HONORS CHEMISTRY September 9, 2013. Atomic History Democritus Democritus Dalton Dalton JJ Thomson JJ...

HONORS CHEMISTRYHONORS CHEMISTRY

September 9, 2013September 9, 2013

Atomic HistoryAtomic History DemocritusDemocritus

DaltonDalton

JJ ThomsonJJ Thomson

RutherfordRutherford

ChadwickChadwick BohrBohr

Matter is composed of empty Matter is composed of empty space in which atoms movespace in which atoms move

Elements consist of atoms and Elements consist of atoms and compounds are collection of atomscompounds are collection of atoms

““Plum pudding model” : Atoms Plum pudding model” : Atoms contain negative particles called contain negative particles called electronselectrons

Alpha particles, positive charge Alpha particles, positive charge with a mass 7500x of electron. with a mass 7500x of electron. Proved the plum pudding model Proved the plum pudding model was wrong. Nucleus center ( +) was wrong. Nucleus center ( +) and tiny electrons moved in space and tiny electrons moved in space around it.around it.

Discovered neutrons (slightly more Discovered neutrons (slightly more massive than a proton).massive than a proton).

Electrons are in circular paths Electrons are in circular paths depending on their energy levelsdepending on their energy levels

Atomic HistoryAtomic History De BroglieDe Broglie SchrodingerSchrodinger

MillikanMillikan

MoseleyMoseley

electrons move in waves rather electrons move in waves rather than straight circular pathsthan straight circular paths

Wave Mechanical Model or Wave Mechanical Model or Quantum Mechanical Model. Quantum Mechanical Model. Furthered De Broglie’s idea of Furthered De Broglie’s idea of waves by stating that electrons waves by stating that electrons are in clouds but in certain energy are in clouds but in certain energy regionregion

Oil drop experiment: discovered Oil drop experiment: discovered that atoms had positive and that atoms had positive and negative charges and that they negative charges and that they equal each otherequal each other

Helped to arrange atoms in the Helped to arrange atoms in the periodic table. Atoms were periodic table. Atoms were arranged in increasing atomic arranged in increasing atomic number using wavelengths and number using wavelengths and

x-raysx-rays

Atoms, Isotopes and IonsAtoms, Isotopes and Ions

How do atoms of different How do atoms of different elements differ?elements differ?

The Modern View of Atomic The Modern View of Atomic StructureStructure

What are the particles that make up an What are the particles that make up an atom and how do they differ from one atom and how do they differ from one another?another?

protonproton mass = 1 amu charge = +1mass = 1 amu charge = +1 neutronneutron mass = 1mass = 1 amu charge = 0amu charge = 0 electronelectron mass = “0” amu charge = mass = “0” amu charge = --11 1 amu = 1.6726 x 101 amu = 1.6726 x 10-27-27 kg kg 1/18401/1840

02m14an102m14an1

02m14an1.mov.lnk

atoms have equal numbers of protons atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons so they are electrically and electrons so they are electrically neutralneutral

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

Atomic numberAtomic numberNumber of protons in an atomNumber of protons in an atom Identifies the elementIdentifies the element

C6

Carbon12.01115

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

Use the Periodic Table to complete the Use the Periodic Table to complete the following. following. 1. What element has the atomic number 18?1. What element has the atomic number 18?

2. What element has 35 protons?2. What element has 35 protons?

How are atoms of one element How are atoms of one element different from those of another different from those of another

element?element?They have different numbers of these They have different numbers of these

subatomic particles.subatomic particles.

H1

Hydrogen

Atomic Number

Chemical Symbol

Element Name

1.00797Average Atomic Mass

How do we distinguish between atoms? How do we distinguish between atoms? Do all atoms of an element have the same Do all atoms of an element have the same

composition? composition?

