Lesson 23 – Seeking Honesty…Finding Hope – Hear the Conclusion of the Whole Matter
Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the...
Transcript of Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the...
![Page 1: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Holistic Approach to Finding
the Whole Solution:
Using Systems Principles & Concepts
James N Martin, PhD
Wednesday, 21 January 2015
12th Workshop on Critical Software Systems
Tokyo, Japan
![Page 2: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Topics
• The Concept of Holism
• The Concept of Systems
• How to Conceptualize Systems
… Using the PICARD Theory
• The Seven Samurai of Systems Engineering
… Achieving a Holistic Complete Solution
Systems Principles &
Concepts page 2
![Page 3: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is Holism?
• Philosophy: the theory that the parts of a whole are in
intimate interconnection
– they cannot exist independently of the whole
– cannot be understood without reference to the whole
– the “whole” is greater than the sum of its parts
– is often applied to mental states, language & ecology
• Medicine: the treating of the whole person
– taking into account mental and social factors
– rather than just the physical symptoms of a disease
Systems Principles & Concepts page 3
Holism is the complement of Reductionism:
Engineering relies on Reductionism –
while SE also relies on Holism
![Page 4: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is a System?
• A set of interacting or interdependent
components forming an integrated whole
• Every system is delineated by its spatial and
temporal boundaries
– surrounded and influenced by its environment
– described by its structure and purpose
– expressed in its functionality
and behavior
Systems Principles &
Concepts page 4
![Page 5: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How to Conceptualize Systems
…Using the PICARD Theory
This theory is an important tool for
helping you see the Whole System
5
![Page 6: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
PICARD Theory of Systems
Parts
Interactions
Context
Actions
Relationships
Destination
System = ∑ Helps you see the
“Whole” System
![Page 7: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A Common Belief
• Many will say that: A system is a “thing”
• I will show you why this is misguided thinking
• True Systems Thinking demands a more
holistic viewpoint and a broader perspective
7
![Page 8: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
PICARD-Based
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of
view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),
An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
![Page 9: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Thing
System as a “Point of View”
Point of View
Image
Observer
![Page 10: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Two Observers Two Systems
Thing
Observers
Point of View
Image
![Page 11: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Some Recent History
• The Solar System (2005)
The Sun plus 9 Planets
• The Solar System (2006)
The Sun plus 8 Planets
![Page 12: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
![Page 13: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Our Choice…
• The things we “put” into our System
– Are things of our own Choosing
– Are there for the purpose of Understanding
– Are not pre-determined by some magical
“Rules of Inclusion”
• We must choose Carefully
– A wrong choice could lead to incorrect
Understanding
– We often don’t know a priori what is the best
Rule of Inclusion to use
– May need to experiment with different possible
System boundaries & configurations
![Page 14: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
![Page 15: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
![Page 16: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
![Page 17: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
![Page 18: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
A Common (Mis)Perception
System = Sum of Parts
That We Design & Build
![Page 21: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
System Parts
![Page 22: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Parts – Also Known As…
• Subsystems
• Elements
• Products
• Devices
• Subassemblies
• Components
• Items
• Units
![Page 23: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
What are the Parts of this System ?
• Camera Lens Assembly
• Flash Device
• Electronic Circuit
• User Interface Unit
• Carrying Case
• Shipping Container
• Instructions
• Technique for Holding
• Extra batteries
• Photo Printer
• Patents
![Page 24: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
We need to Imagine more than just
the things we build…
![Page 25: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
What Types of Parts Constitute
a System?
Hardware and Software ??
Hardware and Software and People ??
![Page 26: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Types of System Parts
PATENT
BASIC
PART TYPES
HARDWARE SOFTWARE PERSONNEL FACILITIES
DATA MATERIALS SERVICES TECHNIQUES
![Page 27: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
More Than Just Parts…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
![Page 28: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
How many ways to Interact ?
![Page 29: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8 Items Interacting
• Simple one-way count = ( 8 x 7) / 2 = 28 Interactions only counted in one direction
• Simple two-way count = 8 x 7 = 56 Interactions counted in both directions
• Multi-nary count (not binary) = 8 ! = 40,320 Ex: A-B-C is one 3-way interaction
Called “n-ary” connections
• What about different “kinds” of interactions?
Count can then approach infinity…
29
∞
![Page 30: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Which is the best way to Interact ?
?
![Page 31: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Beyond Interactions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions
+ Context
![Page 32: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What is the Context for a System?
