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Essential Natural Science 1
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Biology and Geology
The organisation of the
human body UNIT 1
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Biology and Geology
Glossary Scurvy (vitamin C)
Beforehand
Strand
To flatten
Focus knobs
Dotted
Parchment paper
Lining (revestimiento)
Spindle (huso)
UNIT 1
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Biology and Geology
Glossary Stained (teñido)
Smear /ia/(frotis)
Bruise /u/ (moratón)
Blood clot (coágulo)
Plug (enchufe, tapón)
Seal (foca, sellar)
UNIT 1
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UNIT 1 The organisation of the human
body
Biology and Geology
Levels of organisation
Are the different degrees of complexity in which living matter is structured
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Atomic level
Atoms join together through chemical bonds and form molecules (biomolecules)
The most essential bioelements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus and sulphur (primary bioelements)
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Atomic level
Atoms join together through chemical bonds and form molecules
(biomolecules)
The most essential bioelements are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P) and sulphur (S) (primary bioelements)
Secondary bioelements are present in lesser quantities: Magnesium (Mg),
Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl)
Trace elements or oligoelements: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Silicon (Si)
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Atomic level
What is the most abundant
element found in living
things?
What about biomolecules?
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Molecular level
Biomolecules
Inorganic
biomolecules
Organic
biomolecules
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Molecular level
Inorganic biomolecules (water, carbon dioxide, mineral salts) It
is present either in living beings and inert matter
Organims Water (%)
Adult 63
Snail 80
Jellyfish 95
Algae 98
Fungus 91
Lichen 55
Seed 14
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Molecular level
Organic biomolecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid)
To Tell the difference between organic and inorganic biomolecules
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Water : Main component of living beings
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Organic biomolecules
Lipids The main biological functions are storing energy and acting as
estructural component of cells membrane, e.g fats, waxes, oils, vitamins
Proteins perform many functions, support or scaffolding of cells, actin
and myosin in muscle
Carbohydrates have energetic and structural function; e.g glucose,
cellulose, starch
Nucleic acids store genetic information; e.g DNA and RNA
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Biomolecules
Biomolecules Functions Examples
Organic molecules
(unique to living
things, its main
element is carbon)
Carbohydrates Provide instant energy Glucose, lactose,
sucrose
Lipids Store energy for
future needs
Fats, waxes,
cholesterol
Proteins Form structures such
as hair, skin, muscle
Haemoglobin,
collagen, keratin
Nucleic acids Contain genetic
information
responsible for the
functioning of the cell
Inorganic
molecules (also in
non-living things)
Water Thermal regulator,
transports
substances
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Organic biomolecules
Glucose is a carbohydrate
also called “blood sugar”
Cholesterol is a lipid,
a constituent of the cell membrane
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Organic biomolecules
Haemoglobin is a protein
which transports oxygen in red blood cells
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UNIT 1 Levels of organisation
Biology and Geology
Organic biomolecules
Cellulose is a carbohydrate in plant cells
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Types of cells
Eukaryotic cells
The genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus.
Animal cell Plant cell
nucleus
Cellular level
Cells are the first
level capable of
life
Biomolecules join
together to form
cells
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Organism level
The cell the basic unit of living things
Most of the cells have in common: plasma membrane,
cytoplasm and nucleic acid
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What are cells made up of?
The cell the basic unit of living things
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What are cells made up of?
Cellular level
Plant cell
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What are cells made up of?
Cellular level
Animal cell
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What are cells made up of?
Labeled
cell plant
diagrame
Cellular level
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What are cells made up of? Cell structure Function
1.Cell wall (plant cells) Support
2.Cell membrane /the plasma membrane Cell boundary : transport,
interaction
3. The cytoplasm Contains the organelles,
metabolism (fermentation,
oxidation)
3. The cell nucleus /Nucleus Protects DNA, control cell
4. The nuclear envelope Regulates the passege of
substances
5. Chromatin Coils up and forms chromosomes
(strands of DNA)
6. Nucleolus Make ribosomes
The human cell
Vital functions
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A close-up of the nucleus of a cell
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
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A close-up of the nucleus of a cell
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What are cells made up of?
The cell the basic unit of living things
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What are cells made up of? Cell Organelles Function
1.Ribosomes Protein synthesis (manufactures
the cell’s proteins)
2.The Rough endoplasmic reticulum Stores and transports proteins to
the Golgi apparatus
3.The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Stores lipids, eliminates toxins
4.The Golgi apparatus Packages substances and
transportes them through vesicles
5. Vesicles Store waste and substances
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
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Parts of the cell (RER)
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
Rough ER has that name because, under
the microscope, it looks like it has a bunch
of little bumps. Those are, in fact,
ribosomes attached to the membrane. The
major function of the rough ER is to
synthesize/translate proteins. The RER
works closely with the Golgi apparatus to
make sure proteins fulfill their destinies.
