Hodge Theory
description
Transcript of Hodge Theory
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Hodge Theory
Complex Manifolds
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by William M. Faucette
Adapted from lectures by Mark Andrea A. Cataldo
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Structure of LectureConjugationsTangent bundles on a complex manifoldCotangent bundles on a complex manifoldStandard orientation of a complex manifoldAlmost complex structureComplex-valued formsDolbeault cohomology
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Conjugations
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ConjugationsLet us recall the following distinct notions
of conjugation.
First, there is of course the usual conjugation in C:
€
γa γ
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ConjugationsLet V be a real vector space and
be its complexification. There is a natural R-linear isomorphism given by
€
VC := V ⊗R C
€
c :VC → VC
u⊗ γ a u⊗ γ
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex Manifold
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldLet X be a complex manifold of dimension
n, x2X and
be a holomorphic chart for X around x. Let zk=xk+iyk for k=1, . . . , N.
€
(U; z1, K , zn )
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldXR) is the real tangent bundle on X.
The fiber TX,xR) has real rank 2n and it is the real span
€
R ∂x1,K ,∂xn
,∂y1,K ,∂yn
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldXC):= XR)RC is the complex
tangent bundle on X. The fiber TX,xC) has complex rank 2n and it is the complex span
€
C ∂x1,K ,∂xn
,∂y1,K ,∂yn
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldOften times it is more convenient to use a
basis for the complex tangent space which better reflects the complex structure. Define
€
∂z j:= 1
2∂x j
− i∂y j( )
∂z j:= 1
2∂x j
+ i∂y j( )
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldWith this notation, we have
€
∂x j= ∂z j
+ ∂z j
∂y j= i ∂z j
−∂z j( )
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldClearly we have
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TX ,x (C) = C ∂z1,K ,∂zn
,∂z1,K ,∂z n
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldIn general, a smooth change of
coordinates does not leave invariant the two subspaces
€
R ∂x j{ } and R ∂y j{ }
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldHowever, a holomorphic change of
coordinates does leave invariant the two subspaces
€
C ∂z j{ } and C ∂z j{ }
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldTX is the holomorphic tangent bundle on
X. The fiber TX,x has complex rank n and it is the complex span
TX is a holomorphic vector bundle.
€
C ∂z1,K ,∂zn
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldTX is the anti-holomorphic tangent bundle
on X. The fiber TX,x has complex rank n and it is the complex span
TX is an anti-holomorphic vector bundle.
€
C ∂z1,K ,∂z n
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldWe have a canonical injection and a
canonical internal direct sum decomposition into complex sub-bundles:
€
TX (R)⊆TX (C) = ′ T X ⊕ ′ ′ T X
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldComposing the injection with the
projections we get canonical real isomorphisms
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T X ≅ TX (R) ≅ ′ ′ T X
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldThe conjugation map
is a real linear isomorphism which is not complex linear.
€
c : TX (C) → TX (C)
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Tangent Bundles on a Complex ManifoldThe conjugation map induces real linear
isomorphism
and a complex linear isomorphism
€
c : ′ T X ≅R ′ ′ T X
€
c : ′ T X ≅C ′ ′ T X
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex Manifolds
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsLet {dx1, . . . , dxn, dy1, . . . , dyn} be the
dual basis to {x1, . . . , xn, y1, . . . , yn}. Then
€
dz j = dx j + i dy j dz j = dx j − i dy j
dx j = 12
dz j + dz j( ) dy j = 12i
dz j − dz j( )
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsWe have the following vector bundles on
X: TX*(R), the real cotangent bundle, with
fiber
€
TX ,x* (R) = R dx1,K ,dxn,dy1,K ,dyn
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex Manifolds
TX*(C), the complex cotangent bundle, with fiber
€
TX ,x* (C) = C dx1,K ,dxn,dy1,K ,dyn
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex Manifolds
TX*(C), the holomorphic cotangent bundle, with fiber
€
T X ,x*(C) = C dz1,K ,dzn
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex Manifolds
TX*(C), the anti-holomorphic cotangent bundle, with fiber
€
T X ,x*(C) = C dz1,K ,dzn
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsWe have a canonical injection and a
canonical internal direct sum decomposition into complex sub-bundles:
€
TX*(R)⊆TX
* (C) = ′ T X* ⊕ ′ ′ T X
*
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsComposing the injection with the
projections we get canonical real isomorphisms
€
T X* ≅R TX
*(R) ≅R ′ ′ T X*
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsThe conjugation map
is a real linear isomorphism which is not complex linear.
€
c : TX*(C) → TX
* (C)
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsThe conjugation map induces real linear
isomorphism
and a complex linear isomorphism
€
c : ′ T X* ≅R ′ ′ T X
*
€
c : ′ T X* ≅C ′ ′ T X
*
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Cotangent Bundles on Complex ManifoldsLet f(x1,y1,…, xn, yn)= u(x1,y1,…, xn, yn)+ i
v(x1,y1,…, xn, yn) be a smooth complex-valued function in a neighborhood of x. Then
€
df = du + i dv = ∂f∂z j
dz jj∑ + ∂f∂z j
dz jj∑
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The Standard Orientation of a Complex Manifold
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Standard OrientationProposition: A complex manifold X
admits a canonical orientation.
If one looks at the determinant of the transition matrix of the tangent bundle of X, the Cauchy-Riemann equations immediately imply that this determinant must be positive.
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Standard OrientationIf (U,{z1,…,zn}) with zj=xj+i yj, the real
2n-form
is nowhere vanishing in U.
€
σU = dx1∧dy1∧K ∧dxn ∧dyn
= i 2( )n dz1∧dz1∧K ∧dzn ∧dzn
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Standard OrientationSince the holomorphic change of
coordinates is orientation preserving, these non-vanishing differential forms patch together using a partition of unity argument to give a global non-vanish- ing differential form.
