Ho Chi Minh 1

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh

Portrait c. 1946

Chairman of the Communist Party of Vietnam

In office19 February 1951 2 September 1969

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Post abolished

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam

In office1 November 1956 10 September 1960

Preceded by Truong Chinh

Succeeded by Le Duan

President of Vietnam

In office2 September 1945 2 September 1969

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Ton Duc Thang

Prime Minister of Vietnam

In office2 September 1945 20 September 1955

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Pham Van Dong

Personal details

Born Nguyn Sinh Cung19 May 1890Nghe An Province, French Indochina

Ho Chi Minh 2

Died 2 September 1969 (aged79)Hanoi, North Vietnam

Nationality Vietnamese

Political party Workers' Party of Vietnam

Signature

H Ch Minh (Vietnamese pronunciation:[h tm]( listen)); 19 May 1890 2 September 1969), born Nguyn SinhCung and also known as Nguyn Tt Thnh and Nguyn i Quc, was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionaryleader who was prime minister (19451955) and president (19451969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam(North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well asthe People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.He led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-ruled DemocraticRepublic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at battle of Dien Bien Phu. He officiallystepped down from power in 1955 due to health problems, but remained a highly visible figurehead and inspirationfor Vietnamese fighting for his cause a united, communist Vietnam until his death. After the war, Saigon, capitalof the Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Ho Chi Minh City.

Early lifeNguyn Sinh Cung was born in 1890 in the village of Hong Tr (the name of the local temple near to Lng Sen),his mother's village. From 1895, he grew up in his father Nguyn Sinh Sc's village of Lng Sen, Kim Lien, Namn, Nghe An Province. He had three siblings: his sister Bch Lin (or Nguyn Th Thanh), a clerk in the FrenchArmy; his brother Nguyen Sinh Khiem (or Nguyn Tt t), a geomancer and traditional herbalist; and anotherbrother (Nguyn Sinh Nhun) who died in his infancy. As a young child, Nguyn studied with his father before moreformal classes with a scholar named Vuong Thuc Do. Nguyn quickly mastered Chinese writing, a requisite for anyserious study of Confucianism, while honing his colloquial Vietnamese writing.[1] In addition to his studiousendeavors, he was fond of adventure, and loved to fly kites and go fishing.[1] Following Confucian tradition, at theage of 10, his father gave him a new name: Nguyn Tt Thnh (Nguyn the Accomplished).Nguyns father, Nguyn Sinh Sc, was a Confucian scholar and teacher, and later an imperial magistrate in thesmall remote district of Binh Khe (Qui Nhon). He was demoted for abuse of power after an influential local figuredied several days after receiving 100 strokes of the cane as punishment for an infraction.[2] In deference to his father,Nguyn received a French education, attended lyce in Hu, the alma mater of his later disciples, Pham Van Dongand Vo Nguyen Giap. He later left his studies and chose to teach at Dc Thanh school in Phan Thit.

In the United StatesIn 1911, working as the cook's helper on a ship, Nguyn traveled to the United States. From 1912-13, he lived inNew York (Harlem) and Boston, where he worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel. Among a series of menialjobs, he claimed to have worked for a wealthy family in Brooklyn between 191718, and for General Motors as aline manager. It is believed that, while in the United States, he made contact with Korean nationalists, an experiencethat developed his political outlook.[3]

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In the United KingdomAt various points between 1913 and 1919, Nguyn lived in West Ealing, and later in Crouch End, Hornsey. Hereportedly worked as a chef at the Drayton Court Hotel in West Ealing.[4] It is claimed that Nguyn trained as apastry chef under Auguste Escoffier at the Carlton Hotel in the Haymarket, Westminster, but there is no evidence tosupport this.[3] [5]However, the wall of New Zealand House, home of the New Zealand High Commission, whichnow stands on the site of the Carlton Hotel, displays a blue plaque, stating that Nguyn worked there in 1913 as awaiter.