Heavy Water and Water Ice Cube in Heavy Water and Water Ice Cube in waterwater

IsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopes

atom_parts.exe.lnk

IsotopesIsotopesIsotopesIsotopes What implication does this have for the masses

of atoms? Average atomic mass

Isotopes differ only in the number of Neutrons Difference is shown by their mass numbers Notation: superscript for mass number, which is

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons Notation: subscript for atomic number, which is

the number of protons (or electrons)

73Li 9

4Be 115B

nuclear_particles.exe.lnk

Nuclear ParticlesNuclear ParticlesNuclear ParticlesNuclear ParticlesHow many of each particle (protons, neutrons How many of each particle (protons, neutrons

and electrons) are in these atoms?and electrons) are in these atoms?

767635 35 Br Br 7878

3535Br Br 80803535BrBr

141477NN 1515

77NN

181888OO 1717

88OO 161688OO 1515

88OO

IonsIons

When an atom loses or gains electrons When an atom loses or gains electrons and acquires a net electrical charge.and acquires a net electrical charge.Gain electrons – negative ion - anionGain electrons – negative ion - anionLose electrons – positive ion - cationLose electrons – positive ion - cation

MgMg2+

IonsIons

Charge of ion = # of protons - # of electronsCharge of ion = # of protons - # of electrons

How many protons, neutrons and electrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons does does 4141

2020CaCa2+2+ have? have?

How many protons, neutrons and electrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons does does 7878

3535Br Br -- have? have?

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share

Atomic Structure WorksheetAtomic Structure Worksheet

Closure

1. How many protons, neutron and electrons 1. How many protons, neutron and electrons does Mg have? does Mg have?

2. How many protons, neutron and electrons 2. How many protons, neutron and electrons does does 77

44BeBe -2-2 have? have?

Brain TeaserBrain Teaser Place homework on your deskPlace homework on your desk How many protons, neutrons and electrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons

does does 32321111NaNa

+1+1 have? have? Who developed the planetary model of the Who developed the planetary model of the

atom based on quantum energy levelsatom based on quantum energy levels Who discovered that most of the atom’s Who discovered that most of the atom’s

mass is located in the nucleus of an atom mass is located in the nucleus of an atom and the atom is mostly empty spaceand the atom is mostly empty space

Who discovered the electrons and Who discovered the electrons and developed the plum pudding model of the developed the plum pudding model of the atomatom

Agenda Agenda Brain TeaserBrain Teaser Grade Homework: Atomic Structure WorksheetGrade Homework: Atomic Structure Worksheet Notes:Notes:

Wave and Particle Nature of LightWave and Particle Nature of LightLine SpectraLine SpectraQuantum TheoryQuantum TheoryBohr ModelsBohr Models

HomeworkHomeworkBohr’s Model Worksheet/Isotope Worksheet Bohr’s Model Worksheet/Isotope Worksheet

Review (Insert)Review (Insert)

Mass of Proton: 1.67 x 10Mass of Proton: 1.67 x 10-24-24 grams = 1 grams = 1 amuamuMass of Neutron: 1.67 x 10Mass of Neutron: 1.67 x 10-24-24 grams = 1 grams = 1 amuamu Mass of Electron: 9.1 x 10Mass of Electron: 9.1 x 10-28-28 grams grams

(essentially zero)(essentially zero)

Unit 3Unit 3Light and Quantized EnergyLight and Quantized Energy

Electron ConfigurationElectron Configuration

Objective:Objective: Learn how electrons are arranged in an atom and Learn how electrons are arranged in an atom and

how that arrangement plays a role in their chemical how that arrangement plays a role in their chemical behaviorbehavior

How do we know what makes How do we know what makes up an atom?up an atom?

The Atom is a Scientific ModelThe Atom is a Scientific Model

With the scanning tunneling microscope With the scanning tunneling microscope we can see atoms, but we still cannot see we can see atoms, but we still cannot see their internal structure.their internal structure.

Scientific models are created by Scientific models are created by experiments, but are often modified.experiments, but are often modified.

There may be flaws in the current model.There may be flaws in the current model.

See the electron microscope image of the See the electron microscope image of the molecular art drawn with gold (Au) atoms.molecular art drawn with gold (Au) atoms.

