Hot Matter at RHIC and LHCrolandg/lns_2005_v5.pdf · LHC. Have you found the Quark-Gluon Plasma...
Transcript of Hot Matter at RHIC and LHCrolandg/lns_2005_v5.pdf · LHC. Have you found the Quark-Gluon Plasma...
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Hot Matter at RHIC and LHC
Gunther Roland
LNS ColloqiumNov 7 2005
LHC
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Have you found the Quark-Gluon Plasma yet?
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QCD Phase Diagram
Baryon Density
Phase Transition at high T~ 170 MeV
~ 1 GeV/fm3
Deconfinement: Quark-Gluon Plasma
Karsch et al
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QCD Phase Diagram
The Medium
Time
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QCD Phase Diagram
The Medium
Time
MSNBCApril ‘05
2004/5: Whitepapers from 4 RHIC experiments
PHOBOS whitepaper Nucl Phys A 757, 28 (2005)
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Central A+A
Energy Density
I. Vitev
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L~A1/3
Ncoll= # of NN collisions: ~A4/3
Npart/2 ~ A
“Participants”
“Collisions”
PHOBOS Glauber
MCAu+Au
Cu+Cu
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QCD Phase Diagram
This Talk
Examine different stages of the collision processLook at key evidence for our current picture
Point out interesting puzzles
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Simultaneous fit constrains expansion parameters:Tf ≈ 120MeV, βT ≈ 0.6c
Blastwave fit
Collective transverse expansion
Effective Temperature
Teff = T + <βT>2 *mass
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Gunther Roland/MIT QGP School 2005 Torino
Yield MassQuantum Numbers
Temperature Chemical Potential
c.f. Hagedorn, Becattini, Braun-Munzinger, Cleymans, Heinz, Letessier,
Mekijan, Rafelski, Redlich, Satz, Sollfrank,Stachel, Tounsi + many others
Hadronization
Statistical Hadronization in the Grand-Canonical Ensemble
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Gunther Roland/MIT QGP School 2005 Torino
Statistical Hadronization in the Grand-Canonical Ensemble
Relative Abundances: Two Parameters !
Hadronization
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Gunther Roland/MIT QGP School 2005 Torino
µB drops with collision energy
Tch approaches limiting value
Calculations: Redlich et al, Becattini et al, Braun-Munzinger et al, Rafelski et al
Hadronization
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Gunther Roland/MIT QGP School 2005 Torino
Statistical Model for Elementary Collisions
Hadronization
F. Becattini
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Gunther Roland/MIT QGP School 2005 Torino
Calculations: Redlich et al, Becattini et al, Braun-Munzinger et al, Rafelski et al
Hadronization
e+e- (Canonical Ensemble)
e+e- hadronizes at same Tch
Strangeness enhancement unique to AA
Are we looking at a local
or global property?
Global (or at least large)
correlation volume in AA
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q
Hadrons
q
Hadrons
Leading Particle
Leading Particle
Use high pT hadron yield as “calibrated” probe
Properties of the Medium
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Use high pT hadron yield as “calibrated” probe
Properties of the Medium
Strong (factor 5) suppression observed
Properties of the Medium
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Properties of the Medium
Suppression persists out to > 15 GeV/c
Properties of the Medium
QM ‘05
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Poster by Dainese, Loizides and Paic(best poster award at QM 2005)
Properties of the MediumPHOBOS, nucl-ex/0302015
Dominance of surface emission?
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Use high pT hadron yield as “calibrated” probe
Properties of the Medium
Strong (factor 5) suppression observed
Au+Au
d+Au
PHOBOS
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Properties of the Medium
Disappearence of back-to-back correlations in Au+Au
Properties of the Medium
4 < pT(trig) < 6 GeV/cpT(assoc) > 2 GeV/c
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Properties of the Medium
Back-to-back jets re-appear at sufficiently high pT
STARD. Magestro
8 < pT(trig) < 15 GeV/cpT(assoc) > 8 GeV/c
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Properties of the Medium
Trigger particle pT > 2.5 GeV
jet-pair partners pT > 1.0 GeV
Trigger
Properties of the Medium
PHENIXH. Buesching
Rich phenomenology at intermediate pT
Cone?!?