Political education in FranceFrom 191923, while living in France, Nguyn began to approach the idea of communism, through his friend andSocialist Party of France comrade Marcel Cachin. Nguyn claimed to have arrived in Paris from London in 1917, butthe French police only had documents of his arrival in June 1919.[3] Following World War I, under the name Nguyni Quc ("Nguyn the Patriot"), he petitioned for recognition of the civil rights of the Vietnamese people in FrenchIndochina to the Western powers at the Versailles peace talks, but was ignored.[6] Citing the language and the spiritof the U.S. Declaration of Independence, Quc petitioned U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to help remove theFrench from Vietnam and replace them with a new, nationalist government. Although he was unable to obtainconsideration at Versailles, the failure further radicalized Nguyn, while also making him a national hero of theanti-colonial movement at home in Vietnam.[7]

In 1920, during the Congress of Tours, in France, Quc became a founding member of the Parti CommunisteFranais (FCP) and spent much of his time in Moscow afterward, becoming the Comintern's Asia hand and theprincipal theorist on colonial warfare. During the Indochina War, the PCF would be involved with anti-warpropaganda, sabotage and support for the revolutionary effort. In May 1922, Nguyn wrote an article for a Frenchmagazine criticizing the use of English words by French sportswriters.[8] The article implores Prime MinisterRaymond Poincar to outlaw such Franglais as le manager, le round and le knock-out. While living in Paris, hereportedly had a relationship with a dressmaker named Marie Brire.[8]

In the Soviet Union and ChinaIn 1923, Nguyn (Ho) left Paris for Moscow, where he was employed by the Comintern, studied at the CommunistUniversity of the Toilers of the East,[9][10] and participated in the Fifth Comintern Congress in June 1924, beforearriving in Canton (present-day Guangzhou), China, in November 1924. In June 1925, Hoang Van Chi claimedNguyn (Ho) betrayed Phan Boi Chau, the head of a rival revolutionary faction, to French police in Shanghai for100,000 piastres.[11] Nguyn (Ho) later claimed he did it because he expected Chau's trial to stir up anti-Frenchresentment, and because he needed the money to establish a communist organization.[11] In Ho Chi Minh: A Life,William Duiker repudiated this hypothesis. Other sources claim that Nguyen Thuong Hien was responsible forChau's capture. Chau never denounced Nguyn.In 1925-26 he organized "Youth Education Classes" and occasionally gave lectures at the Whampoa MilitaryAcademy on the revolutionary movement in Indochina. According to Duiker, he lived with and married a Chinesewoman, Tang Tuyet Minh (Zeng Xueming), on 18 October 1926.[12] When his comrades objected to the match, hetold them, I will get married despite your disapproval because I need a woman to teach me the language and keephouse.[12] She was 21 and he was 36.[12] They married in the same place where Zhou Enlai had married earlier andthen lived together at the residence of a Comintern agent, Mikhail Borodin.[12]

Chiang Kai-shek's anti-communist 1927 coup triggered a new round of exile for Nguyn. He left Canton again in April 1927 and returned to Moscow, spending some of the summer of 1927 recuperating from tuberculosis in the Crimea, before returning to Paris once more in November. He then returned to Asia by way of Brussels, Berlin, Switzerland, and Italy, from where he sailed to Bangkok, Thailand, where he arrived in July 1928. Although we

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have been separated for almost a year, our feelings for each other do not have to be said in order to be felt, hereassured Minh in an intercepted letter.[12]

He remained in Thailand, staying in the Thai village of Nachok,[13] until late 1929 when he moved on to India, andShanghai. In June 1931, he was arrested in Hong Kong. To reduce French pressure for extradition, it was (falsely)announced in 1932 that Nguyn i Quc had died.[14] The British quietly released him in January 1933. He made hisway back to Milan, Italy, where he served in a restaurant. The restaurant now serves traditional Lombard-cuisine andharbors a portrait of Ho Chi Minh on the wall of its main dining hall.[15][16] He moved to the Soviet Union, where hespent several more years recovering from tuberculosis.In 1938, he returned to China and served as an adviser with Chinese Communist armed forces, which later forcedChina's government to the island of Taiwan.[3] Around 1940, Quc began regularly using the name "H ChMinh",[3] a Vietnamese name combining a common Vietnamese surname (H, ) with a given name meaning "HeWho enlightens" (from Sino-Vietnamese ; Ch meaning 'will' (or spirit), and Minh meaning "light").[17]