See the image of graphite. Are these images See the image of graphite. Are these images proof of atoms? How do we see atoms?proof of atoms? How do we see atoms?

What do atoms look like?What do atoms look like?

benzenebenzene nickelnickel

graphitegraphite

How do we know what How do we know what makes up atoms?makes up atoms?

Cathode Ray TubesCathode Ray Tubes

Why does the beam bend?Why does the beam bend?

Gold Foil ExperimentGold Foil ExperimentGold Foil ExperimentGold Foil Experiment

Examine the diagram of Rutherford’s alpha ray Examine the diagram of Rutherford’s alpha ray experiment. What is the implication of this experiment. What is the implication of this experiment?experiment?

Gold Foil Exp.MOV

atomic Au foil.MOV

Line SpectraLine Spectra

Bright LineBright Line Spectra SpectraLines Lines of of color color produced by light emitted from produced by light emitted from

heatingheating substances and passing them through a substances and passing them through a prismprism

FingerprintsFingerprints of elements of elementsResearchers can determine values of energy Researchers can determine values of energy

levels in atomslevels in atomsUsed to Used to identifyidentify different elements different elements

700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350

Observation of unique line Observation of unique line spectra led to Quantum Theoryspectra led to Quantum Theory

Nucleus

First

Second

Third

FourthE=hν

DemoDemoPoint Spectroscope towards the fluorescent Point Spectroscope towards the fluorescent

light bulb light bulb Observe the bright line spectrum of mercury Observe the bright line spectrum of mercury

and phosphorous and phosphorous

Where all of this has led toWhere all of this has led to

Bohr Model – did some good things but it Bohr Model – did some good things but it is not the whole truth.is not the whole truth.

Some Questions Some Questions Some Questions Some Questions

Color arises from electrons shifting from one Color arises from electrons shifting from one orbital to another of different energyorbital to another of different energy

Ground state and excited state Ground state and excited state

What shift would give rise to emission of light? What shift would give rise to emission of light? to absorption of light?to absorption of light?

Na excitation.MOV

absorb_emit.exe

Where all of this has lead toWhere all of this has lead to

Quantum ModelQuantum Model

What is the Quantum Mechanical What is the Quantum Mechanical Model?Model?

It predicts quantized energy levels for It predicts quantized energy levels for electrons, like the Bohr model.electrons, like the Bohr model.

What is Quantum Theory?What is Quantum Theory?

It does not describe the exact path that It does not describe the exact path that electrons take around the nucleus of an electrons take around the nucleus of an atom, but is concerned with the probability atom, but is concerned with the probability of an electron being in a certain place.of an electron being in a certain place.

Nucleus

OrbitalsOrbitals

Areas where an electron can be foundAreas where an electron can be foundCan have up to two electronsCan have up to two electronsFuzzy boundaries Fuzzy boundaries “Electron Cloud” “Electron Cloud”

The Closed Sphere ModelThe Closed Sphere Model

For convenienceFor convenienceShows where the electron is 90% of the Shows where the electron is 90% of the

timetime

The Heisenberg Uncertainty The Heisenberg Uncertainty PrinciplePrinciple

You can never know exactly where an You can never know exactly where an electron is if you know exactly how fast it electron is if you know exactly how fast it is moving.is moving.

You can never know exactly how fast an You can never know exactly how fast an electron is moving if you know exactly electron is moving if you know exactly where it is.where it is.

Bohr DiagramBohr DiagramPractice WorksheetPractice Worksheet

THE ENDTHE END

Brain TeaserPlace Homework on your deskWrite the complete symbol from the given

information below: 20 protons, 22 neutrons, 18 electrons15 protons, 17 neutrons, 18 electrons17 protons, 18 neutrons, 17 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there for each of the following atoms or ions?12 B+3

80 35

Br

AgendaAgenda

Brain TeaserBrain TeaserGrade HomeworkGrade HomeworkBright Line-Emission SpectraBright Line-Emission SpectraPractice QuizPractice QuizHomeworkHomework

Study for Quiz (Friday)Study for Quiz (Friday)