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Jet+Z0
Properties of the MediumProperties of the Medium
Z→µ+µ−
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Properties of the MediumProperties of the Medium
ηΔφΔ
70-80%
20-30%
0-5%centrality
STAR preliminary
parton fragments
bulk medium
Subtract fragmentation peak to look at medium
Tom Trainor
200 GeV Au+Au
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Non-central collision:Initial state eccentricity
Hydrodynamic EvolutionTime
Transverse Plane
Azimuthal Angle (rad)
Momentum spaceanisotropy
2*v2
PHOBOS
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Geometrical initial state eccentricity from Glauber model
Hydrodynamic Evolution
Elliptic Flow signal exhausts “hydro limit”for mid-central to central collisions
STAR Au+Au 130 GeV
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Energy/Momentum Conservation
Baryon numberConservation
Initial State
Equ. of State
+
+
=
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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“Elliptic Flow”
Au+Au
19.6 GeV 62.4 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV
preliminarypreliminary
PHOBOS
Cu+Cu
Au+Au: PRL 94 122303 (2005) [centrality dependence near y=0 - Carla Vale]Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005
First observation of rapidity dependence of elliptic flowChallenge to hydrodynamic calculationsConnection between flow and dN/dη
Hydrodynamic Evolution
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Molnar et al
<v2>
pT (GeV/c)
HSD CalculationpT>2 GeV/c
Parton Cascade Hadron Cascade
Cassing et al
“Elliptic Flow”
Hydrodynamic Evolution
Neither partonic nor hadronic cascade reproduces flow
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preliminary
PHOBOS 200 GeV h±
Statistical errors only
Cu+Cupreliminary
PHOBOS 200 GeV Statistical errors only
v2 near mid-rapidity
Geometrical initial state eccentricity from Glauber model
Au+Au
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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preliminary
PHOBOS 200 GeV h±
Statistical errors only
Cu+Cupreliminary
PHOBOS 200 GeV Statistical errors only
v2 near mid-rapidity
Geometrical initial state eccentricity from Glauber model
Au+Au
Surprisingly large flow signal in Cu+Cu!
Hydrodynamic Evolution
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Nucleus A Nucleus B
Participant Nucleons
Glauber model of AuAu collision:
b
Using the impact parameter as the x-axis, we define the standard eccentricity using the widths of the distribution in x and y
22
22
xy
xy
σσ
σσε
+
−=
σy2
σx2
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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Hydrodynamic Evolution
Au+Au
Large fluctuations in eccentricity
Many peripheral events with negative eccentricity
Cu+Cu
Even bigger fluctuations in Cu+Cu
Hydrodynamic Evolution
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Nucleus 1
Nucleus 2
Participant Region
x
yb
One reasonable method is to realign the coordinate systemto maximize the ellipsoidal shape (a principal axis transformation)
“Participant” eccentricityOpposed to “standard” eccentricity
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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Cu+Cu
Au+Au
Low Density Limit:STAR, PRC 66 034904 (2002)
Voloshin, Poskanzer, PLB 474 27 (2000)Heiselberg, Levy, PRC 59 2716, (1999)
Surprisingly strong elliptic flow in Cu+CuChallenge to hydrodynamic picture
Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005Compilation, Glauber calculations: Constantin Loizides
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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Cu+Cu
Au+Au
Low Density Limit:STAR, PRC 66 034904 (2002)
Voloshin, Poskanzer, PLB 474 27 (2000)Heiselberg, Levy, PRC 59 2716, (1999)
Surprisingly strong elliptic flow in Cu+CuChallenge to hydrodynamic picture
Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005Compilation, Glauber calculations: Constantin Loizides
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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Cu+Cu
Au+Au
Low Density Limit:STAR, PRC 66 034904 (2002)
Voloshin, Poskanzer, PLB 474 27 (2000)Heiselberg, Levy, PRC 59 2716, (1999)
Surprisingly strong elliptic flow in Cu+CuChallenge to hydrodynamic picture
Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005Compilation, Glauber calculations: Constantin Loizides
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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LHC
Cu+Cu
Au+Au
Low Density Limit:STAR, PRC 66 034904 (2002)
Voloshin, Poskanzer, PLB 474 27 (2000)Heiselberg, Levy, PRC 59 2716, (1999)
Will flow saturate at LHCas themeralization is achieved?
Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005Compilation, Glauber calculations: Constantin Loizides
Hydrodynamic EvolutionHydrodynamic Evolution
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Hadron Multiplicities19.6 GeV 62.4 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV
Cu+Cu
d+Au
Au+Au
preliminary
preliminary preliminary
PHOBOS
Au+Au : PRL 91, 052303 (2003)d+Au : PRL 93, 082301 (2004)Cu+Cu: QM 2005[Analog analysis: Robin Verdier]
PHOBOS
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200 GeV
130 GeV
19.6 GeV
d+Au Au+Au
Npart scaling of particle production in Au+Au
Connection to p+p and e+e- collisionsAu+Au : nucl-ex/0301017d+Au : PRL 93, 082301 (2004)
Hadron Multiplicities
PHOBOS
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19.6 GeV 62.4 GeV 130 GeV 200 GeV
PHOBOS preliminary
preliminary preliminary preliminary preliminary
η - ybeam
preliminary
PHOBOS
Au+Au0-6%
Au+Au0-40%
Au+Au0-40%
200GeV130GeV
62.4 GeV (prel)19.6 GeV
PHOBOS
“Extended longitudinal scaling” (aka limiting fragmentation) of all longitudinal distributions
Hadron Multiplicities
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Centrality
Energy (GeV)
dN/dη/
<0.5*
N part
> 200 GeV
130 GeV
62.4 GeV
19.6 GeV
Mid-rapidity dN/dη vs √s and Npart
PHOBOS
Au+Au
PHOBOS
Cu+Cupreliminary
Au+Au : nucl-ex/0509034, submitted to PRCCu+Cu: QM 2005
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dN/dη vs √s and Npart
Centrality
Energy (GeV)
dN/dη/
<0.5*
N part
>
x2.5
Centrality
norm
. dN
/dη
Energy (GeV) Centrality
norm
. dN
/dη
x1.3
x1.3
x1.95x1.95
⊗=
Energy (GeV)Armesto, Salgado, Wiedemann hep-ph/0407018
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Initial StateParton Saturation
Low Energy
High Energy
Hadron Multiplicities
Armesto, Salgado, Wiedemann hep-ph/0407018Centrality
norm
. dN
/dη
Energy (GeV)Centrality
norm
. dN
/dη
Energy (GeV)
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Energy/centrality factorization vs pTDominance of Collision Geometry?
