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Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW Sex in the Cell City Slide 2 #1 Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction: ASEXUAL 1 parent Forms identical cells Forms 2 daughter cells SEXUAL 2 parents Forms different cells Forms 4 daughter cells Slide 3 #2 Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids Slide 4 ANSWER ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN Chromatin loose in interphase Chromosomes dense and coiled in mitosis- connected by a centromere Chromatid condensed - paired with identical sister chromatid Slide 5 To determine the number of chromosomes, count the centromere regions There are 3 chromosomes here There are 6 chromosomes here Slide 6 #3 What do you call A fertilized egg Zygote Fertilization Joining of the egg and sperm Slide 7 #4 What do you call asexual reproduction in prokaryotes? Binary fission What do you call asexual reproduction in eukaryotes? mitosis Slide 8 Asexual and Sexual Repro How do the chromosome numbers compare before and after reproduction in each? EXAMPLE: If the original cell had 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each cell have after each type of reproduction? Slide 9 ANSWER Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes (start with 20 end with 10 chromosomes) Diploid to haploid Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have the identical number of chromosomes (start and end with 20 chromosomes) Diploid to diploid Slide 10 #5Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Shape Size complexity Slide 11 ANSWER #5 Chromosomes differ in PROKARYOTES One Circular chromosome Smaller (3,000 genes in bacterium) simpler EUKARYOTES Many Long strands of chromosomes Larger ( 100,000 genes in humans) More complex Slide 12 #4 Compare the number of genes: Humans to bacteria ANSWER: 100,000 to 3,000 Slide 13 6. Put in correct order Telophase Anaphase Metaphase Prophase Prometaphase Slide 14 6. ANSWER P PM M A T Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Slide 15 7. How does nuclear membrane change? In prometaphase dissolves In telophase reforms Slide 16 8. What is? Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Slide 17 8. How is cytokinesis different in PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS Slide 18 8. ANSWER PLANT CELLS Form cell plate ANIMAL CELLS Form a cleavage furrow by pinching in the cytoplasm Slide 19 8. (continued) Define: Cell plate Cleavage furrow Slide 20 8. ANSWER Cell plate In plant cells the cell wall will form Cleavage Furrow Pinching of the cytoplasm by actin pulling like a drawstring Slide 21 9. What goes on in each? G 1 S G 2 Slide 22 ANSWER G 1 grows in size, increases organelles S DNA synthesis (replicates) G 2 makes centrioles for cell division + growth Slide 23 What is the purpose of Mitosis? A. make bigger cells B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells C. make copies of cells with twice the number of chromosomes D. decrease the number of cells Slide 24 ANSWER B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells Slide 25 10. Locate Chromatids Centromeres Asters Centrioles spindles Slide 26 10. ANSWER Chromatids Centromeres asters Spindles centrioles Slide 27 11. Spindles What is the difference between the kinetochore and the non-kinetochore spindles? Kinetochore spindles are attached to the chromatids and shorten Non-kinetochore spindles go pole-to-pole and lengthen the cell Slide 28 11. What makes the Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)? Kinetochore spindles shorten and motor proteins power the movement Slide 29 11. ANSWER kinesin motor proteinkinesin motor protein Motor Proteins (dynein)-use ATP to grab and move the chromatid Slide 30 12. Growth Factor Chemical produced outside of the cell to start the cells to begin the cell cycle EX: when you have a cut Slide 31 12. What is the purpose of a growth factor? naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth Remember the mice would healing article at the beginning of the year? What did VEGF do? (grape-seed article) Create blood vessels if at an injury site Slide 32 13. MATCHING 1 Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2 cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3 cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition Slide 33 13. MATCHING ANSWERS 1-C Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2-A cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3-B cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition Slide 34 14. MATCH THE CANCERS A. carcinoma B. sarcoma C. lymphoma D. leukemia E. metastasis 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site 2. cancer from bone marrow 3. cancer from outer skin or linings 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) 5. cancer of lymphatic system Slide 35 14. MATCH THE CANCERS 3 A. carcinoma 4 B. sarcoma 5 C. lymphoma 2 D. leukemia 1 E. metastasis 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site 2. cancer from bone marrow (makes WBC) 3. cancer from outer skin or linings 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) 5. cancer of lymphatic system Slide 36 14. MATCH THE CANCERS A.Benign B.Malignant C.tumor 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site 3. abnormal growth of cells Slide 37 14. MATCH THE CANCERS A.2 Benign B.1 Malignant C.3 tumor 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site 3. abnormal growth of cells Slide 38 15. What is the name of the gene that... Gene that causes breast cancer P27 (on chromosome 12 FYI) Spellchecks DNA for errors and repairs them? p53 Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 17. What is the name of The protein that signals each phase of the cell cycle to start? Cyclins (build up and break down) Slide 42 How do cyclins and cdks work together? Cdk is an enzyme that attaches to cyclin to form MPF (maturation promotion factor) to begin that part of the cell Cycle Phosphate group activates with energy Slide 43 18. How are cancer cells... Abnormal in the cell cycle? Slide 44 ANSWER Do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system- grow uncontrollably Slide 45 18. What body cells... Divide a lot? Not at all after formed? Slide 46 18. What cells Divide a lot skin blood digestive tract Dont divide after formed Nerve (brain) muscle Slide 47 18. What part of the cell cycle Is when cells that do not divide leave the cell cycle or go to differentiate? G 0 Slide 48 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Chromatin thickens nuclear envelope disappears nuclear envelope reforms Prophase prometaphase telophase Slide 49 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Centrioles moving to the opposite poles spindle fibers form cell plate forms Prophase prophase Telophase/ cytokinesis Slide 50 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis Chromosomes line up at the equator cytoplasm divides Metaphase cytokinesis Slide 51 Identify the Phase of Mitosis anaphase Slide 52 Identify the Phase of Mitosis prophase Slide 53 Identify the Phase of Mitosis telophase Slide 54 Identify the Phase of cell cycle Interphase Slide 55 Identify the Phase of Mitosis prometaphase Slide 56 Identify the Phase of Mitosis Metaphase Slide 57 Slide 58 Slide 59 Slide 60 Slide 61 If given the diploid number, what is the haploid number? Diploid 40 24 16 Haploid 20 12 8 Slide 62 Slide 63 Slide 64 Slide 65 Slide 66 Slide 67 Slide 68 Slide 69 Slide 70 Slide 71 Slide 72 Slide 73 #29 What are gametes? A. autosomes B. female chromosomes C. sex cells D. daughter cells ANSWER: Gametes are sex cells. For Human they are sperm (male) and egg (female) Slide 74 Slide 75 30. What phase of meiosis? Slide 76 A1 A2 P1 M1M2 P2 4 daughter cells Slide 77 30. What phase of meiosis? Slide 78 A-I B. P1 early C.P1 late D. M1 E. F. A1 G. T1 H. Interkinesis I. P2 J. M2 K. A2 L. T2 M.4 daughter cells Slide 79 Slide 80 Slide 81 Slide 82 Slide 83 Slide 84 32. What 3 factors increase genetic variability after meiosis? 1. independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I (which chromosome lined up on each side) 2. random fertilization (which sperm joined which egg) 3. crossing over (ALSO MUTATIONcoming in next unit) Slide 85 Slide 86 Slide 87 Slide 88 Slide 89 Slide 90 Slide 91