Grade HomeworkGrade Homework

Bohr Diagram WorksheetBohr Diagram WorksheetLook for patterns:Look for patterns:

PeriodPeriodGroup Group

Label Periodic TableLabel Periodic Table Isotopes WorksheetIsotopes Worksheet

Bright Line Emission Spectra Bright Line Emission Spectra Lab ActivityLab Activity

ObjectiveObjective Identify different metals through flame tests and using Identify different metals through flame tests and using

bright line emission spectrabright line emission spectra

BackgroundBackground Light = Electromagnetic radiationLight = Electromagnetic radiation Frequency of light relates to energy (Diagram)Frequency of light relates to energy (Diagram)

Higher Frequency = Higher EnergyHigher Frequency = Higher EnergyFrequency and Color are related Frequency and Color are related

((LowLow)Radio, M, IR, Visible, UV, X-Ray, Gamma Ray()Radio, M, IR, Visible, UV, X-Ray, Gamma Ray(HighHigh))

Visible Light: (Lower) R O Y G B I V (Higher)Visible Light: (Lower) R O Y G B I V (Higher) White light has all the colorsWhite light has all the colors

Prism/Diffraction Gratin Prism/Diffraction Gratin Breaks up colors Breaks up colors Gaseous element contained in a tube Gaseous element contained in a tube

energize it with electricity energize it with electricity glow/gives off glow/gives off visible lightvisible light

BackgroundBackgroundElectrons absorbing energy “excited”Electrons absorbing energy “excited”Electrons giving off energy Electrons giving off energy Gives off light Gives off lightAll atoms have all energy levels but they may All atoms have all energy levels but they may

not have e- on them. (Diagram)not have e- on them. (Diagram)e- jumps to a higher energy level “e- jumps to a higher energy level “excitedexcited” state” statee- will give off energy/falls back down e- will give off energy/falls back down give off give off

visible light (lowest possible energy level = visible light (lowest possible energy level = groundground state)state)Energy of photon is proportional to the colorEnergy of photon is proportional to the color

Some energy are given off as invisible spectrum like IR or UVSome energy are given off as invisible spectrum like IR or UV Red photon is lower in energy compared to blue photonRed photon is lower in energy compared to blue photon

BackgroundBackground Tube filled with Ne, H, or He (discrete lines) Tube filled with Ne, H, or He (discrete lines)

Atomic Emission SpectraAtomic Emission Spectra e- cannot have any amount of energy but only e- cannot have any amount of energy but only

certain amount of energy (no in b/w color)certain amount of energy (no in b/w color)Evidence: only certain colors are given off. e- Evidence: only certain colors are given off. e-

exist only at certain distances from the nucleusexist only at certain distances from the nucleus Every element has a unique emission spectrum Every element has a unique emission spectrum

because it has different electron configuration because it has different electron configuration Emission Spectra as a fingerprint of elementsEmission Spectra as a fingerprint of elements

Applications: Astrophysics or ForensicsApplications: Astrophysics or Forensics

BackgroundBackground

Electrons are only allowed in certain Electrons are only allowed in certain energy levels, only have a certain amount energy levels, only have a certain amount of energy, can only give off a certain of energy, can only give off a certain amount of energy (quantized energy)amount of energy (quantized energy)

Different elements have different Different elements have different frequencies and they give off a different frequencies and they give off a different set of colorsset of colors


700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350


Nucleus

First

Second

Third

FourthE=hν

Element Finger PrintElement Finger PrintElement Finger PrintElement Finger Print

07m07an107m07an107m07an1.mov.lnk

SpectroscopesSpectroscopes

Practice using the SpectroscopesPractice using the SpectroscopesWhat do you see?What do you see?Where is it coming from?Where is it coming from?

