Hosted by Zach 100 200 400 300 400 D.1D.2D.3D.5 300 200 400 200 100 500 100.

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Transcript of Hosted by Zach 100 200 400 300 400 D.1D.2D.3D.5 300 200 400 200 100 500 100.

Page 1: Hosted by Zach 100 200 400 300 400 D.1D.2D.3D.5 300 200 400 200 100 500 100.

Hosted

by

Zach

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Row 1, Col 1

•non-living synthesis of simple organic moleculesnon-living synthesis of simple organic molecules Early Earth was solely inorganic (rocks, minerals, gases, water)Early Earth was solely inorganic (rocks, minerals, gases, water)

•assembly of these molecules into polymersassembly of these molecules into polymers Organisms are organized! Complex cmpds like proteins are Organisms are organized! Complex cmpds like proteins are polymers (many monomers).polymers (many monomers).

•origin of self-replicating molecules that madeorigin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possibleinheritance possible

“ “alive” must be able to reproducealive” must be able to reproduce (DNA now, but DNA’s too complex to have started it all)(DNA now, but DNA’s too complex to have started it all)

•packaging of these molecules into membranes with an packaging of these molecules into membranes with an internal chemistry different from their surroundingsinternal chemistry different from their surroundings

Water tends to depolymerize molecules!Water tends to depolymerize molecules!

Describe three of the four processes needed for the Describe three of the four processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth.spontaneous origin of life on Earth.

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1,2

Allele Frequency: percent of certain allele in pop fora certain gene/locus (gene variation)

Gene pool: all genetic info of reproducing members of a pop

Define allele frequency and gene poolDefine allele frequency and gene pool

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1,3

Amount of time it takes for half the radioactive Amount of time it takes for half the radioactive

isotope to decayisotope to decay

Define half-life

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1,4

This refers to natural classification:How organisms are grouped together in natureIdentifying unknown organisms, using ID keyHow organisms related evolutionarily (DNA evidence for current species; anatomical for fossils b/c no DNA)Predicting characteristics similar to those found in related organisms

What is the value of classifying organisms?

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2,1

•Primordial soup model: glass sphere creating possible Environment of early earth in Hadean period.•Gases CH4, NH3, H2

•Liquid water heated, evap, cooled to condense (water cycle created)•Warm temp•Exposed to UV radiation•Electric sparks in sphere to rep lightning•Organic cmpds had formed in 1 week•Synthesized org molecs from inorg molecs (possible explanation as to where org cmpds came from

Outline the experiments of Miller and Urey into the Outline the experiments of Miller and Urey into the origin of organic compounds.origin of organic compounds.

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2,2

Mutation introduces new allelesOld alleles selected againstSurvival of fittest: advantageous surviveChange in allele frequency is evolutionOccurs over many generations

How does evolution change the allele frequency?

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2,3

Proportion of radioactive isotope to other isotopesProportion of radioactive isotope to other isotopes

RocksRocks K-40K-40 100,000 to 4.6 bya100,000 to 4.6 bya

FossilsFossils C-14/C-13/C-12C-14/C-13/C-12 Lots C14 recent death; little C14, oldLots C14 recent death; little C14, old

Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils

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2,4

Supports Mendel’s, Darwin’s ideasSupports Mendel’s, Darwin’s ideasUniversality: genetic engineeringUniversality: genetic engineering

Not possible unless have a common ancestorNot possible unless have a common ancestorAll proteins in all living organisms use same All proteins in all living organisms use same 20 amino acids20 amino acids

Can engineer organism to synthesize a new protein Can engineer organism to synthesize a new protein never made beforenever made beforeAll are left-handed…no right-handed onesAll are left-handed…no right-handed ones

Explain the biochemical evidence provided by the universality of DNA and protein structures for the

common ancestry of living organisms

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3,1

Comets contain a variety of org cmpdsLate Heavy Bombardment (4,000 mya) w/ cometsNASA: expmnts show that org cmpds on comets couldSurvive collision (possibly start synthesis)Glycine is thought to be in cometsOrg cmpds could have originated from space

Explain the theory of Panspermia

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3,2

•Organisms have similar physiological and Organisms have similar physiological and morphological characteristicsmorphological characteristics•Ability to interbreed, produce fertile offspringAbility to interbreed, produce fertile offspring•Genetically distinct from other speciesGenetically distinct from other species•Common phylogenyCommon phylogeny

