Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20 Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25 For Bonus points, today’s quiz...
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Transcript of Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20 Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25 For Bonus points, today’s quiz...
![Page 1: Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20 Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25 For Bonus points, today’s quiz is due T 9/18.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649f4f5503460f94c711ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
•Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20•Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25•For Bonus points, today’s quiz is due T 9/18
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Protein
DNA is used to produce RNA and/or proteins, but not all genes are expressed at the same time or in the same cells.How do cells control which genes are expressed?
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Is thereanybodyout there?
Cells and organisms must monitor and respond to the environment.
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Stimulus
Signal Transduction
Stimulus
Perception(by receptor)
EffectorResponse
Effector…
EffectorEffector
External
Internal
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Signal transduction step by step: Perception
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Signal transduction step by step: Transduction
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Signal transduction step by step: Response
– such as changes in
cellular components
or production of new cellular components
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Transduction can involve activation or
inactivation of proteins.
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Cellular responses may involve changes in the expression of genes.
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Blood sugar levels as an example of cellular responses to the environment
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Why so many steps?
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Multiple steps allow for signal specificity.
Different relay molecules lead to different responses
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Multiple steps allow for signal amplification:Calcium is a simple method of amplifying signals
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Calcium is a common effector.
Cytoplasmic calcium levels are normally low.
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During signal transduction, calcium can be released into the cytoplasm: Perception
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During signal transduction, calcium can be released into the cytoplasm: Transduction
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During signal transduction, calcium can be released into the cytoplasm: Response
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During signal transduction, calcium can be released into the cytoplasm
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General model of Ca++ signaling
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General model of Ca++ signaling
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Multiple steps allow for signal amplification:Calcium is a simple method of amplifying signals
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Ca++ is involved in many responses
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Ca++ is involved in signal transduction for responses of:
in Plants• Development• Cold• Guard cell closing• Osmotic shock• Light• Fungal infection• Touch• Pollen tube growth• Wounding…
in Animals• Neurons• Muscle movement• Wounding• Development• Fertilization• Hormones• …
How can there be specificity?
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Everything has its place…
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Ikeda, Science 12 Oct 2001 Vol 294:318-319
Some Ca++ channels have specific effectors associated with them:Micro-domains
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Root nodules: Nitrogen fixation
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Bacteria and Plants Symbiosis
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Signaling between bacteria and plants
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Fig 3. Shaw and Long, Plant Physiology, March 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 976–984
A biphasic Ca++ response to Nod factor:1nM Nod - toward nucleus10nm Nod - away from nucleus
1nM Nod 10nM Nod
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Fig 3. Shaw and Long, Plant Physiology, March 2003, Vol. 131, pp. 976–984
A biphasic Ca++ response to Nod factor:1nM Nod - toward nucleus10nm Nod - away from nucleus
1nM Nod 10nM Nod
1nM Nod 10nM Nod
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Everything has its place…
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Fig 1. Scrase-Field and Knight, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2003, 6:500–506
2 hypotheses about how Ca++ signals are transduced:Signatures vs. Switches
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Photosynthesis:Plants can make sugar using energy from the sun, water from the ground, and CO2 from the air.
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Stomata regulate gas exchange: CO2 in, O2 and
water out
H2OH2O
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Stomata
closedopen
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Opening and closing of stomata
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Fig 5. Sanders et al., The Plant Cell, S401–S417, Supplement 2002
Ca++ fluxes in guard cells in response to hormone or stress that cause stomatal closing.
Wildtype vs. det3 and gca2: mutants that fail to close stomata following treatment
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Fig 1. Scrase-Field and Knight, Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2003, 6:500–506
2 hypotheses about how calcium signals are transduced:Signatures vs. Switches
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Ca++ is involved in signal transduction for responses of:
in Plants• Development• Cold• Guard cell closing• Osmotic shock• Light• Fungal infection• Touch• Pollen tube growth• Wounding…
in Animals• Neurons• Muscle movement• Wounding• Development• Fertilization• Hormones• …
How can there be specificity?
![Page 43: Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20 Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25 For Bonus points, today’s quiz is due T 9/18.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062322/56649f4f5503460f94c711ba/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
•Homework #1 is posted and due 9/20•Bonus #1 is posted and due 10/25•For Bonus points, today’s quiz is due T 9/18