Horacio Hugo Huarte compiled Nunca Más, Unit 4 Truth and Justice · 2019. 6. 28. · "Valseana" by...
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Elise Piazza Weisenbach Unit 4 Truth and Justice Introduction By the 1980’s the junta faced scrutiny for corruption and human rights abuses. In an effort to sidetrack global and domestic attention, the government attempted to reclaim the Falkland Islands, Las Islas Malvinas, from the British. Assuming the British wouldn’t invest much effort to save the islands was a miscalculation that eventually led to the fall of the regime. Raul Alfonsín’s civilian government replaced the military junta in December, 1983. Alfonsín took over on the 10 th of December and created CONADEP (La Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas) on December 15. Alfonsín wanted to identify those who planned and issued orders, those who followed orders, and those who carried orders to excess. Ernesto Sabato, Ricardo Colombres, René Favaloro, Hilario Fernández Long, Carlos T. Gattinoni, Gregorio Klimovsky, Rabbi Marshall Meyer, Bishop Jaime de Nevares, Eduardo Rabossi, Magdalena Ruiz Guiñazú, Santiago Marcelino López, Hugo Diógenes Piucill and Horacio Hugo Huarte compiled Nunca Más, “ … a comprehensive catalogue of contemporary savagery.”(Shapiro) In Unit 4 Truth and Justice, students will examine how Argentina began to heal from the trauma of El Proceso, the dirty war that terrorized the country from 1976-1983, by researching primary and secondary source documents. Essential Questions for Lessons I-III • How can we use primary source documents to learn about the past? • What causes human beings to terrorize other human beings? • How do traumatized nations begin to heal? • Is truth based on one’s perception? • What is the process of uncovering secret truths? • Why do government policies towards human rights abuse change over time? Objectives Students will: • read and analyze the prologue to Nunca Más by Ernesto Sábato
Transcript of Horacio Hugo Huarte compiled Nunca Más, Unit 4 Truth and Justice · 2019. 6. 28. · "Valseana" by...
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Unit4TruthandJusticeIntroductionBythe1980’sthejuntafacedscrutinyforcorruptionandhumanrightsabuses.Inanefforttosidetrackglobalanddomesticattention,thegovernmentattemptedtoreclaimtheFalklandIslands,LasIslasMalvinas,fromtheBritish.AssumingtheBritishwouldn’tinvestmuchefforttosavetheislandswasamiscalculationthateventuallyledtothefalloftheregime.RaulAlfonsín’sciviliangovernmentreplacedthemilitaryjuntainDecember,1983.Alfonsíntookoveronthe10thofDecemberandcreatedCONADEP(LaComisiónNacionalsobrelaDesaparicióndePersonas)onDecember15.Alfonsínwantedtoidentifythosewhoplannedandissuedorders,thosewhofollowedorders,andthosewhocarriedorderstoexcess.ErnestoSabato,RicardoColombres,RenéFavaloro,HilarioFernándezLong,CarlosT.Gattinoni,GregorioKlimovsky,RabbiMarshallMeyer,BishopJaimedeNevares,EduardoRabossi,MagdalenaRuizGuiñazú,SantiagoMarcelinoLópez,HugoDiógenesPiucillandHoracioHugoHuartecompiledNuncaMás,“…acomprehensivecatalogueofcontemporarysavagery.”(Shapiro)InUnit4TruthandJustice,studentswillexaminehowArgentinabegantohealfromthetraumaofElProceso,thedirtywarthatterrorizedthecountryfrom1976-1983,byresearchingprimaryandsecondarysourcedocuments.EssentialQuestionsforLessonsI-III
• Howcanweuseprimarysourcedocumentstolearnaboutthepast?• Whatcauseshumanbeingstoterrorizeotherhumanbeings?• Howdotraumatizednationsbegintoheal?• Istruthbasedonone’sperception?• Whatistheprocessofuncoveringsecrettruths?• Whydogovernmentpoliciestowardshumanrightsabusechangeovertime?