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Parts of the cell (SER)
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
SER has not
ribosomes. Its
main function is to
synthesis lipids
(fats) and
eliminate toxines
(in liver)
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Packages
and stores
proteins
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What are cells made up of?
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
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What are cells made up of?
Organelles Function
6.Chloroplast (only plant cells) Photosynthesis
7. Mitochondrion Cellular respiration
8. Lysosomes Clean up
9. Flagellum Motion
10. Cilia Motion
11. The cytoskeleton It provides structural support to the
organelles, gives the cell its shape
12. The centrioles Direct the chromosomes
separation, involve in creating
structures
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
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Parts of the cell
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
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Cellular respiration
Unit 10
mitochondrion
Waste products
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Cellular respiration
The functions of cell organelles and other structures
• Cellular respiration takes place in the cell
• All living beings carry out this process to
obtein usable energy (ATP)
• Mitochondrion is the organelle where this
process occurs
Direct the
separation of
the
chromosomes
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Cellular level
The cell variety and differentiation
Differentiation is a process in which the shape and structure of cell changes
in order to enable it to perform a specific function
A tissue is a group of
cells specialised in the
same function.
Types:
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
3. Tissues in the human body
Epithelial tissue (epithelium): 1. Covering epithelium:
mucous membrane lines cavities, endothelial lining of blood vessels , epidermis the outermost layer of the skin
2. Glandular epithelium
Tissues in the human body
Tissues in the human body
Tissues in the human body
Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
Tissues in the human body
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Muscle tissue
It is made up of elongated cells
called muscle fibres.
These fibres are contractile.
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscle (myocardium)
Smooth muscle (organs)
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Muscle tissue
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Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
Neurons (perceive and react
to stimuli)
Glial cells (allongside the
neurons, protection)
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper (organs, ligaments, tendons)
2. Cartilage (ears, trachea, joints)
3. Adipose tissue
4. Bone tissue
5. Blood
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
(organs, ligaments, tendons)
The cells are arranged irregularly and
are surrounded by lots of fibres
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Connective tissue
Cartilage tissue
It is flexible and strong(ears,
trachea and joints)
The cells (chondrocyte) are small and
egg-shaped. They are arranged in
groups of three or four
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Connective tissue
Adipose tissue
It is the body’ largest energy
reserve and provides insulation
from the cold.
The cells (adipocytes) are large
and round. They are arranged very
close together.
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White adipose tissue (WAT) Brown adipose tissue (BAT)
It contains a single large drop of lipid,
few mitochondria.
It contains lots of tiny lipids (droplets),
rich in mitochondria.
Bad fats These mitochondria contains iron
Stores excess energy as triglycerides,
releases fatty acids during fasting
periods.
Good fats
Secretes adipose derived hormones,
that regulate insulin sensitivity and
satiety
Play a role in generating and controlling
body heat
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Connective tissue
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Connective tissue
Osteocytes
are
arranged in
concentric
layers
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Connective tissue
Blood is a connective tissue
with a liquid matrix called
plasma
Blood cells are: red blood cells
(erythroocyte, white blood cells
(leukocyte) and platelets
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Connective tissue
Blood is a connective tissue
with a liquid matrix called
plasma
Blood cells are: red blood cells,
white blodd cells and platelets
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An organ is a group of tissues that
work together to perform a function,
e.g the herat, the stomach and
muscles…
Systems are groups of organs that
function as a unit to perform a
common function, e.g the digestive
system, yhe circulatory system…
Systems involved in the
nutrition function:
The digestive system
The respiratory system
The circulatory system
The lymphatic system
The excretory system
Systems involved in the interaction
function:
The nervous system
The endocrine system
The muscular and skeletal system (the
locomotor system)
Systems involved in the reproduction
function:
The female and male reproductive
system
The endocrine system
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Systems involved in the nutrition function:
The digestive system transforms food inot nutrients which are absorbed
into the bloodstream.
The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and CO2 with the outside of
the cell The circulatory system uses blood to transport substances throughout the
body
The lymphatic system transport waste from the cells to the blood.
The excretory system takes waste from the blood and eliminates them
from the body
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The lymphatic system, or lymph system as it is also called, is a system made up
of glands, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus gland and tonsils. It bathes our body’s
cells and carries the body’s cellular sewage away from the tissues to the blood,
where it can be filtered by two of the body’s main detoxification organs: the liver
and kidneys.
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Systems involved in the interaction
function:
The nervous system
The endocrine system
The muscular and skeletal system (the
locomotor system)
Systems involved in the reproduction
function:
The female and male reproductive
system
The endocrine system