SpectraSpectra Observe through Observe through

spectroscopespectroscope Record measurements Record measurements

and notesand notes Switch roles to judge Switch roles to judge

precision of precision of observationobservation

LabLabLine Spectrum Station RotationLine Spectrum Station Rotation

Data AnalysisData Analysis Compare spectra to Compare spectra to

various reference various reference sourcessources

Identify substanceIdentify substance Work on study Work on study

questionsquestions

At each Station

Lab RotationLab Rotation

Identify the emission spectra for 5 gas tubes Identify the emission spectra for 5 gas tubes and 4 stations for Flame testsand 4 stations for Flame testsFlame test: Dip the sticks in water and WEAR Flame test: Dip the sticks in water and WEAR

GOGGLES!GOGGLES! Use colored pencils to mark the reference for Use colored pencils to mark the reference for

each station (Gas Tubes)each station (Gas Tubes) Use colored pencils to mark the reference for Use colored pencils to mark the reference for

Flame TestsFlame Tests Write a qualitative analysis on each emission Write a qualitative analysis on each emission

spectrumspectrum

Questions?Questions?

Color Coding the Periodic TableColor Coding the Periodic TableActivityActivity

Read handoutRead handoutFill out Family Ties (Student Worksheet)Fill out Family Ties (Student Worksheet)

Homework:Homework:Study for Quiz (Friday)Study for Quiz (Friday)

StartStart

Pair APair ASpectraSpectra Observe through Observe through

spectroscopespectroscope Record measurements Record measurements

and notesand notes Switch roles to judge Switch roles to judge

precision of precision of observationobservation

LabLabLine Spectrum Station RotationLine Spectrum Station Rotation

Pair BPair BData AnalysisData Analysis Compare spectra to Compare spectra to

various reference various reference sourcessources

Identify substanceIdentify substance Work on study Work on study

questionsquestions

At each Station

SpectroscopesSpectroscopes

What do you see?What do you see?Where is it coming from?Where is it coming from?


700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350

Brain TeaserBrain Teaser

Explain why each element can produce its Explain why each element can produce its own bright line spectrumown bright line spectrum

700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350

AgendaAgenda

Brain TeaserBrain TeaserPre-Test: Periodic TrendsPre-Test: Periodic TrendsNotes: Notes:

Bohr’s ModelBohr’s ModelOrbital Diagrams and Electron ConfigurationOrbital Diagrams and Electron Configuration

Practice Writing electron configurationPractice Writing electron configurationHomeworkHomework

Electron configuration worksheetElectron configuration worksheet

Bohr's ModelBohr's ModelBohr's ModelBohr's ModelModel ofModel of

electronselectronsin fixedin fixedorbits to orbits to explain explain quantizationquantization Figure 6.14Figure 6.14

TransitionsTransitionsbetweenbetweenorbitsorbitsemits oremits orabsorbsabsorbslightlight 07m07an107m07an1

07m07an1.mov.lnk


Nucleus

First

Second

Third

FourthE=hν

Orbital Diagrams and Electron Orbital Diagrams and Electron ConfigurationsConfigurations

n = Principle quantum number n = Principle quantum number Describes the energy level the electron occupiesDescribes the energy level the electron occupies

n = 1

n = 2n = 3n = 4

Orbital Energy LevelsOrbital Energy Levels

Ground stateGround state

Excited statesExcited states

Shape of orbitalShape of orbital

designated by thedesignated by the

lettersletters

s, p, d, f, gs, p, d, f, g

Shapes of OrbitalsShapes of OrbitalsShapes of OrbitalsShapes of Orbitals Shape of orbital designated by the lettersShape of orbital designated by the letters

s, p, d, f, gs, p, d, f, g Orbitals have Orbitals have

different shapesdifferent shapes

The s orbital has a spherical shape centered aroundthe origin of the three axes in space.

s Orbital shapes Orbital shape

There are three dumbbell-shaped p orbitals in each energy level above n = 1, each assigned to its own axis (x, y and z) in space.

p orbital shapep orbital shape

Things get a bit more complicated with the five d orbitals that are found in the d sublevels beginning with n = 3. To remember the shapes, think of “double dumbells”

…and a “dumbell with a donut”!

