm

<7= <>>7), 0< EP@L 0;00, 82 LI\ (=tb) <=7 T`gthm te EP@LQ.

<78 Glgm ot 0;3< Thapbosgs ommhmQ.

<73 ûrg ht oi, supro jeth <8 ot ?73.

<7; Phh h.k., ôuisej,suprojeth <>8 ot <>?-><.

<72 @L@O suprojeth ?> s ?><.

SEI ; <)




bovh lhhj phrceragjk peeriy. Mgrh`ters' ush ec o leorm peig`y er ly-iow te gapih-

ahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh ùt-ecc moth, os gj Aujmere er tbhgr

ush ec stoiigjk to`tg`s, os gj Aoumerh sbeuim lh shhj os strgppgjk sborhbeimhrs ec

tbhgr cujmoahjtoi rgkbt te jeagjoth ojm hih`t mgrh`ters. ]bh èaagssgej sbeuimèjsgmhr aodgjk ermhrs gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst te prhvhjt o`tgejs tbot hcch`tgvhiy

mhstrey tbh olgigty ec o sborhbeimhr te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter.

Curtbhr, te tbh hxthjt tbot sioth vetgjk ojm tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew

ec eppertujgty mh`rhosh tbh `boj`h tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii veth cer tbh mgssgmhjt's

sioth, tbh sioth vetgjk systha aoy lh mhtrgahjtoi te tbh mgssgmhjt s cujmoahjtoi

rgkbts. Gj ommgtgej, gc tbh èrperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs, shùr-

gtghs rhkuioters sbeuim èjsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew ec

eppertujgty mhchots tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs ly aodgjk gt mgccgùit

cer tbh mgssgmhjt te èaaujgòth wgtb tbh sborhbeimhrs. Aerhevhr, lhòush gjcer-aotgej gs gapertojt te sborhbeimhrs' olgigty te djewihmkholiy hih`t mgrh`ters, <77

gc

aerh tboj ejh mgssgmhjt gs prepesgjk jeagjotgejs er o sioth, tbhj tbh wgjmew ec

eppertujgty sbeuim prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb hjeukb tgah te mgkhst tbh gjcerao-

tgej ojm aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej.

ggg)PborhbeimhrSeth Pbeuim jet lh Mhthragjotgvh

@eurt opprevoi ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, su`b os gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere

sbeuim jet seihiy mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbhsh prevgsgejs, er mgrh`ters' o`tgejs wgtb

rhsph`t te tbhsh prevgsgejs, orh gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Gj \h Lojds,0>> tbh EP@stothm tbh ceiiewgjk6

T Qj hxhr`gsgjk eur pulig` gjthrhst furgsmg`tgej èj`hrjgjk èrperoth kev-

hrjoj`h, wh aust ke lhyejm èjsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr tbh rhspejmhjt èa-

pighm wgtb tbh muty ec òrh, mgigkhj`h ojm sdgii sht eut gj tbh EL@O

]bh EP@ hapbosgzhm tbot gt gs eligkothm te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh èjmu`t ec

tbh rhspejmhjt wos èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst .0><

Curtbhr, gj èjsgmhrgjk tbh

EP@'s mh`gsgej gj \h Aokjo Gjthrjotgejoi j`0>0 ^rechsser Ojgto Ojojm sukkhsts

tbot shùrgtghs rhkuiotgej pio`hs o ioyhr ec rhkuiotery èjsgmhrotgejs evhr ojm

olevh tbh èjtro`t tbot sborhbeimhrs bovh hjthrhm gjte wgtb tbh èrperotgej .0>=

Pbh sukkhsts tbot TtQbhsh èjsgmhrotgejs gjìumh tbh èj`hpt ec pulig` gjthrhst,

wbg`b bos tromgtgejoiiy ahojt aerh tboj tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec sborhbeim-

<77 ûrg ht oi, suprojeth <8 ot ?7>-7?.

0 <>>0), <3 EP@L 00;;, 0= LI\ 0m) <7< TLojds `gthm te EP@LQ, vor m ej etbhr kreujms, Lojds

v Ejtorge Phùrgtghs@eaagssgej <>>8), <>= EO@ <7> ?=0 O@[P 0m) ?><< (Pup @t F (Mgv @t)).

0>? Lojds, suprojeth 0 ot 002=.

0>< Glgm.

0>0 (<>??), 0= EP@L ?<7>, ;2 LI\ (=tb) 7=.

0>= Ojgto Ojojm, [os Aokjo gj tbh ûlig` Gjthrhst5 (<>??) =76< Eskeemh Boii IF 0?? ot 0<=.

P^\GJK <>?0 ;0




hrs .0> Os o rhsuit, tbh co`t tbot o èurt upbeims oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ujmhr

èrperoth iow sbeuim jet prhìumh o shùrgtghs rhkuioter crea èjsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr

tbh prevgsgej gs èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.

