Host Crops vs. Non-host Crops without using fumigants Good ... · Can use summer cover crop as a...
Transcript of Host Crops vs. Non-host Crops without using fumigants Good ... · Can use summer cover crop as a...
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Three Common Lethal Soil-borne
Pathogens in California Strawberry
Disease Pathogen Host plant Survival in soil
without a host
Verticillium
wilt (1932)*
Verticillium
dahliae
>300 species
incl. >100 weed
species
8-10 years
Fusarium wilt
(2009)
Fusarium
oxysporum f.
sp. fragariae
Strawberry only < 3 years
Charcoal rot
(2008)
Macrophomina
phaseolina
Strawberry only
(?)
< 3 years
* Year first reported in CA
Crop Rotation for Strawberry
• Traditional method to avoid soil-borne
diseases in strawberries worldwide
- Significant parts of strawberries in the world
are produced by rotation-based IPM approach
without using fumigants
- Minimum of a 3-year break between two
strawberry plantings recommended in EU and
Northeast US and Canada
- Mandatory for organic strawberry production
under the National Organic Program
Verticillium dahliae;Host Crops vs. Non-host Crops
• Host crops
caneberry (raspberry, blackberry), blueberry,
artichoke, cucumber, watermelon, pumpkin,
eggplant, lettuce, pepper, mint, potato, spinach,
tomato
• Non-host crops
cauliflower, cabbage, celery, parsley, radicchio,
onion, garlic, bean, pea, carrot, sweet potato,
asparagus
• Suppressive crop
broccoli
Suppression of spinach Fusarium wilt by intercropping with Allium plants (Igarashi et al., 2017)
Allium roots -> gamma-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine -> Flavobacterium --> Fusarium wilt suppression
Good Rotation or Bad Rotation?
Host Non-Host Suppressive
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Strawberry Potato Strawberry Pepper Strawberry
Strawberry Sweet
potato
Tomato Spinach
Lettuce
Strawberry
Strawberry Spinach
Broccoli
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Cabbage
Broccoli
Strawberry
Strawberry Lettuce
Broccoli
Lettuce
Broccoli
Wheat (Summit 515)
Onion
Strawberry
Strawberry Broccoli
Lettuce
Broccoli
Lettuce
Broccoli
Lettuce
Strawberry
Specific wheat varieties can suppress charcoal rot in strawberries: Plant survival rate (cv. Monterey) (Ivors, 2015)
• Strawberry disease diagnostic: Dr. Shashika S. Hewavitharana, Cal Poly SLO. Email: [email protected] Phone: 805-756-2856
• Disease resistance of UC varieties: https://www.calstrawberry.com/en-us/Pest-Management/Breeding
Diseases
Soil-borne disease management in organic strawberries; Crop rotation and ASD Joji Muramoto, Assistant CE Organic Production Specialist, UCSC. [email protected]
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Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD)
With ASD we
consistently get an
80-100% reduction
of Verticillium dahl-
iae microsclerotia in
soil using 9 ton/ac of
rice bran as a carbon
source.
Yields under ASD
generally equivalent
to fumigant controls.
For suppressing
Fusarium wilt and
charcoal root rot,
higher soil tempera-
ture is required.
In the 2018-19 sea-
son, >1,700 acres of
berry fields in CA
were treated by
ASD.
For more information please contact:
Dr. Carol Shennan [email protected]
831 345 7594
Dr. Joji Muramoto [email protected]
831 247 3804
1. Spread carbon source such as rice bran at 6-9 t/ac
2. Incorporate in soil
3. Form beds and lay drip tape
4. Cover with plastic tarp
5. Drip irrigate < 1.5 ac-in and keep above field capacity
6. Leave for 3 weeks
7. Punch holes in plastic
8. Transplant straw-berries a few days later
Special points of interest: • Briefly h ig h lig h t you r p oin t of in terest h ere.
• Briefly h ig h lig h t you r p oin t of in terest h ere.
• Briefly h ig h lig h t you r p oin t of in terest h ere.
• Briefly h ig h lig h t you r p oin t of in terest h ere.
ASD was developed as an
alternative to soil
fumigation in the
Netherlands and Japan,
and is currently used in
these and some other
countries.
It integrates the principles
of solarization and
flooding for places where
these practices are not
feasible or effective.
It has been found to be
effective at suppressing
many soil-borne diseases,
as well as nematodes for a
range of crops.
Where temperatures are
high enough, it may also
control weeds.