d orbital d orbital shapesshapes

Shape of f orbitalsShape of f orbitals

CombinationCombination

of electronof electron

microscopymicroscopy

and x-rayand x-ray

diffractiondiffraction

producedproduced

image ofimage of

orbitalsorbitals

Sets of Orbitals (Subshells)Sets of Orbitals (Subshells)Sets of Orbitals (Subshells)Sets of Orbitals (Subshells)

Depending on the type of orbital, we find that they Depending on the type of orbital, we find that they occur in occur in sets differing in their orientationsets differing in their orientation in in spacespace

s - set of 1s - set of 1 p - set of 3p - set of 3 d - set of 5 d - set of 5 f - set of 7f - set of 7

Orbitals.exe.lnk

Sizes of orbitalsSizes of orbitalsSize depends on the value of Size depends on the value of nn

Orbitals with the same Orbitals with the same nn are about the are about the same sizesame size

Check for understandingCheck for understanding

What is the principal quantum number for What is the principal quantum number for Ar?Ar?

What are the subshells?What are the subshells?How many sets of electrons are found in How many sets of electrons are found in

each subshell?each subshell?

Electron Configurations of Electron Configurations of Some AtomsSome Atoms

Electron Configurations of Electron Configurations of Some AtomsSome Atoms

The The firstfirstten ten elementselements

1s1

1s2

1s2 2s1

1s2 2s2

1s2 2s2 2p1

1s2 2s2 2p2

1s2 2s2 2p3

1s2 2s2 2p4

1s2 2s2 2p5

1s2 2s2 2p6

Shorthand Notation for OrbitalsShorthand Notation for OrbitalsShorthand Notation for OrbitalsShorthand Notation for Orbitals

Combinations of first two quantum Combinations of first two quantum numbers; number of orbital types equals numbers; number of orbital types equals the shell number (n).the shell number (n).

1s1s2s, 2p2s, 2p3s, 3p, 3d3s, 3p, 3d4s, 4p, 4d, 4f4s, 4p, 4d, 4f5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, (5g)5s, 5p, 5d, 5f, (5g)6s, 6p, 6d, 6f, (6g, 6h)6s, 6p, 6d, 6f, (6g, 6h)(Stop: Period 5)(Stop: Period 5)

HONORS CHEMISTRY HONORS CHEMISTRY


Brain TeaserBrain Teaser

Place Homework on your deskPlace Homework on your deskWrite the Electron Configuration for the Write the Electron Configuration for the

following elements:following elements:SiSiCoCoSeSe

AgendaAgenda

Brain TeaserBrain TeaserGrade WorksheetGrade WorksheetReviewReview

Writing Electron ConfigurationWriting Electron ConfigurationNotes: Orbital DiagramNotes: Orbital DiagramHomeworkHomework

Short Hand Electron ConfigurationShort Hand Electron ConfigurationOrbital DiagramOrbital Diagram

Grade HomeworkGrade Homework

Refer to Worksheet (Arrangement of Refer to Worksheet (Arrangement of Electrons I)Electrons I)

Check for understanding (P6)Check for understanding (P6)

What is the principal quantum number for What is the principal quantum number for Ar?Ar?

What are the subshells?What are the subshells?How many sets of electrons are found in How many sets of electrons are found in

each subshell?each subshell?

Aufbau PrincipleAufbau Principle

Aufbau Principle: start with the nucleus and Aufbau Principle: start with the nucleus and empty orbitals, then “build” up the electron empty orbitals, then “build” up the electron configuration using orbitals of increasing configuration using orbitals of increasing energyenergy

Aufbau.exe

Electron ConfigurationsElectron ConfigurationsElectron ConfigurationsElectron Configurations

Electron Spin and Pauli Exclusion Electron Spin and Pauli Exclusion Principle:Principle: Only two electrons can occupy a Only two electrons can occupy a

single orbital and they must have single orbital and they must have opposite spinsopposite spins

Electron ConfigurationsElectron Configurations

Hund's Rule: Hund's Rule: When filling a subshell, such as the When filling a subshell, such as the

set of 3 p orbitals, place 1 electron set of 3 p orbitals, place 1 electron in each before pairing up electrons in each before pairing up electrons in a single orbitalin a single orbital

Electron ConfigurationsElectron Configurations

Arrangement of electrons in the orbitals is Arrangement of electrons in the orbitals is called the electron configuration of the called the electron configuration of the atomatom

The ground state configuration can be The ground state configuration can be predicted, using the Aufbau Principle, the predicted, using the Aufbau Principle, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund’s Rule.Rule.