• Context = All relevant and important things
in the Surroundings of the System
Note There might be more than one Context…
Systems Principles &
Concepts page 32
![Page 33: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Context 1
PART
PART PART
PART
Context 2
PART
PART PART
PART
![Page 34: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Beyond Context…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions
![Page 35: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Camera Actions
![Page 36: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Action Diagrams
![Page 37: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Context A
Action in Different Contexts
Action
1
Action
2
Context B
Action
1
Action
3
![Page 38: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Beyond Actions…
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
![Page 39: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Relationship Types
• Interpersonal
– Family, Friends, Social, Organizational, …
• Mathematical
– Equality, Order, Topological, Functionality, …
• Cause-Effect
– Event-Driven, Probabilistic, Forces, Fields, …
![Page 40: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Entity-Relationship Pairs
Entity A
Entity B
Related to
Rain
Wet
Ground
Causes
![Page 41: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
More Relationship Examples…
Balls
Box
Inside
Road
Building
Brings traffic to
and from
![Page 42: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Observing System Relationships
(Example)
Observing
System
Data Handling
System provides
data to
User provides
info to
![Page 43: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Observing System Relationships
(Example)
Observing
System
Data Handling
System provides
data to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Stakeholder
Requirement
![Page 44: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Observing System Relationships
(Example)
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Environmental
Phenomenon
provides
data to
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 45: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Observing System Relationships
(Example)
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 46: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Observing System Relationships
(Example)
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Location
located
at
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
situated on
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 47: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Observing System Relationships
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
located
at
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 48: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Observing System Relationships
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
located
at
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 49: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
System = Sum of Parts
+ Interactions + Context
+ Actions + Relationships
+ Destination
And Finally…
![Page 50: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Destination Impact
Purpose
![Page 51: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Reaching the proper Destination
requires having the right Purpose
![Page 52: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of
view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),
An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
![Page 53: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
PICARD Theory of Systems
Parts
Interactions
Context
Actions
Relationships
Destination
Holistic
Image of System =
From the Point of View of an Observer
![Page 54: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Thing
Systems can be Better “Imagined” by
Taking the Holistic Perspective
Point of View
Observer
Image
![Page 55: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
PICARD is a Useful Lens for “Seeing”
a System more Holistically
![Page 56: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56 56
System – Seen by Operator
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 57: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57 57
System – Seen by User
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 58: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58 58
System – Seen by Developer
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
IF
IF IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
![Page 59: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59 59
System – Seen by GEOSS*
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives * Global Earth Observation
System of Systems (GEOSS)
![Page 60: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60 60
System – Seen by the Architect
Larger
System
Observing
System
Data Handling
System
Human
Environmental
Phenomenon
Environmental
Parameter
Sensing
Element
Sensor
Platform /
Station
part of
measures
is a
contains
characterizes
provides
data to
Observation
Control System is controlled by
Location
Mobile Fixed
is
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Space
Air
Ground
Ocean
Basic Service
Requirement
< drives
provides data directly to
User provides
info to
is type
of
Stake-
holder
has
Operator operated by
situated on
Support
supported
by
Owner
owned
by
Stakeholder
Requirement
< drives < drives
![Page 61: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Systems Thinking
“A system is a way of looking at the world.”
“… a system, any system, is the point of
view of one or several observers.”
Gerald M. Weinberg (1975),
An Introduction to General Systems Thinking
![Page 62: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
PICARD Theory of Systems
Parts
Interactions
Context
Actions
Relationships
Destination
Holistic
Image of System =
From the Point of View of an Observer
![Page 63: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
The Seven Samurai of
Systems Engineering
Dealing with the Complexity
of 7 Interrelated Systems
Seeing the Whole System involves seeing more than
the System that SE traditionally deals with
![Page 64: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Context
System
(S1)
Problem (P1)
• First, there is a Problem to be solved
• The Problem is part of the Context System
![Page 65: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Context 1
Context 2
The
“Problem”
The
“Problem”
![Page 66: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Context
System
(S1)
Problem (P1) Context System Elements
Pre-Existing “Solutions”
Physical Environment (air, land, sea)
Regulatory Environment (laws,
regulations, customs, ethics, stigmas)
Information (data, signals, noise)
Knowledge (information, knowledge,
wisdom, “best” practices)
Anti-Knowledge (misinformation, lies, stupidity)
Emotions (love, hate, delight, disappointment)
Aesthetics (elegance, beauty, cultural expectations)
But More Elements . . .