This differential form is the standard orientation of X.
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The Almost Complex Structure
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Almost Complex StructureThe holomorphic tangent bundle TX of a
complex manifold X admits the complex linear automorphism given by multiplication by i.
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Almost Complex StructureBy the isomorphism
We get an automorphism J of the real tangent bundle TX(R) such that J2=Id. The same is true for TX* using the dual map J*.
€
T X ≅ TX (R)
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Almost Complex StructureAn almost complex structure on a real
vector space VR of finite even dimension 2n is a R-linear automorphism
€
JR :VR ≅VR J 2 = −IdVR
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Almost Complex StructureAn almost complex structure is equivalent
to endowing VR with a structure of a complex vector space of dimension n.
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Almost Complex StructureLet (VR, JR) be an almost complex
structure. Let VC:= VRRC and JC:= JRIdC: VC VC be the complexification of JR.
The automorphism JC of VC has eigenvalues i and i.
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Almost Complex StructureThere are a natural inclusion and a natural
direct sum decomposition
where the subspace VRVC is the fixed locus of the
conjugation map associated with the complexification.
€
VR ⊆VC = ′ V ⊕ ′ ′ V
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Almost Complex Structure V and V are the JCeigenspaces
corresponding to the eigenvalues i and i, respectively,
since JC is real, that is, it fixes VRVC, JC commutes with the natural conjugation map and V and V are exchanged by this conjugation map,
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Almost Complex Structure there are natural Rlinear isomorphisms
coming from the inclusion and the projections to the direct summands
and complex linear isomorphisms
€
V ≅R VR ≅R ′ ′ V
€
V ≅C ′ ′ V
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Almost Complex Structure The complex vector space defined by
the complex structure is Clinearly isomorphic to V.
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Almost Complex StructureThe same considerations are true for the
almost complex structure (VR*, JR*). We have
€
V * ≅R VR* ≅R ′ ′ V *
€
V * ≅C ′ ′ V *
€
VR* ⊆VC
* = ′ V * ⊕ ′ ′ V *
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Complex-Valued Forms
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Complex-Valued FormsLet M be a smooth manifold. Define the
complex valued smooth p-forms as
€
A p (M) := E P (M)⊗R C ≅ C∞(M,TM (C))
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Complex-Valued FormsThe notion of exterior differentiation
extends to complex-valued differential forms:
€
d : A p (M) → A p +1(M)
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Complex-Valued FormsLet X be a complex manifold of dimension
n, x2X, (p,q) be a pair of non-negative integers and define the complex vector spaces
€
Λp,q (TX ,x* ) := Λp ( ′ T X ,x
* )⊗Λq ( ′ ′ T X ,x* )⊆ΛC
p +q (TX ,x* (C))
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Complex-Valued FormsThere is a canonical internal direct sum
decomposition of complex vector spaces
€
ΛCl (TX ,x
* (C)) = ⊕p +q= l Λp,q (TX ,x
* )
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Complex-Valued FormsDefinition: The space of (p,q)forms on
X
is the complex vector space of smooth sections of the smooth complex vector bundle Λp,q(TX*).€
A p,q (X) := C∞(X,Λp,q (TX ,x* ))
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Complex-Valued FormsThere is a canonical direct sum
decomposition
and
€
A l (X) = ⊕p +q= l A p,q (X)
€
d(A p,q )⊆ A p +1,q (X)⊕ A p,q +1(X)
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Complex-Valued FormsLet l=p+q and consider the natural
projections
Define operators€
π p,q : A l (X) → A p,q (X)⊆ A l (X)
€
d : A p,q (X ) → A p +1,q (X), ′ ′ d : A p,q (X) → A p,q +1(X)′ d = π p +1,q od, ′ ′ d = π p,q +1 od.
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Complex-Valued FormsNote that
Also,
€
d = ′ d + ′ ′ d , ′ ′ d 2= 0 = ′ d 2, ′ d ′ ′ d = − ′ ′ d ′ d
€
d = ′ ′ d , ′ ′ d = ′ d
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Dolbeault Cohomology
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Dolbeault CohomologyDefinition: Fix p and q. The Dolbeault
complex is the complex of vector spaces
€
0 → A p,0(M) ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,1(M) ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ L
L ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,n−1(M) ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,n (M) → 0
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Dolbeault CohomologyThe Dolbeault cohomology groups are the
cohomology groups of the complex
€
0 → A p,0(M) ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,1(M) ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ L
L ′ ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,n−1(M) ′ d ⏐ → ⏐ A p,n (M) → 0
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Dolbeault CohomologyThat is,
€
H ′ ′ d p,q := Ker ′ ′ d : A p,q (X) → A p,q +1(X)
Im ′ ′ d : A p,q−1(X) → A p,q (X)
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Dolbeault CohomologyTheorem: (Grothendieck-Dolbeault Lemma)
Let q>0. Let X be a complex manifold and u2Ap,q(X) be such that du=0. Then, for every point x2X, there is an open neighborhood U of x in X and a form v2Ap,q-1(U) such that
€
u U = ′ ′ d v.
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Dolbeault CohomologyThe Grothendieck-Dolbeault Lemma
guarantees that Dolbeault cohomology is locally trivial.
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Dolbeault CohomologyFor those familiar with sheaves and sheaf
cohomology, the Dolbeault Lemma tells us that the fine sheaves Ap,q
X of germs of C (p,q)-forms give a fine resolution of the sheaf p
X of germs of holomorphic p-forms on X. Hence, by the abstract deRham theorem
€
H q (X,ΩXp ) ≅ H ′ ′ d
p,q (X).