Electron configurationsElectron configurations Filling _ rules.exeFilling _ rules.exe

How do we know what the filling How do we know what the filling order is?order is?

What chemistry tool might we rely on?What chemistry tool might we rely on?

Electron Configurations and Electron Configurations and the Periodic Tablethe Periodic Table

Electron Configurations and Electron Configurations and the Periodic Tablethe Periodic Table

Valence electron configurations repeat Valence electron configurations repeat down a groupdown a group

aufbau.exe.lnk

Ground state electron Ground state electron configurationsconfigurations

Example: LiExample: Liatomic number = 3atomic number = 3nucleus has 3 protonsnucleus has 3 protonsneutral atom has 3 electronsneutral atom has 3 electrons

2 electrons in 12 electrons in 1ss orbital, 1 electron in 2 orbital, 1 electron in 2ss orbital orbital

1s

2s

Different ways to show electron Different ways to show electron configurationconfiguration

Read this “one s two”not “one s squared”

1s

2s

1s 2s

Li 1s2 2s1

Energy level diagram Box notation

Spectroscopic notation

Write the superscript 1.Don’t leave it blank

PracticePractice

Review (on separate sheet of paper)Review (on separate sheet of paper)Electron ConfigurationElectron ConfigurationOrbital DiagramOrbital Diagram

Electron configuration worksheetElectron configuration worksheet

Using the Periodic TableUsing the Periodic Table

The last subshell in the electron configuration is one of theseThe last subshell in the electron configuration is one of these(row #) s(row #) s (row # – 1) d(row # – 1) d

(row #) p(row #) p (row # – 2) f(row # – 2) f

The f-block is inserted into to The f-block is inserted into to the d-blockthe d-block

Electron configuration of OElectron configuration of O Atomic number of O = 8 so neutral atom has 8 eAtomic number of O = 8 so neutral atom has 8 e––

Electron configuration of CoElectron configuration of Co Atomic number of Co = 27 so neutral atom has 27 eAtomic number of Co = 27 so neutral atom has 27 e––

Simplifying electron Simplifying electron configurationsconfigurations

Build on the atom’s Build on the atom’s noble gas corenoble gas core

He 1sHe 1s22

O 1sO 1s222s2s222p2p44

O [He]2sO [He]2s222p2p44

Ar 1sAr 1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p66

Co 1sCo 1s222s2s222p2p663s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d77

Co [Ar]4sCo [Ar]4s223d3d77

1s 2s 2p

3s 3p

4s 3d

1s 2s 2p

Noble GasesNoble Gases

Far right of the periodic tableFar right of the periodic tableThese elements are extremely unreactive These elements are extremely unreactive

or inertor inertThey rarely form compounds with other They rarely form compounds with other

elementselements

Noble Gas electron configurationsNoble Gas electron configurations

What is the electron configurations for What is the electron configurations for NeonNeon

Abbreviated way to write configurationsAbbreviated way to write configurationsStart with full outer shell then add on Start with full outer shell then add on

BrBrBaBa

Noble GasesNoble Gases

Neon- emits brilliant light when stimulated by Neon- emits brilliant light when stimulated by electricity – neon signs- 4electricity – neon signs- 4thth most abundant element most abundant element in the universe.in the universe.

Helium- light non reactive gas- used balloons- Helium- light non reactive gas- used balloons- inexpensive, plentiful and harmlessinexpensive, plentiful and harmless

Radon- radioactive gas- can cause cancer- Radon- radioactive gas- can cause cancer- colorless, odorless emitted from for certain rocks colorless, odorless emitted from for certain rocks undergroundunderground

Properties of atoms correlate with the Properties of atoms correlate with the number and energy of electronsnumber and energy of electrons

Electron configurations are used to Electron configurations are used to summarize the distribution of electrons summarize the distribution of electrons among the various orbitalsamong the various orbitals

Why are we doing all of this?Why are we doing all of this?

