AP Biology Cell Communication and Homeostasis AP Biology Dynamic Homeostasis.
Homeostasis Front of card Back of card Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O 2, temperature)
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Transcript of Homeostasis Front of card Back of card Body stays in the same state. (glucose, O 2, temperature)
Nervous System
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• Neurotransmitters• Cell-to-cell
communication• Fast• Short duration• Muscle contraction and gland secretion
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Endocrine System
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• Hormones• Travel through blood• Speed varies• Lasts longer• Growth, metabolism
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N.S. and Endo. System
together
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Hypothalamus (brain) controls the pituitary gland (endocrine system)
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Protein Hormones
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Most hormones are protein derived. These are prompt (fast) b/c they bind to receptors on cell membrane. Must be injected.
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Steroid Hormones
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Are slow b/c they enter the cell.Made from lipids. Can be taken orally.
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Tropic hormones
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Made in the anterior pituitary. Affect other glands. 4 of them:TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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Master gland
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Pituitary gland is called this because it produces tropic hormones. It controls most of the other glands.
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Exocrine gland
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Release substances into ducts. Ex. salivary gland, sweat gland, pancreas (digestive enzymes)
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Pancreas
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Is both an endocrine gland (insulin & glucagon) and an exocrine gland (secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine)
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Negative feedback
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Feedback inhibition.When a hormone level is high enough, it’s production is shut off.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic nerves - Sensory & motor
Autonomic nerves – Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Myelin Sheath
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Fatty protein that insulates the axon and speeds up transmission. Made from Schwann cells.
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Speed of transmission
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To increase speed:1. Bigger diameter and 2. Myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Gaps in the myelin sheath. Nerve impulses jump from node to node. Called saltatory conduction.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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An autoimmune disease that breaks down the myelin sheath.
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Types of Neurons
Front of card Back of cardSensory – brings info from affectors to CNS Interneuron – no myelin. In CNSMotor- carries impulse away from CNS to effectors
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Reflex Arc
Front of card Back of card1. Affector – receptor; receives
stimulus2. Sensory neuron - carries
impulse to CNS 3. Interneuron – interpretation,
carries impulse through CNS4. Motor neuron - carries
impulse out5. Effector – muscle or gland
that responds
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Polarized
Front of card Back of cardAn unstimulated axon. Resting potential is -70mVinside.
More sodium (Na+) outside than potassium (K+) inside.
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Depolarized
Front of card Back of cardA stimulated axon. Action potential is +40mV. Inside is positive.
Caused by sodium rushing into the axon.
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Na+/K+ pump
Front of card Back of cardActively transports (ATP) 3Na+ out for every 2K+ in.
Returns the axon to resting potential or repolarizes the axon.
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Refractory Period
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Time it takes the neuron to repolarize before another A.P.
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All-or-None Response
Front of card Back of cardNeurons either reach threshold and fire, or they don’t. Intensity and speed are the same every time.More neurons = more intensity.
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Inhibitory Drugs
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Lower the resting potential, requiring a greater stimulus to cause an action potential.(causes K+ to exit cell)
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Synapse
Front of card Back of cardAlso called synaptic cleft. The space between axon ending of a presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron.
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Excitatory Synapse
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Causes depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron.Na+ goes in.
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Inhibitory Synapse
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Causes hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic neuron.K+ goes out.This inhibits depolarization
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Summation
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Two or more neurons are required to create an action potential in a post-synaptic neuron.
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Neurotransmitters
Front of card Back of cardChemicals released from synaptic vesicles to carry the impulse across the synapse. Ex. acetylcholine (parasympathetic NS)Norepinephrine (sympathetic NS)
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Tolerance
Front of card Back of cardNeed larger doses of the drug to get the same effect.
The receptors on your neurons are reduced in number.
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Sympathetic NS
Front of card Back of card“S” for StressInvoluntary; Fight or flightUses norepinephrine as neurotransmitter.
Causes: HR, BR, dilates pupils, converts glycogen to glucose, blood to skin
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Parasympathetic NS
Front of card Back of cardRest and DigestInvoluntaryUses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter.
Causes: HR, BR, constricts pupils, converts glucose to glycogen, blood to skin
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Composition of Spinal Cord
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white matter = myelinated
2. Inside portion is grey matter = unmyelinated
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Front of card Back of cardSurrounds spinal cord and brain. Provides cushioning and nutrients.
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Cerebrum
Front of card Back of cardSpeech, reasoning, memory & personality. 4 lobes:Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
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Hypothalamus
Front of card Back of cardTemperature and metabolism.
Controls hunger, thirst, sleep and sex drive.
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Pituitary Gland
Front of card Back of cardMaster gland. Produces tropic hormones that control the release of hormones from other glands.
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Frontal Lobe
Front of card Back of cardMotor controlVoluntary movementsMemory, reasoning, critical thinking, language use and personality.
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Fovea Centralis
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Also called Macula. Most cones are
here. In centre of retina
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Auditory Canal
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Ear canal. Amplifies sound and carries it to
tympanic membrane
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Eustachian tube
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Connects middle ear to mouth and
nose. Equalization of pressure.
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Semicircular Canals
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equilibrium. Fluid moves inside and bends hair cells,
which send action potential to cerebellum.
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Cochlea
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For hearing. Basilar membrane in organ of Corti moves, causing hair cells to bend, which send an action potential to
temporal lobe.
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Proprioceptors
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Stretch receptors that tell your brain what
the parts of your body are doing.
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Smell(Olfaction)
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Need smell to taste. Can smell over 10 000
odours. Chemoreceptors send info to temporal lobe.
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