Hoe effective is the ALU method in detecting the

difference among the racial diversity in

humans?

Our research will show that the ALU method will offer a good

guess of one’s race through genetics. Yet, due to human

diversity, the method will not be 100

percent accurate.

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Why is it important to look at polymorphisms

in different gene pools from different places of origin?• Can find disease that are more

prone to one gene pool.ex: Cystic Fibrosis,

• Different drugs can be more useful to certain gene pools than others.

ex: Angiotensin-Converting-enzyme

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There is no such thing as race!

What is a Polymorphism?

He has Black skinHe has black hairHe he thick eyebrows

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He has white skinHe has grey hairHe has thin eyebrows

The ALU Polymorphism

The ALU allele is located all through out the DNA.

The location in which people have it is

different.

The ALU Allele

• DOES NOT CODE FOR ANYTHING!• ALU is in the part of our DNA called “waste”

• Does not code for protein• Found be scientist to have a pattern between groups of people from different origin.

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• Becomes apart of LI during meiosis.

• The ALU sequence then has a different placement in the DNA.

• Placement random?• The reason that the ALU allele can be in different base pairs is because it has the ability to jump and move spots

How the ALU Sequence jumps

What is a Gel?

The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is

organized and we can read it later on. It allows

the DNA move which Is how your read it.

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What is a Gel?

The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is

organized and we can read it later on. It allows

the DNA move which Is how your read it.

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What is a Gel?

The gel is what we place the DNA in so it is

organized and we can read it later on. It allows

the DNA move which Is how your read it.

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How to read the results

• Move through the electrophoresis by size, the smaller pieces can move father.

• One row is for 416 and the other is for the 731.

What it means?

• +/+• +/-• -/-

Methods:How to test for the gene

Get hair/cheek cells from subjects

Methods:How to test for the gene

Extract DNA

Methods:How to test for the gene

Copy in PCR

Methods:How to test for the gene

Dye Samples

Methods:How to test for the gene

Load Gels

Methods:How to test for the geneTurn on the Electrophoresis

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Why our experiment failed!

• Unsanitary conditions• Did not extract good samples• Resources were to old

What is a Database?

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How to read the Results

Results:Figure 1: The Frequency of ALU in Various Gene Pools

Around teh World

0

100

200

300

Gene pool

Alu Frequency

Gene pool +/+ +/- -/-

Gene pool 0 0 0 0 0 0

+/+ 32 84 1 15 7 4

+/- 83 46 0 8 12 14

-/- 235 44 0 4 25 27

Europe Asia AustraliaNorth

America South

AmericaAfrica

Figure 2: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in European Gene pools

2 1 112 1616 11 14 14

2826

5230

7

119

0

50

100

150

Gene pools

Alu sequence

+/+ +/- -/-

+/+ 2 1 1 12 16

+/- 16 11 14 14 28

-/- 26 52 30 7 119

French German Greek Turkish European

Figure 3: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in Asian Gene pools

37

21

7 83

126 7 8 6

1 38 7

11

0

10

20

30

40

Gene Pool

Alu Frequency

+/+ +/- -/-

+/+ 37 21 7 8 3

+/- 12 6 7 8 6

-/- 1 3 8 7 11

Chinesse Filipino Indian(chirsti

an)Indian(Hindu

ism)Indian Muslim

Figure 4: The Frequency of the Alu sequence in Asian Gene pools

710

23

1 2

12

0

5

10

15

20

25

Gene pool

Alu frequency

Alaka Native Native American

Alaka Native 7 10 23

Native American 1 2 12

+/+ +/- -/-

Figure 5: The frequency of the Alu Sequence in African pool

0 034

14

27

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Gene pool

Alu sequence

African Nguni(South African)

African 0 0 3

Nguni(South African) 4 14 27

+/+ +/- -/-

Figure 6: The Frequency of the Alu gene in mixed gene pools around the world

0 0 1 0 0 13 0 0 1 2

14

2 1 1 0 0

30

0

10

20

30

40

Gene pool

Alu Frequencies

+/+ +/- -/-

+/+ 0 0 1 0 0 1

+/- 3 0 0 1 2 14

-/- 2 1 1 0 0 30

Asian European

Asian African

Native American-

African

Australian-Asian

African-European

Eropean-American

What do these results mean?

• The original hypothesis is accurately supported by the analysis of our results.

Europeans

People who came from Europe, 67% of them do not have the ALU allele on either of the 731 base pair or the 416th base pair.

Northern Americans/Africans

• 57% of Northern Americans and 60% of Africans, did not have the ALU allele of either of their base pairs

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Could we find a Criminal?

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Flaws with the Database

• The people tested on it were of mostly European decent.

• There were very little mixed races

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Connection to medicineThis experiment supports the scientists who emphasized that using race to modify drugs has not been a proven technique

Connection to new scientific research