Au+Au
Cu+Cupreliminary
<pT> = 0.25 GeV/c <pT> = 1.25 GeV/c <pT> = 2.5 GeV/c <pT> = 3.38 GeV/c <pT> = 3.88 GeV/c
Ratio of yields in bins of pT
between 200 and 62 GeV
Au+Au: Phys Rev Lett 94, 082304 (2005)Cu+Cu: PHOBOS QM 2005, to be submitted to PRLEd Wenger, PhD thesis
Energy/Centrality Factorization
PHOBOS
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PHOBOS PRL 91, 052303 (2003) Text
Ratio of 0-6% and 35-40% centrality bins, each normalized by Npart
PHOBOS
preliminary
Au+Au
35-40%0-6%
Energy/centrality factorization vs ηDominance of Collision Geometry?
Au+Au : PRL 91, 052303 (2003)
Energy/Centrality Factorization
PHOBOS
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Detectors planned for dN/dy > 5000!
Models prior to RHICdN/dη ~ 1800dN/dη ~ 1100
Models/Extrapolations to LHC
Hadron Multiplicities at LHC
Will saturation dominate? What about high pT, p+p?
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The Big PictureInitial Collisions Hard Scattering takes place [direct γ]
High pT partons are produced [d+Au]
Overall Entropy defined [dN/dη]
Geometrical asymmetry [Geometry]
Early Stage (~ few fm/c)
High Density (~ 5 GeV/fm3) [dN/dη, high pT suppression] Local thermal equilibration[Elliptic Flow v2] Pressure driven expansion [Elliptic Flow v2, HBT] Low viscosity [Elliptic Flow v2] Opaque for fast partons [Back-to-Back jets]
Hadronization Recombination from quark soup [proton-non suppression, quark-scaling of v2] Global statistical hadron formation at Tch = 170 MeV [particle ratios] Radial expansion with βT ~ 0.6c [PID spectra] Particle emission after 10fm/c for few fm/c [HBT]
“The Liquid Vacuum”
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Big Questions
What is the nature of the medium?
What is the initial temperature?
What is the origin of scaling rules? What is the location of
the phase transition?
LHC
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Physics goals at LHC, I
First exciting LHC results will be on “soft physics”
Dynamical connection between soft observables?
“X”
RHICSPS
?
AGS
LHC
‘Soft’ physics at RHIC: Scaling regime?
Extrapolation to LHC?
s1/4
ln2(√s)
LHC
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Medium modification at high pT Copious production of high pT
particles Large jet cross section,
Different “melting” for members of ϒ family depending on binding energy Large cross section for J/ψ and ϒ
family production
Correlations, scattering in medium jets directly identifiable
J/ψ ϒ
Physics goals at LHC, II
MIT responsibilities: Jet Physics (Christof Roland, Gabor Veres)High Level Trigger: G. Roland, Loizides, Ballintijn
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Away-side D(zT) suppressed, but shape unchanged
~0.54
~0.25
Scalingfactors
8 < pT(trig) < 15 GeV/c
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J/psi suppression
Sup
pres
sion
Fac
tor
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Gunther Roland PANIC 2005 Santa Fe
Ncoll/Npart vs √s and Npart
Centrality
Energy (GeV)
dN/dη/
<0.5*
N part
>
Factorization in a hard/soft picture?
dN/dη (Data)
CentralityN
coll/
Npa
rt
Ncoll/Npart (MC)
Energy (GeV)
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Gunther Roland PANIC 2005 Santa Fe
Energy (GeV)
norm
. dN
/dη
norm
. dN
/dη x1.3
x1.3
x1.95x1.95
dN/dη/Npart (Data) Ncoll/Npart (MC)
Energy (GeV)
Energy (GeV)
Energy (GeV)
Centrality
Centrality
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Gunther Roland PANIC 2005 Santa Fe
Energy (GeV)
norm
. dN
/dη
norm
. dN
/dη x1.3
x1.3
x1.95x1.95
Energy (GeV)
Energy (GeV)
Energy (GeV) Centrality
x1.3
Ncoll/Npart (MC)
Armesto, Salgado, Wiedemann hep-ph/0407018
dN/dη/Npart (Data)