History of ASD
How to do ASD
ASD Rice bran 9 t/ac
Grower’s standard
April 23, 2015
Oxnard Demonstration Trial (organic site. Pico sandy loam)
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1. Mowing cover crops 2. Adding rice bran 3. Chiseling and rototilling
4. Applying clear TIF
and drip tapes
5. Drip irrigation
(1.5 ac-inches)6. Summer flat ASD w/ clear TIF
(July 19 –August 28, 2017)
Cover Crop-Based Summer Flat ASD Treatment (July-Aug 2017)
Pathogen
Temperature
C source
Type & Rate
Organic acids
Microbial shifts
Anaerobiosis
Water Depth and time
Crop
genotype
Soil type
/management
history?
ASD Management Triangle (Shennan et al, 2014)
ASD Fall
RB 9t/acUTC
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae infested fieldStrawberry plants (8/14/14)
* First reported in CA strawberries by Koike et al., 2009
ASD Summer
RB 9t/ac
Higher temperature threshold for Fusarium oxysporum(>460 hours above 86°F at 8” soil depth (Muramoto et al., Acta Hort. In Press))
Cumulative mV hrs with Eh below 200mV – threshold for V. dahliae control at ~50,000 (25 oC)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
V. d
ah
lia
e m
icro
scle
roti
a #
/g s
oil
Cumulative Eh mV
15 deg C
25 deg C
hrsBelow 200mV
V. dahliae
threshold
(=59 deg F)
(=77 deg F)
(Shennan et al., 2010)
Both anaerobic condition and temperature are important for disease control in ASD
Fermentation ~key process in ASD~
• An anaerobic (lack of oxygen) • bacteria, yeast or other
microorganisms convert organic foods into simpler compounds
ASD process • acetic acid• butyric acid• propionic acid• lactic acid• some other volatiles • using native microorganisms in
soil
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Key Practices for Successful ASD
• Broadcast rice bran when the soil moisture is ready for bed listing• Avoid aerobic decomposition of C-source
• Mix C-source with soil uniformly• Rotor tiller would be the best
• Apply mulch immediately followed by bed listing• Preserve soil moisture and reduce the amount of drip irrigation
• Goal: <1.5 acre-inches during 3 week period
• Monitor soil Eh or odor during ASD
• Use with appropriate crop rotation• Broccoli for Verticillium, wheat Summit 515 for Macrophomina, allium
crops for Fusarium
• Can use summer cover crop as a partial carbon source• Replace a part of rice bran to reduce the cost
PPF effect
Pre-plant fertilizer (PPF) can be eliminated
under ASD with rice bran (RB) 9 tons/acRhizoctonia infested field, Watsonville, CA (Zavatta et al., 2014)
* 6 tons/ac
bed top
application =
~9 tons/acre
broadcast
application
PPF: 650
lb/ac of
slow-
release
18-6-12
Disease suppression effect
GP: grape pomace
N MINERALIZATION FROM RICE BRAN (N: 2%, P2O5: 3%, K2O: 1%, CN: 20)
Aerobic (RBF): 25-30%
Anaerobic (ASD) then aerobic: 20-25%
ASD (Anaerobic soil disinfestation)
RBF (Rice bran farming)
9 tons/ac-> total N 360 lb-N/ac
-> plant-available N: ~75-100 lb-N/ac in 6 months
…Need in-season N!
Long-term effect of ASD on V. dahliae
0
2
4
6
8
10
UTC M
C
ASD
ASD
+MC
UTC M
C
ASD
ASD
+MC
UTC M
C
ASD
ASD
+MC
Fallow CauliflowerCauliflowerCauliflowerCauliflowerBroccoliBroccoliBroccoliBroccoli
V. d
ah
lia
e m
icro
scle
roti
a #/
g so
il
V. dahliae microsclerotia number in top soil
(Org. site. Post lettuce. Sep. 2013. 2 years after ASD treatment)
Fallow Cauliflower Broccoli
Main (P=0.37): n.s.Sub (P=0.02*): ASD ASD+MC MC UTC
Main x Sub (P=0.32): n.s.
Fallow
Cauliflower ASD and/or MC/strawberry/winter cover crop/Romaine lettuce
Broccoli(Shennan et al., 2016)
UTC: untreated check
MC: mustard cake
ASD: anaerobic soil disinfestation
Measure of genetic similarity of fungal communities after ASD treatment in CA
ASD including RB
Fumigants
Untreated and Molasses ASD
(Shennan et al., 2018, Plant Pathology)
MSM*2 ASD
MSM2+RB**3
ASD
RB9
Grower
Standard
May 29, 2014Oxnard Demo Trial (Macrophomina phaseolina infested organic field)
Macrophomina phaseolina control by ASD
(Muramoto et al., 2017. Int. J. Fruit Sci.)
*MSM: mustard seed meal, **RB: rice bran