![Page 67: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Context
System
(S1)
Problem (P1)
Intervention
System (S2)
intended to address
Systems Engineers try to
conceive of a way to
“suppress” the Problem
![Page 68: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Intervention System
• This is usually the “System of Interest” that will be developed by your
project to solve a particular problem (or to meet the given requirements)
• Intervention
– Action taken to improve a situation
– The act of intervening
• Intervening
– to become involved in something (such as a conflict) in order to have
an influence on what happens
– to interfere with the outcome or course of events, especially of a
condition or process (as to prevent harm or improve functioning)
68
![Page 69: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Context
System
(S1)
Problem (P1)
Intervention
System (S2)
intended to address
Transport people quickly
over long distances…
Collect images quickly
over entire earth…
Problems System
Solutions
Passenger Jet
Imagery Satellite
![Page 70: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Realization
System (S3)
needs to understand
Context
System (S1)
Intervention
System (S2)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
The Intervention System must be:
Designed & Developed
Tested & Qualified
Produced & Deployed
![Page 71: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Realization
System (S3)
needs to understand
Context
System (S1)
Intervention
System (S2)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
Airbus + Air France +
Airplane Standards + etc
Boeing + Suppliers +
US Gov’t + Regulations
+ Imaging Technology +
Physics Knowledge + etc
Realization Systems
Passenger Jet
Imagery Satellite
Intervention Systems
![Page 72: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Realization
System (S3)
needs to understand
Context
System (S1)
Intervention
System (S2)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
• People & Organizations
• Facilities & Equipment
• Contracts & Financing
• Materials & Supplies
• Services & Utilities
• Policies & Procedures
• Processes & Methods
• Tools & Techniques
• Data & Information
• Knowledge & Wisdom
![Page 73: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
needs to understand
Deployed System is
often different from the
“as-designed” system
Deployed
System (S4)
becomes
![Page 74: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
needs to understand
Deployed
System (S4)
becomes
Boeing
747
• 747-100 s/n 345
• 747-200 s/n 678
• 747-419 s/n 321
• …
![Page 75: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Modified Context
System (S1’)
becomes
needs to
understand
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
becomes
needs to understand
![Page 76: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Deployed
System
![Page 77: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
![Page 78: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
![Page 79: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
![Page 80: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
intended to address
becomes
becomes
needs to understand
needs to
understand
Problem (P2)
may
cause
• Unanticipated?
• Unintended?
![Page 81: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may
cause
intended to address
becomes
becomes
needs to understand
needs to
understand
Collaborating
System (S5)
collaborates
with
![Page 82: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may
cause
Collaborating
System (S5)
collaborates
with
intended to address
becomes
becomes
needs to understand
needs to
understand
Sustainment
System (S6)
sustains
may need
to develop
or modify
![Page 83: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may
cause
Collaborating
System (S5)
collaborates
with
intended to address
becomes
becomes
needs to understand
needs to
understand
Sustainment
System (S6)
sustains
may need
to develop
or modify
1. Logistics Supply Chain
2. Repair Depot
3. Customer Hotline
4. Energy & Fuel Suppliers
5. Waste Removal
6. Communications
7. Training & Education
8. Food & Water
![Page 84: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Context
System (S1)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
becomes
Competing
System (S7)
may address
competes
with
![Page 85: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
Context
System (S1)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Problem (P1)
becomes
Competing
System (S7)
may address
competes
with
1. Competitor’s System
2. Homegrown Solutions
3. Status Quo (“do nothing”)
Other Solutions
1. Fuel & Energy
2. Scarce Materials
3. Trained & Educated People
4. Psychological Expectations
5. Limited Attention Span
Shared Resources
![Page 86: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Competing
System (S7)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Sustainment
System (S6)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may
cause
Collaborating
System (S5)
collaborates
with
intended to address
becomes
may address
competes
with
becomes
sustains
may need
to develop
or modify
needs to understand
needs to
understand
The 7
Samurai
![Page 87: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Seven Samurai
Context System (S1)
Intervention System (S2)
Realization System (S3)
Deployed System (S4)
Collaborating System (S5)
Sustainment System (S6)
Competing System (S7)
87
![Page 88: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Context
System (S1)
Realization
System (S3)
Intervention
System (S2)
Competing
System (S7)
Modified Context
System (S1’)
Deployed
System (S4)
Sustainment
System (S6)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may
cause
Collaborating
System (S5)
collaborates
with
intended to address
becomes
may address
competes
with
becomes
sustains
may need
to develop
or modify
needs to understand
needs to
understand
15 Interactions
1. Context System (S1) contains a Problem (P1)
2. Intervention System (S2) is intended to address P1
3. Realization System (S3) brings S2 into being
4. S2 is a constituent of S3
5. S3 needs to understand S1
6. S3 needs to understand the Modified Context System (S1’)
7. S3 may need to develop or modify the Sustainment System (S6)
8. Intervention System (S2) becomes Deployed System (S4)
9. S1 becomes the Modified Context System (S1’)
10. S4 is contained in (and interacts with) S1’
11. S4 collaborates with one or more Collaborating Systems (S5)
12. S4 is sustained by Sustainment System (S6)
13. S4 may cause new Problem (P2)
14. Competing System(s) (S7) may address the original Problem (P1)
15. S7 competes with S4 for resources & user/operator attention
![Page 89: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Systems engineers focus too much on one system —the
Intervention System
Should use this as a framework to encourage true “Systems”
Thinking
The 7 Samurai frame-work can lead to more Holistic
application of
SE methods and tools
What Now?
![Page 90: Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution · 2020-01-17 · Holistic Approach to Finding the Whole Solution: Using Systems Principles & Concepts James N Martin, PhD Wednesday,](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042202/5ea238b1c81dd270b65557fd/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Conclusions
• Systems Thinking is hard…
• But it is made easier with good tools
and methods…
• That are enabled by good systems
principles and concepts
90