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Homeostasis

What is Homeostasis?

Body cells work best if they have the correct

Temperature

Water levels

Glucose concentration

Your body has mechanisms to keep the cells in a

constant environment.

What is Homeostasis?

The maintenance of a

constant environment

in the body is called

Homeostasis

Controlling body temperature

All mammals maintain a constant body

temperature.

Human beings have a body temperature of

about 37ºC.

E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body

temperature is 37ºC

If your body is in a cold environment your body

temperature is still 37ºC

Penguins huddling to keep warmWhat is one mechanism used to cool

the body down?

Sweating

When your body is hot, sweat glands are

stimulated to release sweat.

The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)

To do this, it needs heat.

It gets that heat from your skin.

As your skin loses heat, it cools down.

Sweating

The skin

REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Males

Sex Organ: Penis

In males, the testes produce testosterone which causes sperm production to occur. In addition, testosterone causes further development of the penis, prostate gland, deeper voice, broader shoulders, and increased upper body muscle mass. Sperm live in the testes for approximately 30 days, after which their mortality causes an increase in testosterone to produce more sperm.

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VAGINA

Females Sex Organ: Ovaries/Vagina

In females, hormonal cycles occur in both estrogen and progesterone. On an approximately 28 day cycle, one ovarywill release an ovum (egg) to potentially become fertilized and produce a new life. The development of the egg and the inner lining of the uterus, the organ where the fetus will develop, are caused by fluctuations in the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

MENSTRUATION

At the beginning of the cycle, estrogen and

progesterone levels that are very low begin to rise

and around day 14 of the cycle, there is a slight

surge in estrogen as the egg is released from the

ovary (ovulation). Levels of estrogen and

progesterone rise causing the uterine lining to

thicken in preparation for a potentially fertilized

egg. If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone

levels drop, the uterine lining dies, and muscle

contractions of the uterus cause the lining to

exit the body through the vagina thereby starting

her “menstrual cycle or period.” Once estrogen

and progesterone levels drop below a particular

level the cycle (feedback loop) begins again.

FERTILIZATION

Fertilization occurs when a sperm meets a egg creating a zygote.

Once an egg is fertilized, it will bury into the

uterine lining. The developing embryo

produces a chemical called human chorionic

gonadotropin (hCG). The hCG circulates in the

blood and is filtered out in the urine. The

presence of hCG triggers a positive response

on an Early Pregnancy Test (EPT). Once the

embryo is embedded in the uterine lining

(implantation), a temporary organ known as

the placenta will develop. Cell division in the

embryo will increase as different organs and

organ systems develop until the fetus is born.

DEVELOPMENT There are 3 stages of birth

1. Contractions/breaking of water

2. Expulsion of the baby/birth

3. Expulsion of the placenta/afterbirth

After birth, children go through several different

developmental changes including infancy (birth – 2 years),

childhood (2-13 years), adolescence (13 – 18/20 years),

and finally adulthood (20 years until death).

The Respiratory System

• Functions of the Respiratory System

1. Intake of Oxygen

• Respiration (Cellular): chemical reaction involving oxygen & glucose that results in the release of energy to fuel various cellular processes.

– Respiration ≠ Breathing

» Breathing: the movement of air into & out of the lungs

• Body uses only 5% of the oxygen you inhale with each breathe.

• Oxygen is carried throughout the body via the circulatory system (network of arteries, veins & capillaries)

2. Removal of Carbon dioxide & Water

• Carbon dioxide & small amounts of water are by-products of cellular respiration.

• They are then removed via the Respiratory & Excretory systems.

Organs of the Respiratory System

– Nose

• Nasal cavities located just inside the nose are lined with mucus to trap foreign particles from entering lungs.

• Cilia: hair-like structures that move mucus to the throat to be swallowed & destroyed in the stomach as well as trap foreign particles.

– Pharynx

• throat; shared with Digestive System

– Trachea

• windpipe; lined with cartilage that strengthens & keeps the windpipe open.

• Lined with mucus & cilia which helps to trap foreign particles & moisten the air as it enters the windpipe.

– Bronchus (Bronchi)• muscular tubes that extend from the trachea & direct

air into the lungs

• Divides into smaller & smaller tubes inside the lungs– Alveoli: tiny hollow sacs of specialized lung tissue surrounded

by capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

– 300 million in the average adult lung allowing for large intake of oxygen.

– Lungs• Primary organs of the Respiratory System

• “pulmo”- prefix that means “of the lungs”

• Located on both sides of the heart

• Elastic tissue that expands & contracts as you inhale & exhale.

– Diaphragm• Dome shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs.