ObjectivesStudentswill:• readandanalyzetheprologuetoNuncaMásbyErnestoSábato
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• tracethehumanrightspoliciesfromtheAlfonsíntoKirchnergovernments• conductamocktrialofArgentinehumanrightscriminals
LessonIProloguetoNuncaMás
A. Materials
a. NuncaMás-ReportofNationalCommissionontheDisappearanceofPersons(CONADEP),1984http://www.desaparecidos.org/nuncamas/web/english/library/nevagain/nevagain_001.htm
B. ActivitySheetsa. Unit4LessonIProloguetoNuncaMás
C. SuggestedReadingsa. Gareau,FrederickH.Argentina'sDirtyWarexcerptedfromthebookStateTerrorismandthe
UnitedStatesFromCounterinsurgencytotheWaronTerrorism.ClarityPress,2004www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Terrorism/Argentina_STATUS.html
b. Shapiro,Arthur,“NuncaMás:thereportoftheArgentineNationalCommissionontheDisappeared.”TheNewLeader.69(Oct.20,1986):p.17
c. Zaretsky,Natasha.“NeverAgain:TheLegacyofNuncaMásandthePromiseofTruthinDemocraticArgentina.”GenocideChronicles,Wordpress.https://genocidechronicles.wordpress.com/2015/02/15/never-again-the-legacy-of-nunca-mas-and-the-promise-of-truth-in-democratic-argentina/
D. Assessmentsa. Activitysheetresponsesb. Discussionsc. Researchskills
E. ExtensionActivitiesa. ListentotheKristaTippittplaylistofsongsdedicatedtohumanrights.OnBeing
http://www.onbeing.org/program/laying-dead-rest/playlist/967?embed=1
"Desaparecidos"byDenisPlante"Tacuba:12/12"bytheKronosQuartet"MothersoftheDisappeared"byTheVitiminStringQuartet"MothersoftheDisappeared"byU2"Pequena"byMercedesSosa"SeraPosibleelSur"byMercedesSosa
• "WashingtonBullets"byTheClash• "VictorJara'sHands"byCalexico• "TheHandsofVictorJara"byChuck
Brodsky"Sombras"byHectorIvanGarcia"Valseana"bySergioAssad
InstructionsforLessonI.ProloguetoNuncaMásArthurShapirosays,“ReadersofNuncaMáswillcomeawayrevolted,shakenandultimatelynumbedbytherepetitiousnesswithwhichthebarbarismisinventoried,yetunenlightenedastohowitallcametopass.”Theprologue,writtenbyErnestoSábato,discussestheCommission’stask,peoplewhowerevulnerabletohumanrightsviolationsfrom1976-1983,andthereactionoftherepressorstoinvestigations.TheCommissionalsoconsideredtheneedfortruthandjusticeasopposedtovindictivenessorvengeance.However,Sábato’sprologue,consideredbymanytobecontroversial,wasrewrittenundercurrentPresidentCristinaFernándezdeKirchner.Inthislesson,studentswillanalyzetheprologuetolearnabouttheCommission’stask,humanrights,truth,justice,andwhythisdocumentiscontroversial.
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Step1InitiatetheactivitybydiscussingoneormorequoteswrittenbyErnestoSábato.
1. “Thiswentfarbeyondwhatmightbeconsideredcriminaloffences,andtakesusintotheshadowyrealmofcrimesagainsthumanity.”
2. “AfeelingofcompletevulnerabilityspreadthroughoutArgentinesociety,coupledwiththefearthatanyone,howeverinnocent,mightbecomeavictimofthenever-endingwitch-hunt.”
3. “Itwassimplythatthe‘anti-subversive’struggle,likeallhuntsagainstwitchesorthosepossessed,hadbecomeadementedgeneralizedrepression,andtheword‘subversive’itselfcametobeusedwithavastandvaguerangeofmeaning.”
Step2AssignProloguetoNuncaMásforhomework.StudentswillcompleteactivitysheetUnit4ActivitySheetI.ProloguetoNuncaMás.Step3.Studentswillshareresponsestohomeworkactivitysheetinwholeclassdiscussion.