Independence movementIn 1941, Ho returned to Vietnam to lead the Viet Minh independence movement. The "men in black" were a 10,000member guerrilla force that operated with the Viet Minh.[18] He oversaw many successful military actions against theVichy French and Japanese occupation of Vietnam during World War II, supported closely but clandestinely by theUnited States Office of Strategic Services, and later against the French bid to reoccupy the country (194654). Hewas jailed in China by Chiang Kai-shek's local authorities before being rescued by Chinese Communists.[19]

Following his release in 1943, he returned to Vietnam. He was treated for malaria and dysentery by American OSSdoctors.Following the August Revolution (1945) organized by the Viet Minh, Ho became Chairman of the ProvisionalGovernment (Premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and issued a Proclamation of Independence of theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.[20] Although he convinced Emperor Bao Dai to abdicate, his government was notrecognized by any country. He repeatedly petitioned American President Harry S. Truman for support forVietnamese independence,[21] citing the Atlantic Charter, but Truman never responded.[22]

According to some sources,[23] 1945, in a power struggle, the Viet Minh killed members of rival groups, such as theleader of the Constitutional Party, the head of the Party for Independence, and Ngo Dinh Diem's brother, Ngo DinhKhoi.[24] Purges and killings of Trotskyists were also documented in The Black Book of Communism.In 1946, when Ho traveled outside of the country, his subordinates imprisoned 2,500 non-communist nationalists andforced 6,000 others to flee.[25] Hundreds of political opponents were jailed or exiled in July 1946, notably membersof the National Party of Vietnam and the Dai Viet National Party, after a failed attempt to raise a coup against theVietminh government.[26][27] All rival political parties were hereafter banned and local governments were purged[28]

to minimize opposition later on.However, it was noted that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's first Congress had over two-third of its memberscome from non-Viet Minh political factions, some without election. NPV party leader Nguyen Hai Than was namedVice President.[29] They also held four out of ten ministerial positions.[30]

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Birth of the Democratic Republic of VietnamOn 2 September 1945, following Emperor Bao Dai's abdication, Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independenceof Vietnam,[31] under the name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In Saigon, with violence between rivalVietnamese factions and French forces increasing, the British commander, General Sir Douglas Gracey, declaredmartial law. On 24 September, the Viet Minh leaders responded with a call for a general strike.[32]

In September 1945, a force of 200,000 Republic of China Army troops arrived in Hanoi. Ho made a compromisewith their general, Lu Han, to dissolve the Communist Party and to hold an election which would yield a coalitiongovernment. When Chiang later traded Chinese influence in Vietnam for French concessions in Shanghai, Ho ChiMinh had no choice but to sign an agreement with France on 6 March 1946, in which Vietnam would be recognizedas an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. The agreement soon broke down. Thepurpose of the agreement, for both the French and Vietminh, was to drive out Chiang's army from North Vietnam.Fighting broke out in the North soon after the Chinese left.

"The last time the Chinese came, they stayed a thousand years. The French are foreigners. They areweak. Colonialism is dying. The white man is finished in Asia. But if the Chinese stay now, they willnever go. As for me, I prefer to sniff French shit for five years than to eat Chinese shit for the rest of mylife." Ho Chi Minh, 1946[33]

The Viet Minh then collaborated with French colonial forces to massacre supporters of the Vietnamese nationalistmovements in 1945-6.[34] The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure apeace deal with France. In the final days of 1946, after a year of diplomatic failure and many concessions inagreements such as the Dalat and Fontainebleau conferences, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam governmentfound that war was inevitable. The bombardment of Haiphong by French forces at Hanoi only strengthened thebelief that France had no intention of allowing an autonomous, independent state in Vietnam. On 19 December 1946,Ho, representing his government, declared war against the French Union, marked the beginning of the IndochinaWar.[35] The Vietnam National Army, by then mostly armed with machetes and muskets immediately attacked,waging assault against French positions, smoking them out with straw bundled with chili pepper, destroying armoredvehicles with Lunge Mines and Molotov cocktails, holding off attackers by using roadblocks, mines and gravel.After two months of fighting, the exhausted Viet Minh forces withdrew after systematically destroying any valuableinfrastructure. Ho was reported to be captured by a group of French soldiers led by Jean-Etienne Valluy at Vit Bcin Operation Lea which turned out to be a Viet Minh advisor, who was later killed trying to escape. According tojournalist Bernard Fall, after fighting the French for several years, Ho decided to negotiate a truce. The Frenchnegotiators arrived at the meeting site: a mud hut with a thatched roof. Inside they found a long table with chairs andwere surprised to discover in one corner of the room a silver ice bucket containing ice and a bottle of goodChampagne which should have indicated that Ho expected the negotiations to succeed. One demand by the Frenchwas the return to French custody of a number of Japanese military officers (who had been helping the Vietnamesearmed forces by training them in the use of weapons of Japanese origin), in order for them to stand trial for warcrimes committed during World War II. Ho replied that the Japanese officers were allies and friends whom he couldnot betray. Then he walked out, to seven more years of war.[36]

