Hormonal Control of Behavior Lecture 10. Chemical Control of Brain n Point-to-point control l...
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Transcript of Hormonal Control of Behavior Lecture 10. Chemical Control of Brain n Point-to-point control l...
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Hormonal Control of Behavior
Lecture 10
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Chemical Control of Brain
Point-to-point control closed-circuit synapse fast, short-lived, local ~
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Chemical Control of Brain
Diffuse control widespread control slower, longer lasting
Diffuse modulatory systems Neuroendocrine system ~
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Hormones & Behavior?
Responses to a changing environment
detect stimulus -------> make response
Effectors muscles glands
Autonomic N.S. Homeostasis ~
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2 Types of Glands
Exocrine ducts sweat, tears, etc.
Endocrine ductless hormones released into blood ~
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Neurohormones
Interact with nervous system Chemical message
Neurotransmitters (NTs) Hormones Pheromones
What’s the difference? ~
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Neurohormones
Similarities chemical messengers act at receptors influence behavior
Differences medium distance traveled time course ~
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Neurohormone Properties
Neurons release molecules into blood Long distances Slower Longer lasting effects Widespread ~
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Function
Developmental sex differentiation testosterone, estradiol
Regulatory Insulin, CCK, etc. Vasopressin, Oxytocin ~
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Types of Neurohormones
Amino acid-derived hormones e.g. epinephrine
• released from adrenal medulla Protein & Peptide Hormones
Bind to membrane receptors Activate the 2nd messenger system ~
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Types of Neurohormones
Steroid Hormones Derived from cholesterol Soluble in lipids Bind to cytoplasmic receptors
regulates gene expression e.g. sex hormones ~
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Neuroendocrine System
Brain Hypothalamus
Releasing Hormones Pituitary gland
Anterior: tropic hormones Posterior: neurohormones
Glands - Hormones ~
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Pituitary Gland 2 parts
different developmental origins Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
no axons from hypothalamus parvocellular neurosecretory cells portal system
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) axons from hypothalamus
magnocellular secretory cells ~
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Anterior Pituitary-Adenohypophysis
Posterior Pituitary-Neurohypophysis
Hypothalamus
Pituitary StalkPituitary
hypophysis
G
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Posterior Pituitary:Supraopticohypophyseal
Tract
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Supraoptic nucleus PVN
Posterior Pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary: Neurohormones
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei
Neurons fire ---> Neurohormones released Transported down axons to posterior pituitary
Peptide Neurohormones Oxytocin Vasopressin ~
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Oxytocin
Induces uterine contractions child birth orgasm during sex
Triggers lactation “letdown reflex” triggered by touch, sight, sound ~
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
AKA: Vasopressin Responds to blood pressure
Induces vasoconstriction Promotes water retention
Kidney: Renin release Angiotensin I ---> Angiotensin II to kidneys & subfornical organ ~
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Subfornical Organ
Subfornical organ - SFO Dorsal 3d ventricle lacks blood-brain barrier A II receptors
Output to Supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
ADH release lateral hypothalamus (LH)
thirst ---> drinking behavior ~
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SFO
Thirst
PVN & SON LH
Hypothalamus
Kidneys
ADH
A II
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ADH (Vasopressin)
Alcohol suppresses ADH release Damage ---> diabetes insipidus
Symptoms
• copius urination
• intense thirst ~
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Anterior Hypothalamus:Hypothalamopituitary
Portal System
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Anterior Hypothalamus
Primordial tissue from roof of mouth No axons from hypothalamus
Parvocellular neurosecretory cells Releasing hormones triggers release of tropic hormones
Tropic hormones ---> various glands
gonads adrenal mammary thyroid ~
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Hypothalamopituitary Portal System
Portal Systems Capillary beds Connected by a vein
• e.g. hepatic portal vein Hypothalamus ---> Anterior Pituitary ~
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G
Capillary Beds
Portal Vein
Neuron
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GRH
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GRH
TH
TH
TH
TH
TH
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Cortisol Regulation Adrenal glands
medulla: NE & E cortex: cortisol
Regulation of cortisol steroid fight/flight & immunosuppression stress response
Receptors widely distributed ~
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Cortisol Regulation
Hypothalamus Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Anterior pituitary Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex Cortisol
Negative feedback to hypothalamus cortisol inhibits own release ~
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Sex Hormones
Hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GRH isolated from pig hypothalami
Anterior Pituitary - Gonadotropins
• Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH• Lutenizing hormone - LH ~
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Gonadotropins: Target Cells
Gonads Testes -
Androgens -Testosterone Ovaries -
Estrogens Estradiol and Progesterone ~
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Gonadotropin Release Patterns
Sex differences FSH & LH both sexes
Males ----> steady Females?
cyclical Transplant male pituitary into female? ~