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LessonIIPresidentialHumanRightsAbusePolicies1983-2014
A. Materialsa. Internetb. Schoollibraryc. MarkersandposterboardforLessonIIwallchart
B. ActivitySheetsa. Unit4LessonIIPresidentialHumanRightsAbusePolicies1983-2014
C. SuggestedReadingsa. TheLatinAmericanGovernmentDocumentsArchive(LAGDA)
http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/archives/lagda/b. TheU.S.DepartmentofState’sHumanRightsReport
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/D. Assessments
a. Activitysheetresponsesb. Discussionsc. Groupparticipationd. Researchusingprimaryandsecondarysources
E. ExtensionActivitiesa. ListentoCharlyGarciasing“LosDinosaurios,”asongaboutthemilitaryjunta.
http://letras.com/charly-garcia/197557/
InstructionsforLessonIIPresidentialHumanRightsAbusePolicies1983-2014
Step1Dividetheclassintogroupsforacollaborativeresearchactivity.DirectstudentstotheinternettoresearchhumanrightspoliciescreatedbytheArgentinepresidentsfrom1983to2014.Assigneachgroupapresidenttoresearch.
• RaúlAlfonsisn1983-1989• CarlosMenem1989-1999• FernandodelaRúa1999-2001• NéstorKirchner2003-2007• CristinaFernándezdeKirchner2011-present
Step2CreateachartfortheclassroomwallfeaturingthePresident,datesinoffice,andpoliciesrelatedtohumanrights.
NotetoteachersThisinformationwillalsobeusedforLessonIIITheJuntaonTrial.
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LessonIIITheJuntaonTrial
A. Materialsa. Internetb. Listofspecialprojectsandtestimonialsc. ReadingsfromUnitsI,II,IIIandresourcesintheschoollibrary
B. ActivitySheetsa. Unit4LessonIIITheJuntaonTrial
C. SuggestedReadingsa. "Largesttrialof'DirtyWar'crimesstartsinArgentina."BBCNews28Nov2012.
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20523955Linkstomorearticlesaboutthetrial.
b. Speck,PaulaK.“TheTrialoftheArgentineJunta:ResponsibilitiesandRealities”TheUniversityofMiamiInter-AmericanLawReview,Vol.18,No.3(Spring,1987),pp.491-534
D. Assessmentsa. Activitysheetresponsesb. Discussionsc. Mocktrialresearchandparticipation
E. ExtensionActivitiesa. Suggestedresearch/essaytopics
i. ComparetheArgentineDirtyWarwithHitler’sNaziGermanyii. Crimesagainsthumanityandgenocidetrials:spotlightonGuatemalaandChile.
b. ReadaboutlessonstobelearnedfromtheDirtyWari. UNSecretary-GeneralBanKi-moon(2011)hasurgedthatthelessonslearnedfrom
Argentina’sturnfromdictatorshiptodemocracybeappliedtoNorthAfrica,theMiddleEastandSyria.
ii. BBCNews-Argentina'sDirtyWarlessonsfortheworldhttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15736895
iii. FiveLessonsBushFiveLessonsBushLearnedfromArgentina'sDirtyWarandFiveLessonsfortheRestofUshttp://upsidedownworld.org/main/argentina-archives-32/160-five-lessons-bush-learned-from-argentinas-dirty-war-and-five-lessons-for-the-rest-of-us
c. Organizeadebate:Werethehumanrightsatrocitiesadirtywarorgenocide?InstructionsforLessonIIITheJuntaonTrialArrangeaclasstrialinwhichpoliticalfiguresfromElProcesoaretriedforcrimesagainsthumanity.Studentswilluseprimarysourcedocuments,testimonialsandnewspapers.Ifthetrialisfictionalized,studentscanincludecharactersfromliteratureandfilm.Step1Organizetheclassbygroups.Suggestedrolesforactors:
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ChildrenofthedisappearedGovernmentofficialsPrisonguardsExiledandcensoredcitizensFormervictimsHumanrightsrepresentativesHistoriansJudge
JuryLawyersMilitaryofvariousranksPsychiatristRabbis,bishop,priestsReporters/JournalistsWitnesses
Step2Provideclasstimeforgroupsto:
• researchinthelibraryoronline• organizeroles,preparescripts,costumesandvisuals
Thejudgeshouldcoordinatethesequenceofeventsduringthetrial,monitorspeedofthetrial,provideintroductoryandconcludingstatements.TheJuntaonTrialiswellsuitedformid-termorendoftheyearperformancebasedassessments.NotetotheteacherTeachersmaywanttoshowtheaward-winningmovie,TheOfficialStory,orImaginingArgentinatostudentstohelpthemenvisionArgentinaduringtheDirtyWar.TheJuntaonTrialisanappropriateactivityforalargeclass.Unit3AVisitfromtheOASmaybebettersuitedforsmallerclasses.
