Honey Bees
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Honey Bees
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Members of the Colony
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Drones Mate with Queens
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Mating occurs high above ground (90-120 feet)
A queen mates with > 20 drones and store sperm in a special gland
Mating Occurs in the Air
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Most Members of Colony are Workers
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CH H
Colony Growth(winter)
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0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
Jan
Mar
May Ju
lSep Nov
Ad
ult
bee
sAnnual cycles of colony population and food resources
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Nectar Forage
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H H
HH
B
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Crowded Colony in the Spring
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Crowded Colonies Swarm in the spring
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Nectar Honey
• Nectar is a dilute solution of fructose, glucose and some sucrose
• Bees add the enzyme invertase to nectar, regurgitate the mixture into honeycomb, and evaporate the excess water
• The fully ripened and capped product is a complex mixture that we call honey
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HoneyHarvest
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Pfund Color Scale(based on Absorbance at =560 nm)
• Water white – 0.0945
• Extra white – 0.189
• White – 0.378
• Extra light amber – 0.595
• Light amber – 1.389
• Amber – 3.008
• Dark amber
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Pollen Forage
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Total Value - $81.3 billion
Non-Apis insects - $9.8 billion (12%)
Honey Bees – $19 billion (23%)
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Total U.S. Honey Production in 2010
176 million pounds
$282 million
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Honey Bees are Responsible for One-quarter of the Food from Insect
Pollinated Crops
Honey Bees are Responsible for One-quarter of the Food from Insect
Pollinated Crops
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Getting Started
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Start with New Equipment
• Use standard equipment to avoid fitting problems
• Avoid diseases that might be transferable in used equipment
• Be prepared for the cost
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Start with Enough Equipment
• Use two deeps for brood chamber
• 3-4 honey supers per colony
• At least 40+ deep frames of space
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Hive or Apiary Location
• Shelter colonies from wind
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Wind Breaks Protect from Pesticide Drift
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Hive or Apiary Location
• Place colonies above standing water
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Hive or Apiary Location
• Bee flight paths should not bother neighbors
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Hive or Apiary Location
• Bee flight paths should not cross busy roads
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Hive or Apiary Location
• Hives should receive morning sun• Colonies should be shaded
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Sun Exposure & Small Hive Beetles
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Hive or Apiary Location
• A water source should be close
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Locate Near Abundant Food Sources
• White clover• Asters• Basswood• Berries• Black locust• Chicory• Cucurbits• Dandelion
• Fruit trees• Goldenrod• Maples• Mustards• Ragweed• Vetch• Willows
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Locate Near Abundant Food Sources(warmer climates)
• Cotton• Soybean• Chinese
Tallow• Black
Mangrove
• Mesquite
• Palmetto• Sourwoo
d• Tupelo
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Start Early in the Season
• All beekeeping depends on local geography and climate
• Don’t start too early (probably not before March)
• March, April or May – the earlier the better
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March Plants
• North Mississippi South Mississippi– Maple (NP) - Henbit (NP)– Henbit (NP) - Mustard (NP)– Mustard (NP) -* Spring Ti-ti (NP)– Redbud (NP) - White Clover (NP)– Elm (P) - Tupelo Gum(N)– Crimson Clover (NP) - *Willow (NP)– Spring Beauty(NP) - *Tulip Poplar (NP)– Willow (NP)– Blackberry (NP)– Fruit Bloom (NP)– Vetch (NP)– Hawthorn (NP)
* Major Value
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April Plants
North Mississippi South Mississippi– *Black Gum (NP) - May Buttercup (NP)– *Black Locust (N) -* White Clover (NP)– Crimson Clover (NP) - Poison Ivy/Oak (NP)– Willow (NP) - *Black Locust (NP)– Blackberry (NP) -*Yaupon Holly (NP)– Fruit Bloom (NP) - Persimmon (NP)– Vetch (NP) - *Rattanvine (NP)– Hawthorn (NP) - *Tulip Poplar (NP)– *Tulip Poplar (NP) - *Highbush Gallberry (NP)– Holly Species (NP) - *Privet (NP)– *White Clover (NP) - *Black Gum (NP)– Mustard (NP) - Brambles
* Major Value
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What kind of bees to install?
• Italians – excellent honey and wax producers; gentle; tend to rob readily; don’t do well in cold climates
• Carniolans – gentle; grow rapidly in Spring; populations often crash during late summer to fall in our climate
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What kind of bees to install?
• Caucasians – gentlest of strains; build a lot of burr comb and propolis; total honey production may be lower than others; populations of bees remain strong in summer
• German black bees – nervous bees; slow starter in Spring; not the best choice
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I recommend Italians for all beginners – they are
predictable!
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Start with Package Bees
• You will learn more if you start small
• You will gain confidence as your bees grow
• Start with at least two colonies – allows for comparisons, and one can be used to bolster or strengthen the other
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After a Few Weeks
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Starting from Nucs
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Catching Swarms
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Swarms Can Land Anywhere
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Making Splits
• making nucs is a form of splitting
• units should be given heavy honey, pollen, and older capped brood
• need 1-2 combs with space for queen to lay eggs
• a caged queen
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Feeding Colonies(bucket gravity)
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Moving Colonies
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Robbing Screens
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Find a Mentor
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Don’t Experiment in First Two Years
• Learn and use basic methods
• Master these methods before playing with advanced techniques
• You can’t raise queens if you can’t even grow a single colony
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Don’t Buy a Beginner’s Outfit
• Some of the equipment is extraneous
• It may be cheaper to buy only what you need
• You can add the extras over time if you would like to try them
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Some “Don’ts”
• Don’t feed too much – you will plug the nest, which restricts growth and stimulates swarming
• Don’t allow swarming
• Don’t disturb bees too often– No more than every two weeks in
growing season– No more than 20-30 minutes per visit
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Bee-keepersvs.
Bee-havers