Horney (1885-1952)

Part 2

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Neurotic trends

(in contrast to normal needs)

disproportionate in intensity indiscriminant in application

everyone must love me; I must be better than everyone; etc.

disregard for reality intense anxiety if not satisfied

Self

Healthy: Real self self-realization (full

potential)

Unhealthy: Idealized self neurosis

Tyranny of the “shoulds

ALIENATION FROM THE REAL SELF

Externalization (self-obliteration)

everything happens “outside of self,” and only changes outside of self will “fix things”

external factors maintain idealized self

externalization of rage Anger turned against others (instead of self) Fear that person’s faults will be intolerable to

others (anger at self) Body disorders (anger at self)

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizin

g rationalization excessive self-

control arbitrary rightness elusiveness cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizin

g rationalization excessive self-control arbitrary rightness elusiveness cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizin

g rationalization excessive self-

control arbitrary rightness elusiveness cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizin

g rationalization excessive self-

control (no emotion)

arbitrary rightness elusiveness cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizing rationalization excessive self-

control arbitrary

rightness elusiveness cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizing rationalization excessive self-

control arbitrary rightness Elusiveness (no

decision)

cynicism

SECONDARY ADJUSTMENT TECHNIQUES:

blind spots compartmentalizing rationalization excessive self-

control arbitrary rightness elusiveness Cynicism (so not

disappointed)

Goals of Therapy

Self-realization Being productive, truthful, and cooperative

with others Prevent externalization In touch with real self

Healthy characteristics: Responsibility Inner independence Spontaneity of feeling Wholeheartedness

Feminine psychology

Penis envy

“womb” envy

Horney vs. Freud

Early childhood Unconscious motivation Biological motivation (environment more

important than anatomy) Optimistic, not pessimistic Therapy (self-analysis) Prognosis for change

Critique

Criticisms: Unoriginal ideas Little empirical support Disregard of healthy people

Contributions: Original ideas Self-analysis Feminine psychology

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

The Epigenetic Principle

"anything that grows has a ground plan”

psychosocial

Personality affected by both:Biology Culture

Importance of the ego

life span approach

General Sequence of Stages

Ritualism

Ritualization

Virtue

Ego Strengthened or

weakened

8 of these

Crisis:1. immature2. critical3. resolution

Genetics

Stage 1: Trust versus Mistrust

Age: 0-1

Value: Hope

Stage 1

Ritualization: Numinous – cultural ways mother and child interact

Ritualism: Idolism – excessive admiration instead of warm feeling to others

Stage 2: Autonomy versus Shame, Doubt

Age: 1-3

Value: Will

Stage 2

Ritualization: Judiciousness – learning right from wrong

Ritualism: Legalism – preoccupation with rules instead of reason for rules

Stage 3: Initiative versus Guilt(“imagination vs. limits”)

Age: 4-5

Value: Purpose

Stage 3

Ritualization: Authenticity – role playing

Ritualism: Impersonation – confusing playing a role with real personality

Stage 4: Industry versus Inferiority

Age: 6-11

Value: Competence

As in Adler’s “inferiority complex”?

Wow!

Stage 4

Ritualization: Formality – learning how things work in one’s culture

Ritualism: Formalism – preoccupation with work, no interest in why things work

Stage 5: Identity versus Identity Confusion

moratorium

identity crisis

role confusion negative identity

Age: 12-20

Value: Fidelity

Stage 5

Ritualization: Ideology – embracing a philosophy of life

Ritualism: Totalism – embrace simplistic ideas of heroes

Stage 6: Intimacy versus Isolation

Age: 20-24

Value: Love

Stage 6

Ritualization: Affiliation – intimate relationship

Ritualism: Elitism – superficial relationships w/ a small group of people

Stage 7: Generativity versus Stagnation

Age: 25-64

Value: Care

Stage 7

Ritualization: Generationalism – transmit cultural values to next generation

Ritualism: Authoritism – using power for selfish gains

Stage 8: Integrity versus Despair

Age: 65-death

Value: Wisdom

Stage 8

Ritualization: Integralism – unification of previous ritualizations, see one’s life contributing to immortal culture

Ritualism: Sapientism – pretense of being wise

Psychosocial Stages Compared with Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Psychosocial Stage (Erikson)

Psychosexual Stage (Freud)

1. Trust vs. Mistrust Oral

2. Autonomy vs. Shame, Doubt Anal

3. Initiative vs. Guilt Phallic

4. Industry vs. Inferiority Latency

5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion

Genital

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

7. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption

8. Integrity vs. Despair

Goal of Therapy

Strengthen the ego, encourage growth of values