Discuss the definition of the term speciesDiscuss the definition of the term species

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3,3

Opposable thumbsOpposable thumbsLong, thin, straight fingersLong, thin, straight fingersFinger pads, finger printsFinger pads, finger printsNo claws, but fingernailsNo claws, but fingernailsShoulder with large range of motion (circular)Shoulder with large range of motion (circular)Forward-facing eyes... Stereoscopic vision Forward-facing eyes... Stereoscopic vision (seeing in 3D, judging distances)(seeing in 3D, judging distances)

Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates

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3,4

•Analogous Same function but not necessarily same structure Not derived from common ancestor Wings: pterosaurs, birds, insects, bats Not in same clade of “flight”; must consider many other differences Fins: dolphin, shark (mammal vs fish)

•Homologous From same part of Common ancestor Pentadactyl limb (human, bat, whale)—same general format Eyes (molluscs to birds)

Distinguish, with examples, between analogous characteristics & homologous characteristics.

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4,1

•Hydrothermal vents: (cracks in seabed crust), hot water, minerals, rich diversity of species there, chemoautotrophs (chemosynthesis)•Volcanoes: H2O vapor, gases, minerals, heat•Panspermia•Intertidal zones: wet/dry, dry clay that is heated can have Amino acids spontaneously synthesize and form microspheres

Discuss possible locations where conditions would Discuss possible locations where conditions would have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds.have allowed the synthesis of organic compounds.

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4,2

geographical isolationgeographical isolation Physical barriers (land, water formation) prevent males/femalesPhysical barriers (land, water formation) prevent males/females from meeting & interbreeding—populations are separatedfrom meeting & interbreeding—populations are separated

hybrid infertilityhybrid infertility 2nd generation unlikely2nd generation unlikely Genetic barrier between speciesGenetic barrier between species

temporal isolationtemporal isolation Incompatible time frames for mating (flowers blooming/seasons;Incompatible time frames for mating (flowers blooming/seasons; hibernations; migrations)hibernations; migrations)

behavioural isolationbehavioural isolation Lifestyle, habits incompatible with other populationLifestyle, habits incompatible with other population Courtship displaysCourtship displays

Allopatric/sympatricAllopatric/sympatric

Name three examples of barriers between gene poolsName three examples of barriers between gene pools

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4,3

Some fossils are in hard to get to placesMust be well preserved (old fossils in worse conditions)Legal issuesFundingHard to determine avg size (juvenile, adult, gender)

Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record in regards to human fossils

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4,4

Gradualism: small, continuous, slow change from one Gradualism: small, continuous, slow change from one form to anotherform to another

Fossil recordFossil record Present day examplesPresent day examplesPunctuated equilibrium: long periods without appreciablePunctuated equilibrium: long periods without appreciable change and short periods of rapid evolutionchange and short periods of rapid evolution Response to change in environmentResponse to change in environment

Volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts affecting Volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts affecting evolution on Earthevolution on Earth

65mya...dinosaurs extinct; mammals survived65mya...dinosaurs extinct; mammals survived Until a big environmental change, little/no change Until a big environmental change, little/no change in fossil recordin fossil record

Discuss ideas on the pace of evolution

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5,1

ProtobiontsMicrospheres: tiny bubbles made by joined amino acids Could enclose other molecsCoacervates: lipids in water (hydrophobic forces), Selectively permeable

Shows how true cell membranes could have evolved

What structures may have been the precursors to living cells?

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5,2

Polyploidy is 3n, 4n, 5n, …Cell division mistakes; when chromosomes don’t separate completelyCommon in plantsReplication errors are more common2 pops could evolve in diff rates

How polyploidy can contribute to speciation?How polyploidy can contribute to speciation?

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5,3

Bigger brain = need more energyMore food in diet or energy & protein-rich food (more meat in diet)

Hunting tools, social groups

Better diet feeds bigger brain

Bigger brain then allows tool development, hunting techniques, etc.Further skills...cooking food easier to digest, less energy requiredHowever, Neanderthals had larger brains than us

Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.

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5,4

•Convergent Not a recent common ancestor 2 species or characteristics look similar Australia & N America: marsupials vs placentals Wings (bat, bird); bioluminescence (bacteria, fungi)

•Divergent Recent common ancestor Less similar over time

Compare convergent evolution, divergent evolution


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