Kgvhj tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters te omept omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs wgtb erwgtbeut prger sborhbeimhr opprevoi, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim ieed te tbh iow

ej sborhbeimhr opprevoi gj tbh pegsej pgii èjthxt te gjcera tbhgr èjsgmhrotgej ec

wbhtbhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh èjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Cer hxoapih,

gj \h @oroEphrotgejs tm 0 3 tbh EP@ stothm tbh ceiiewgjk wgtb rhsph`t te mgrh`-

ters' ush ec pegsej pgiis, wgtb tbh stothahjt lhgjk hquoiiy oppigòlih te omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgejs6

Gco Tjetg`h prevgsgejQ mehs jet bovh sborhbeimhr opprevoi, gt khjhroi-

y wgii lh susph`t os jet lhgjk gj tbh lhst gjthrhst ec tbh sborhbeimhrs4bewhvhr, sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec gtshic wgii jet hstoligsb tbot o Tjetg`h

prevgsgejQ gs gj tbh lhst gjthrhst ec tbh sborhbeimhrs.0 >;

Gj ommgtgej, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh òutgeus oleut èjciotgjk sborh-

beimhr opprevoi wgtb tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Lhòush ly-iow oahjmahjts ojm leorm

peig`ghs orh hcch`tgvh gaahmgothiy, tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te veth ej tbh prevg-

sgej mehs jet jhkoth tbh moaokh mejh te sborhbeimhrs er òpgtoi aordhts prger

te tbh sborhbeimhr veth te opprevh tbh prevgsgej. Os o rhsuit, sgj`h tbh pulig`

gjthrhst gs rhahmgoi ojm prhvhjtotgvh,0>2 shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet wogt te o`t

ujtgi sborhbeimhrs veth ej tbh prevgsgej wbhj tbh `grùastoj`hs sukkhst olush ec

sborhbeimhrs ojm òpgtoi aordhts loshm ej gjmg`go su`b os hjtrhj`bahjt er bora

te sborhbeimhrs' cujmoahjtoi rgkbts.

SGGG @EJ@IXPGEJ

Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs òj lhjhcgt sborhbeimhrs ly prephriy gjceragjk tbha ec

oithrjotgvh mgrh`ter jeagjotgejs. Bewhvhr, wbhrh mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h

jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb o ly-iow er leorm peig`y wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t octhr tbh

ùt-ecc moth, er gapihahjt o prevgsgej shvhroi moys lhcerh tbh ùt-ecc moth ojm

stoii tbh mgssgmhjt gj èapiygjk wgtb tbh prevgsgej, sborhbeimhrs wgii lh hcch`tgvh-

y prhìumhm crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot tbh certbèagjk ahhtgjk. Gj ommgtgej,

wbhrh tbh prevgsgej prhvhjts jeagjotgejs prger te o sph`gcghm moth, mgssgmhjts aoy

lh mgsomvojtokhm rhiotgvh te gjùalhjt mgrh`ters lhòush ec tbh lhjhcgt ec iejk

pulig` òapogkjs ojm cgrst aevhr omvojtokhs. ^revgsgejs tbot rhstrg`t jeagjotgej

0>8 Glgm

0>3 <>><), <8 EP@L ;77;.

0>; Glgm ot 2>>0 (te giiustroth tbh oppigòlgigty ec tbh quethm possokh te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs,

tbh thra pioj -wbg`b tbh EP@ ushm te mgsùss tbh pegsej pgii-bos lhhj rhpio`hm wgtb jetg`h prevg-sgej ).

0>2 Phh h.k. Agtbros supro jeth <0= ot ?3?> ??.

SEI ; (<);=




prger te o sph`gcghm moth aoy oise gjmgrh`tiy hjèurokh cuii-liewj lottihs cer èjtrei

ly `rhotgjk o mgsgj`hjtgvh cer mgssgmhjts te jhketgoth gj omvoj`h ec tbh wgjmew ec

eppertujgty.

@ejshquhjtiy, mgrh`ters ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs èuim kgvh rgsh teèurt ermhr ujmhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy. Mhphjmgjk ej tbh `grùastoj`hs, tbh

o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters ojm tbh thras ec tbh prevgsgejs aoy lrh `b tbh rh sej lih

hxph`totgejs ec mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Curtbhr wbhrh mgrh`ters ush tbh prevg-

sgejs gj o aojjhr tb t prhìumhs sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk jeagjotgejs eutrgkbt

er rhmu`hs tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs su``hsscuiiy rhpio`gjk gjùalhjt aojokh-

ahjt, tbhgr o`tgejs orh ot ihost ujcogriy prhfumg`goi, ojm pethjtgoiiy epprhssgvh, te

sborhbeimhrs.

\hkormihss ec wbhtbhr èrper th iow oppighs, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim

èjsgmhr wbhtbhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ojm tbhgr a jjhr ec omeptgej orhèjtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. [bhrh tbh thras ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej er

gts a jjhr ec omeptgej sukkhsts hjtrhj`bahjt er o vgeiotgej ec tbh cujm ahjt i

rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs, tbh prevgsgej wgii lh olusgvh ec tbh mgssgmhjts ojm òpgtoi

aordhts gj khjhroi. Lhòush ec tbh gapertojt reih ec sborhbeimhrs olgigty te shih`t

aojokhahjt, gjvhsters aoy iesh èjcgmhj`h gj tbh òpgtoi aordhts gc shùrgtghs

rhkuioters ihovh sborhbeimhrs cujm ahjt i rgkbts ujpreth`thm. ]e prhvhjt pessglih

olush, shùrgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet ligjmiy rhiy ej tbh co`t tb t omvoj`h jetg`h

prevgsgejs aoy hvhjtuoiiy lh opprevhm ly sborhbeimhr veths. ]bhsh prevgsgejs

aoy lh gaahmgothiy hcch`tgvh, se ly tbh tgah sborhbeimhrs bovh tbh eppertujgtyte veth, tbh prevgsgej wgii bovh oirhomy b rahm sborhbeimhrs ojm òpgtoi aordhts.

P^\GJK < ?0 ;

Houseman - Corporate Law - 71UTorontoFacLRev28

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