Host : A person/ living animal that affords lodgment to agents of diseases under natural conditions....
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Transcript of Host : A person/ living animal that affords lodgment to agents of diseases under natural conditions....
Host :
• A person/ living animal that affords lodgment to agents of diseases under natural conditions.
Demographic characteristics: age, sex
ethnicity, etc.
Biologicalcharacteristics: Genetic,
Biochemical levels of blood,Physiological functions: BP,
etc.
Lifestyle characteristics:
personality traits,living habits
Environment :
• All (living or non-living) that is external to the individual human host in which he is in constant interaction
Physical:Air, water, soil, housing,
Climate, etc.
Biological:Insects, rodents, animals, plants,
other human beings
Psychosocial:Cultural values, habits,
beliefs, attitudes, moral, social interaction,
etc.
Risk factors:
• An attribute or exposure that is significantly associated with the development of the disease
• Ex. Ht. Disease: Smoking, high BP, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise
Risk factors:
• 1) Additive or synergestic (multiplicative)• - smoking and aniline in the production of bladder
cancer : additive• -smoking and high BP in heart disease: synergistic• 2) May be:• a) Contributory – lack of physical exercise in
heart disease OR• b) Predictive (in statistical sense) – illiteracy in
perinatal mortality
Risk factors:
• 3) May be:• a) Modifiable – smoking, BP,obesity, physical fitness
OR• b) Non-modifiable – age, sex, family history, genetic
factors • 4) May be: • a) Individual – age, sex, smoking OR• b) Community – air pollution, water pollution, lack of
basic sanitation, etc.
Spectrum of disease
- Subclinical infection (inapparent)-Unrecognized sickness- Mild-Moderate- Severe- Death
Disease
-Graphic representations of variations in the manifestations of diseases-Spectrum of disease is best seen in diseases such as syphilis, leprosy
Iceberg of diseases ( Iceberg phenomenon)
Iceberg of diseases ( Iceberg phenomenon)
• 1) Disease in a community may be compared to an iceberg
• 2) Floating tip of iceberg- what the physician sees• - clinical cases with illness• 3) Submerged portion represents the hidden mass
of diseases – latent, inapparent, presymptomatic, undiagnosed, indignant
Iceberg of diseases ( Iceberg phenomenon)
• 4) Varies from disease to disease ; submerged portion greatest in non-communicable diseases – HPT, DM
• 5) Submerged portion – constitutes reservoir of infection
• 6) Major challenge is to detect the undiagnosed portion
Determinants Of Health
Dr. Adinegara Bin Lutfi Abas
Health- absence of disease
Disease-impairment of
human body affecting
vitalfunctions
Determinants Of Health :
Heredity
Environment Lifestyle
Socio-economicconditions
Health and family welfare services
Heredity
• The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
• The physical and mental traits of human being are determined by genes from conception
• Diseases of genetic origin:• - chromosomal anomalies, errors of
metabolism, mental retardation, etc.
Health from genetic stand-point
• “State of individual based upon absence of defects of genes and absence of any abnormality in respect to total amount of chromosome in karyotype.”
Environment
• All that is external to the individual human host.
Environment
Physical Biological Psychosocial
1. Housing2. Water supply3. Waste treatment4. Workplace conditions - lighting - ventilation - humidity
1. Domestic / wild animals2. Vectors in propagation of diseases - mosquitoes, flies, rodents3. Bacteria/ virus/ protozoa/ etc.
Stress - workload - relationship with peers, family
Lifestyle
• “The way people live”• Composed of cultural and behavioural patterns
and personal habits (eg. Smoking, alcoholism)• Lifestyle diseases – coronary heart disease,
obesity, drug addiction, etc.• However, take note of positive lifestyle factors: • - exercise, adequate nutrition, etc.
• The Healthy Lifestyle Campaign of the Ministry of Health was launched in 1991.
• Cardiovascular Diseases (1991)
• AIDS (1992)
• Food Hygiene (1993)
• Promotion of Environmental Health (2002).
Socio-economic conditions
• 1) Economic status
• 2) Education
• 3) Occupation
• 4) Other factors- political system
1) Economic status
• Per capita GNP most widely accepted measure of economic performance
• Determines purchasing power, standard of living, quality of life, family size, pattern of disease and deviant behaviour
• Strong correlation between GNP and life expectancy
• Affluence associated with obesity, CHD, diabetes
• 2) Education-• Illiteracy coincides with poverty, malnutrition, ill-
health, high infant and child mortality rates• 3) Occupation – • The unemployed shows a higher incidence of ill-
health and death• 4) Political system-• Percentage of GNP spent on health (WHO
recommends a minimum of 5%)
Health and family welfare services
• Purpose is to increase health status of population
• Include
• - immunization of children
• - provision of safe water supply
• - care of antenatal mothers and children
• - food quality control
An effective health service:
• 1) Must reach the social periphery
• 2) Equitably distributed
• 3) Accessible at a cost the country and the community can afford
• However there is NO correlation between medical density and life expectancy