PracticePracticePracticePractice

3-3 Practice3-3 PracticeWrite the complete electron Write the complete electron

configurations and noble gas configurations and noble gas shorthand #1-4shorthand #1-4

PracticePractice

1.1. Refer to a periodic table and write the Refer to a periodic table and write the electron configurations of these atoms. electron configurations of these atoms.

2.2. Write the configurations using shorthand Write the configurations using shorthand notation.notation.

ZnZn

II

CsCs

The f-block is inserted into to The f-block is inserted into to the d-blockthe d-block

Find the electron configuration Find the electron configuration of Auof Au

Locate Au on the periodic tableLocate Au on the periodic table


Au [Xe]Au [Xe] The noble gas core is XeThe noble gas core is Xe


Au [Xe]6sAu [Xe]6s22

The noble gas core is XeThe noble gas core is Xe From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row

6s 6s22


Au [Xe]6sAu [Xe]6s224f4f1414

The noble gas core is XeThe noble gas core is Xe From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row

6s 6s22

Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block 4f 4f1414

note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4


Au [Xe]6sAu [Xe]6s224f4f14145d5d99

The noble gas core is XeThe noble gas core is Xe From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row From Xe, go 2 spaces across the s-block in the 6th row 6s 6s22

Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block Then detour to go 14 spaces across the f-block 4f 4f1414

note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4note: for the f-block, n = row – 2 = 6 – 2 = 4 Finally go 9 spaces into the d-block on the 6th row Finally go 9 spaces into the d-block on the 6th row 5d 5d99

note: for the d-block, n = row – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5note: for the d-block, n = row – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5

Electron configuration of ionsElectron configuration of ions

What is an ion?What is an ion?How many electrons does ClHow many electrons does Cl1-1- have? have?

What is the electron configuration for the What is the electron configuration for the chloride ion?chloride ion?

How many electrons does CaHow many electrons does Ca2+2+ have? have?What is the electron configuration for the What is the electron configuration for the

calcium ion?calcium ion?What do you notice?What do you notice?

PracticePractice

Draw the orbital diagram for sulfur.Draw the orbital diagram for sulfur.What ion does sulfur want to form and why?What ion does sulfur want to form and why?

Draw the orbital diagram for Potassium.Draw the orbital diagram for Potassium.What ion does sulfur want to form and why?What ion does sulfur want to form and why?

What does this meanWhat does this mean

Properties of atoms correlate with the Properties of atoms correlate with the number and energy of electronsnumber and energy of electrons

Atoms like to have full outer shells.Atoms like to have full outer shells.

Why is this importantWhy is this important

Valence electronsValence electronsElectrons in the outermost energy levelElectrons in the outermost energy level

Where all the action occursWhere all the action occurs

Practice Practice

Whiteboard - Atomic Structure (continued)Whiteboard - Atomic Structure (continued)

TeamTeam Write the electron configuration for silver.Write the electron configuration for silver. Write the noble gas configuration for silver.Write the noble gas configuration for silver. What element has the following electron What element has the following electron

configuration?configuration?1s1s222s2s222p2p6 6 3s3s223p3p664s4s223d3d44

Today we use aspects of line Today we use aspects of line spectrum to identify elements, spectrum to identify elements,

compounds and mixtures?compounds and mixtures?

UV-Vis SpectrometerUV-Vis SpectrometerDistances and types of starsDistances and types of starsBlood test- carbon monoxide poisoningBlood test- carbon monoxide poisoningMobile weapons detectorsMobile weapons detectorsChlorophyllChlorophyll

How we determine these energy How we determine these energy levels?levels?

HONORS CHEMISTRY September 9, 2013. Atomic History Democritus Democritus Dalton Dalton JJ Thomson JJ...

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