Honey Bee Anatomy and Function - National … 1 Honey Bee Anatomy and Function How Honey Bees are...
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Transcript of Honey Bee Anatomy and Function - National … 1 Honey Bee Anatomy and Function How Honey Bees are...
9/26/17
1
HoneyBeeAnatomyandFunction
HowHoneyBeesareBuiltandHowtheFunction
Similar but Different
• Eat:Everything- MeatandPotatoes• Omnivores– MeatandVegetables
• Digest:Stomach&Intestines• Excrete:FecesandUrine• Circulation Closed:Bloodmovesthrougharteriesandveins• Breathe:MouthandLungs
• BloodCarriesO2 andCO2 around• Vision:Onepairofeyes
• Colors:RedtoViolet(ROYGBIV)
• Eat:PollenandHoney• Herbivores– Plantoriginsonly
• Digest:Crop,Stomach,Intestines• Excrete:Fecesonly– whileflying• CirculationOpen:Hemolymphmovesfreelyaboutinnerbody• Breathe:20openingsinchestandabdomen+branchingtubes• Vision:5eyes:2Compoundeyesfront/sideand3Simpleeyesontop• Colors:NoRed– Best:Blue,Green,UV
People HoneyBees
HoneyBeeExternalAnatomy Thorax(HumanChest):4Wings&6Legs
•PointofAttachmentfor:• 3PairsofLegs:Sixlegs• TwoPairsofJoinedWings:4wings• MANYSetae(“Hairs”)
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FourWingsActasTwoWingsHookedTogether“TongueandGroove”
Legs– AQuickLook
Front Rear
PollenPacker
PollenBasket
Setae(Body”Hairs”)AttractPollen&SensoryTouch
Head• CompoundEyes• ThreeOcelli• SimpleEyes
• Antennae• Touch&Smell
•Mandibles• BiteandCarry
• Tongue• (Proboscis)• Hollowtube• SuckingupLiquids
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DigestiveSystem
Esophagus
(Oesophagus)
HoneyStomach(Crop)
ValvetoDigestion(Proventriculus)
Rectum
StomachVentriculus
Intestines
Throat(Pharynx)
TheHoneyStomach- CropEmptyCrop
FullCrop
Functions• CarryingLiquids• Nectar• Honey• Water
• AddsEnzymes• Plantsugars• Changeto
HoneySugars
Trophallaxis:ExchangingLiquidsandFood Poventriculus:ValveBetweenCropandStomach
ImportantFunctions• Gatekeepertostomach• SeparatesCropcontents
fromdigestionenzymes• Doesletsomepollen
throughtostomach
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HoneyBeeRespiration– “Breathing”
HumanRespiratorySystem
BreathingUsingSpiracles&BranchingTracheoles BranchingInnerRespiratoryTracheoles
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HoneyBeeHearts&
FluidCirculation
Circulation- Hearts&AortaFiveHeartsalongtopofabdomen.OneAorta
ThroughThoraxtoHeadLeakyHolesAlongtheWay
OpenCavitiesFilledwithHemolymph
ManyFlightMusclesinThorax
InsectGeneralCirculationRoundandRounditGoes
HoneyBeeSensorySystems
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HoneyBeeNervousSystem
Brain
NerveCordRunningalongBottomofThoraxandAbdomen
Thorax“Chest”FlightMuscles
AbdomenCrop-Stomach-Intestines
Many Types of Sensory Receptors
• Mechanoreceptors – Touch and joint movement • Auditory receptors - Sounds • Stretch receptors – In Muscles – Movement Feedback • Chemoreceptors – Taste • Olfactory receptors – Odors and Pheromones• Gustatory receptors – Sense contents in Crop & Digestion• Thermoreceptors - Temperature• Photo receptors – Vision and Ultraviolet Light
HoneyBeeVision
3Ocelliand2CompoundEyes3Ocelli
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HoneyBeeCompoundEyesHaveHair!
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Compound Eyes Detect Motion
Flicker effect
Excellent at detecting motion.
Move Slowly & Deliberately Around Your Bees!
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Compound Eyes Have Color Vision
•Honey Bees Can Distinguish Colors• Preferences for Blue and yellow.• Cannot See Red
• Some beekeepers work in the dark using a red light source
• Color Vision is important in foraging and in courtship behaviors
REF 04
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Honey Bees Can Detect Ultraviolet Light•UV is High Energy: Hard on our skin and eyes• Can penetrate moderate cloud cover• Bees can fly on cloudy days
UV
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Entomology 29
Ultraviolet Vision ExamplesProduction vs.Reproduction
Queensproducemorebeesfortheircolonies:• ProportionatetoNectarFlowColoniesdivideandswarm– Createmorecolonies.• Morecoloniesarewhatisimportant
HoneyBeeSexDetermination
• NumberofChromosomesandGenes• Femaleshave32chromosomes(16pairs)- (Humanshave46;23pairs)• Maleshave16chromesOnlyoneset– (Humanmaleshave46;23pairs• Numberofgenes10,000(Humanshaveabout20,000genes)
• TheHoneySexGeneandSexDetermination• BeesnothaveXandYsexgenes;OnlyhaveXandX• 1Genedeterminessex.Ithasatleast19variations(alleles)• Mustbe2differentvariations,oneoneachXchromosome
• Ifvariantsarethesame– Eggandlarvaenotdevelop• Malescanhaveonly1variation-->Drones
QueenReproductiveSystem2Ovaries130– 186Ovarioles
Eggsforintips- Migratetowardvagina
SpermReservoir
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QueenandMultipleDronesMateinFlight
1.DroneMountsFromRear 2.DroneDropsBackandBreaksFree
Drone– Queen“FlyingUnited”3.Droneleavesprivatepartsbehind
OMG-- Ouch!HeDies
QueenmovesontonextDrone15to20
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HoneyBeeSting
StingersandVenomGlandsVenom Glands
Venom gland
Venom reservoir
HoneyBeeStingerandSting
PheromonesandSecretions
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ThereareManyOtherPheromones
WorkerPheromones• Alarm• BroodRecognition• Drone• Dufour’s gland• EggMarking• Footprint
WorkerPheromones,cont.• Forager• NasonovQueenPheromones• QueenMandibular• QueenRetinue
Many,ManyMoreandStillBeingDiscovered
BeesExposingNasonovGlands
• Orientsreturningbeestohomehive
• Keepsswarmingbeestogether
• ArtificialNasonovusedasaswarmlure
BeeswaxProduction
• Flakessecretedfromeightabdominalglands
• Chewedtomakeworkablethendepositedoncomb
• Containstracesofpollen• Youngbeesproduceitbest• About7lbs.ofhoney--- 1lb.waX
•JerryZimmerman•[email protected]
ThankYOU!J