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• The Gas Exchange Process

1. Carbon dioxide/Oxygen rich blood flows into capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

2. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

3. At the same time, Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli replacing the Oxygen.

4. The Oxygen rich blood is then carried through the arteries back to the heart.

5. The Carbon dioxide is then expelled from the lungs as the lungs deflate.

• Breathing

– Inhalation

• Rib muscles contract lifting the chest wall up and out.

• Diaphragm contracts & moves downward increasing the size of the chest cavity & decreasing the pressure within the cavity.

• The pressure of air is now higher than you chest forcing air into your chest cavity.

– Exhalation

• Rib muscles relax lowering the chest wall.

• Diaphragm relaxes & moves upward forcing the lungs to flatten & carbon dioxide to be forced out of the lungs.

• Speaking

– Larynx: voice box

• Vocal cords: folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx.– Muscles make the vocal cords contract narrowing the

opening.

– Air rushes through the opening.

– The movement of the vocal cords makes the air vibrate.

– This vibration creates a sound, your voice.

• Respiratory diseases– Bronchitis

• Bronchial passages within the lungs narrow & then become clogged with mucus.

– Emphysema• Alveoli within the lungs become damaged or destroyed

preventing the effective exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide.

– Lung cancer• Uncontrolled growth of lung cells that produce tumors

that prevent the lung from operating effectively.

– Atherosclerosis• Speeds up the buildup of fatty material within arteries

& veins.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

P. 45

THE HEART

The heart is responsible for

pumping blood around your body.

At rest, it usually beats around 70

beats per minute.

Each “beat” is really a squeeze that

pushes blood through your blood

vessels.

INSIDE THE HEART

Inside the heart is divided into 4

sections called “chambers”.

The top two chambers are called

the left and right atrium.

The bottom, larger chambers

are called left and right

ventricles.

A

V

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VESSELS

An artery carries blood AWAY

from the heart. (Usually has

bright red blood with lots of

oxygen)

A vein carries blood back

TOWARDS the heart. (Usually

after the oxygen has been used

up)

Capillaries connect veins and

arteries.

ARTERIES AND VEINS ARTERIES AND VEINS

BLOODRed blood cells:

which carry oxygen, are red due to the

iron content.

(This is why your blood looks red.)

Hemoglobin is the protein that is in a

red blood cell that allows the oxygen to

stick to it.

White blood cells:

Fight off infection inside your body.

BLOOD CELLS

Platelets make up the third part of the blood.

Platelets allow blood to clot

and form scabs!

Plasma is the clear liquid that makes up the rest of the blood.

DOUBLE LOOPBlood must be pumped to the lungs to

get filled with oxygen, then return to the heart.

This oxygen rich blood is then pumped out to the rest of the body where the oxygen gets used.

This means that our heart is actually a “double loop”- one loop to the lungs, one loop to and from the body.

PATH OF BLOOD

Starting at your big toe:1. Deoxygenated Blood flows in veins to the heart, enters the right atrium.

2. The right atrium pushes blood into right ventricle.

3. The right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs and passes through capillaries exchanging CO2 for O2.

4. Coming back from the lungs the oxygenated blood enters the left atrium.

5. The left atrium pushes blood to the left ventricle.

6. The left ventricle squeezes and pushes blood through the aorta out to the body.

Link to animation: http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/tdc02_int_heartmap/

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The Digestive System

Total Length from mouth to anus

29 feet 8 inches/9 meters

Total Time food spends in the system

Up to 49 hours

Digestion: The process of breaking food down into it’s molecular components so that the nutrients may be absorbed into the blood and then into cells of the body.

2 Types:

Mechanical: Takes place in the mouth, teeth physically break food into smaller pieces.

Chemical: Happens in mouth and stomach when enzymes and acids to break down food into a “chemical soup”.

Esophagus

The muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

A small “flap” near the top, the epiglottis, closes over the trachea (windpipe) when you swallow so that food cannot get into the lungs.

The esophagus pushes food toward the stomach by making muscular “wave” motions called “peristalsis”.

This is why you can swallow your food while upside-down or in space.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o18Uyc

WRsaA http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.

cfm?guidAssetId=F11F4DC2-6C5E-4826-8AC2-

0C51AD634FC7&blnFromSearch=1&produ

ctcode=DETB

The stomach is a muscular hollow organ that dissolves food using strong acids- chemical digestion.

The stomach also churns and grinds food- mechanical digestion.

The lining of the stomach is covered in mucus. This prevents the stomach acids from digesting itself.

When a problem occurs and the lining of the stomach starts to get eaten away, we call it an “ulcer”.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWMWs

OXlBwE

Small Intestines

The small intestines can be up to 26 feet long, are called “small” because they are not very wide in diameter.