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SpecialProjectsMemoriaAbiertahttp://www.memoriaabierta.org.arMemoria Abierta preserves, recuperates, catalogues, and diffuses the documentary collections of the humanrightsorganizationsthatcompriseMemoriaAbiertaaswellasprivatearchivesrelatedtoStateterrorism.Atthesametime,MemoriaAbiertaproducesdocumentarysourcesandtestimoniesthatallowforadeepeningoftheknowledgeabouttheperiodofpoliticalviolenceinArgentina.(EnglishandSpanish)“NuncaMas:ReportofConadep(NationalCommissionontheDisappearanceofPersons).”EditorialUniversitariadeBuenosAiresandWritersandScholarsInternationalLtd3.Dec.2014.http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/eng.htmlSitebreaksdownArgentineDirtyWarintosectionsthatinclude:TheRepression,TheVictims,TheJudiciaryduringtheRepression,CreationandOrganizationoftheNationalCommissionontheDisappeared,TheDoctrineontheDisappeared,andRecommendationsandConclusions.Subsectionsincludetestimonialsthatcorrespondtothesectiontopic.(EnglishandSpanish)OldLymetoBuenosAires:TheExperiencesofaDistinguishedFulbrightTeacher2013https://jsmanfredi.wordpress.com/resources/BlogbyConnecticuthighschoolteacher,andFulbrightscholar,JeanneManfredi.ExploreseffortsbyvariousorganizationstopreserveArgentina'scollectivememoryaroundthedictatorshipfrom1976-1983.Documentsfirsthandexperienceswithcollectivememory.Includeslinkstoarticles,movies,andspecialprojects.ExcellentresourceontheMadresdelaPlazadeMayo.“ProyectoDesaparecidos”3.Dec.2014.Web.http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/FocusonLosDesaparecidosofArgentinaandcontainslinkstobackgroundinformation,documents,essays,testimonialsetc.onthetopic.SiteisinSpanishandEnglish,containssomepictures.http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/eng.html“TheVanishedGallery”3.Dec.2014.Web.http://www.yendor.com/vanished/index.htmlFocusonLosDesaparecidosofArgentina.Includeslinkstoinformationaboutthevictims,thepeopleresponsibleforcrimesagainsthumanity,CONADEP,andhumanrightsorganizations.(English)PreparedbyJustinCampos,BranfordHighSchool,2015
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TestimonialsBarrionuevo,Alexie.Daugherof'DirtyWar'Raisedbythemanwhokilledherparents.TheNewYorkTimes.8Oct2011.Web.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/world/americas/argentinas-daughter-of-dirty-war-raised-by-man-who-killed-her-parents.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0Afternearlytenyearsofincessantsearchingbyhumanrightsgroups,DNAtestinganddenial,VictoriaMontenegrodiscoversthatthemanshebelievedwasherfatherwasactuallythemilitaryColonelwhomurderedherparents,stoleher,andillegallymadeherhisownchild.Montenegro'sstoryaboutlife,loss,betrayal,andtrust.EsteladeCarlotto,aGuido:"Estoysonrientetodoeltiempo,porculpatuya".LaNación.www.lanacion.com.ar/1731822-estela-de-carlotto-a-guido-estoy-sonriente-todo-el-tiempo-por-culpa-tuyaEsteladeCarlotto,headoftheAbuelasdePlazadeMayo,andhergrandsonGuidodiscussthehappinessoftheirreunion.Spanish.Forero,Juan.Argentina'sdirtyWarStillHauntsYoungestVictims.NationalPublicRadio27Feb2010http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124125440AlejandroReidiscoversthathewasaDirtyWarorphan.Goldman,Francisco."ChildrenoftheDirtyWar:Argentina'sStolenOrphans."NewYorker.19Mar2012.Web.http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/03/19/children-of-the-dirty-war.StoryofChichaMarianiandtheAbuelasdePlazadeMayowhofoundstolen/disappearedchildrenofthewarandreturnedthemtotheirbiologicalfamilies/relatives.Goñi,UkiAgrandmother's36-yearhuntforthechildstolenbytheArgentinianjunta.TheGuardian7June2015.www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/07/grandmothers-of-plaza-de-mayo-36-year-hunt-for-stolen-childSims,Calvin.“ArgentineTellsofDumping'DirtyWar'CaptivesIntoSea.”NewYorkTimes.13Mar1995.http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/13/world/argentine-tells-of-dumping-dirty-war-captives-into-sea.htmlDetailsandexplainsthe"deathflights,"whichoccurredduringtheDirtyWar,andspecificallydiscussestheexperiencesofformerNavycommanderAdolfoFranciscoScilingo.Sutterud,Tone.“I'machildofArgentina'sdisappeared.”TheGuardian.27Dec2014.www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/dec/27/child-argentinas-disappeared-new-family-identity?CMP=fb_guJorgelinaMolinaPlanasreclaimedherlostidentityatage26.ShegrewupinArgentinaasCarolinaMaríaSala,namedbyheradoptiveparents.Herbiologicalfatherwasshotdeadandhermotherdisappearedin1977.Thompson,Wright.“WhiletheWorldWatched.”ESPN.9Jun.2014.Web.http://www.espn.go.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/11036214/while-world-watched-world-cup-brings-back-memories-argentina-dirty-warDiscussesthegovernment’sinvolvementineveryaspectofArgentinesociety,specificallyinthe1978WorldCup.Alsoprovidespersonalstoriesfromsurvivorsandfamilymembersofthosewhoweredisappeared.WARNING:graphicdetailsoftorture.HumanRightsandTestimonialFiction:AliciaPartnoyandtheCaseofArgentina’sDisappeared.Web.https://www.academia.edu/368268/Human_Rights_and_Testimonial_Fiction_Alicia_Partnoy_and_the_Case_of_Argentina_s_Disappeared
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DiscusseshumanrightsandjusticeinArgentina.IncludestestimonyfromAliciaPartnoy,Argentinianpoetandformerprisoner.Ludden,Jennifer.LifeinArgentina's'LittleSchool'PrisonCamp.NPR.20May.2013.Audioandarticle.http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=185559556JenniferLuddeninterviewspoetandformerprisonerAliciaPartnoy.ArticledetailsPartnoy'sdisappearanceandtimespentatArgentina's'LittleSchool'PrisonCamp.Werman,Marco.“Conflict&Justice:UncoveringtheCrimesofArgentina'sJunta.”PRI'sTheWorld.6Jul2012.Web/Audio(radiointerview)http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-07-06/uncovering-crimes-argentinas-juntaRobertCox,editoroftheBuenosAiresHerald,givespersonalaccountsregardingthedisappeared.AlsodiscussestheroleoftheArgentinemilitaryinbabytheft.“DNAusedtoIdentifyArgentina'sDirtyWarOrphans.”NationalPublicRadio.16Mar2012.Audioandarticle.www.npr.org/2012/03/16/148732809/-dirty-war-children-returned-to-argentine-relativesThetrueidentityofmediamogulErnestinaNoble'schildrenisdiscussed.ThearticlealsostressestheimportanceofDNAtestinginprovingadoptedchildrentobechildrenofthedisappeared.PreparedbySophiaGentile,BranfordHighSchool,2015