They absorb nutrients into your blood.

The Large Intestine called the large intestine because it is 2-3 inches wide

but only about 5 feet long.

squeezes the last water and nutrients out of the leftovers.

the “holding tank” for anything that cannot be digested and absorbed.

Exiting the body!

“Poop” aka “feces”, is the squeezed remains of the food you didn’t digest. Feces smells because of bacteria that live in the Large Intestine and help us digest our food.

The bacteria give off a nice mixture of foul smelling gasses also known as flatulence (farts)

Diarrhea happens when the intestines are irritated and release the feces before the last water has been absorbed.

Poop with higher gas content will stay on the surface of the water, thus the name “floater”.

Liver

2 main roles:

1. Adds “bile,” a digestive chemical to the small intestine which helps digest fats. (bile is stored in an organ connected behind the liver called the gallbladder)

2. All the blood in the body passes through the liver every 3 minutes and is filtered of impurities and toxins.

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Pancreas Secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

that help break down protein, starches, and fats that we eat.

The pancreas helps to regulate insulin levels that control the amount of sugar in the blood.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

It is the body system that removes excess,

unnecessary or dangerous materials from

the body.

It helps to maintain homeostasis within

the body and prevent damage to the body.

BODY SYSTEMS INCLUDED

Respiratory System Waste = Carbon Dioxide

Digestive System Waste = Solid Waste

Urinary System Waste = Liquid Waste

Integumentary System (Skin) Sweat

Since all of these systems remove waste, they are ALL part of the EXCRETORY SYSTEM!

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM…

Removes waste produced by the

activities of cells.

Many of these wastes are eliminated

as liquid urine.

Urine is formed by the Urinary

System.

THE URINARY SYSTEM…

The urinary system is made up of:

1. The Kidneys

2. The Urinary Bladder

3. The Ureters

4. The Urethra

THE KIDNEYS…

Blood enters the kidneys and passes

through millions of tiny filters called

Nephrons.

Liquid waste carried in the blood

collects in the filters and forms Urine.

THE URINARY BLADDER…

Urine is stored in the urinary

bladder until it is eliminated from

the body.

THE URETERS…

Moves urine out of the

kidneys and into the urinary

bladder through long tubes

called ureters.

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THE URETHRA…

Urine exits the body through

the urethra.

Human Body Review Review Game

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Final

Jeopardy

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This type of digestion helps to break down your food by chewing it in your mouth.

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What is Mechanical?

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What is the major function of the reproductive

system?

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To ensure survival of an organism

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What is the function of the digestive system?

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Break down foods to be

absorbed into blood and

delivered to cells.

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Board

List from simplest to most complex the organization of

the human body.

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Cells, tissues, organs, organ

systems, organism

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Board

List six organs in the digestive system

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Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus,

Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Small

Intestines, Large Intestines, Anus.

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Board

Which two human body systems are responsible for the gas exchange

between air and blood?

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Circulatory and Respiratory.

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Which human body system would be most immediately impacted if a person was

exposed to harmful bacteria through a cut?

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Circulatory System

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What is the function of the circulatory system?

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Transport materials

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Explain two ways food is digested?

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Mechanical and chemical

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Describe how sweating helps maintain homeostasis.

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When body temperature is high, sweat evaporates cools the body.

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Board

What process do your cells do to make energy, and make carbon dioxide as a

waste?

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Cellular respiration

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Which human body system receives and distributes

nutrients that are absorbed into the blood from the lining of the

digestive tract?

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Circulatory System

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Board

What body system takes in nutrients for the use in the

body?

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Digestive System

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What body system is responsible for elimination of liquid and

gaseous wastes?

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Excretory system

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Which of the following least affects a persons metabolism?

Exercise, hormones, intelligence, or diet?

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Intelligence

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Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream in

what organ?

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Small intestine by absorption

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What organ system are the kidneys a part of?

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Excretory system

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The male sex cell is the what?

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Sperm cell

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List the 4 organs of the Excretory System

in order.

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Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra.

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What is homeostasis?

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Ability for the body to maintain a constant internal environment

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What is a cell?

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It is the smallest structural and

functional unit of an organism.

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Which human body system are smokers directly affecting?

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Respiratory System

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List the 5 human body systems we have discussed.

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Reproductive, Circulatory,

Respiratory, Digestive, and

Excretory.

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What is your pulse?The flow of

blood through arteries- it

measures your heart rate

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What is a tissue?

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A group of cells working together to carry out one

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Final Jeopardy Category:

Body Processes

Click for

“Answer”

When a person breathes, the lungs absorb oxygen, which is used by cells to carry out the

process of what?

Click to see the correct response!

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Cellular, aerobic respiration

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