In February 1950, after the successful removal of French border's blockade,[37] Ho met with Stalin and Mao Zedongin Moscow after the Soviet Union recognized his government. They all agreed that China would be responsible forbacking the Viet Minh.[38] Mao's emissary to Moscow stated in August that China planned to train 60-70,000 VietMinh in the near future.[39] The road to the outside world was open for Viet Minh forces to receive additionalsupplies which allow them to escalate the fight against the French regime throughout Indochina. In 1954, after thecrushing defeat of French Union forces at Battle of Dien Bien Phu, France was forced to give up its fight against theViet Minh.

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Becoming president

Ho Chi Minh (right) with Vo Nguyen Giap (left)in Hanoi, 1945

Ho Chi Minh with East German sailors inStralsund harbour, 1957

House of "Uncle Ho" in Hanoi

The 1954 Geneva Accords, concluded between France and the VietMinh, provided Vietminh forces would regroup in the North and theanti-communist & pro-democracy forces regroup in the South. Ho'sDemocratic Republic of Vietnam relocated to Hanoi and became thegovernment of North Vietnam, a communist-led single party state. TheGeneva accords also provided for a national presidential election toreunify the country in 1956, but this was rejected by Diem'sgovernment and the United States as they feared that Ho's governmentwould probably win considering the slightly larger population of NorthVietnam.[40] The U.S government committed itself to contain thespread of communism in Asia beginning in 1950, when they funded80% of the French effort. After Geneva, the U.S became thereplacement for France as Republic of Vietnam's chief sponsor andfinancial backer, but there was never a written treaty between theUnited States and South Vietnam.

Following the Geneva Accords, there was to be a 300-day period inwhich people could freely move between the two regions of Vietnam,later known as South Vietnam and North Vietnam. Some 900,000 to 1million Vietnamese, mostly Catholics, as well as many anti-communistintellectuals, former French colonial civil servants and wealthyVietnamese, left for the South, while around 250,000 people, mostlyformer Vietminh soldiers, went from South to North.[41][42] SomeCanadian observers claimed many were forced by North Vietnameseauthorities to remain against their will.[43] With the backing of theU.S., the 1956 elections were canceled by Diem, Vietnam's premier,and later the first president of Republic of Vietnam. Diem formedanother election, which he won by fraud.[44]

In North Vietnam during the 1950s, political opposition groups weresuppressed; those publicly opposing the government were imprisonedin hard labor camps. Many middle-class, intellectual Northerners hadbeen lured into speaking out against Ho's communist regime, and mostof them were later imprisoned in gulags, or executed, known as theNhan Van-Giai Pham Affair. Prisoners were abused and beaten atop oflabor-intensive work forced upon them. Many died of exhaustion,starvation, illness (who often died without any medical attention), orassault by prison guards. The government engaged in a drastic landreform program in which more than 100,000 perceived "class enemies"were executed.[45][46][47] Some estimates range from 200,000 to900,000 deaths from executions, camps, and famine.[48][49][50][51][52]

Torture was used on a wide scale, so much so that by 1956 Ho ChiMinh became concerned, and had it banned.[53]

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At the end of 1959, Le Duan was appointed by Ho to be the acting party leader, after becoming aware that thenationwide election would never happen and Diem's intention to purge out all opposing forces (mostly ex-VietMinh). Ho began requesting the Politburo to send aid to the Vietcong's uprising in South Vietnam. This wasconsidered by Western's analyzers as a loss of power by Ho, who is said to have preferred the more moderate Giapfor the position.[54] The Ho Chi Minh Trail was established in late 1959 to allow aid to be sent to the Vietcongthrough Laos and Cambodia, thus escalating the war and tipping the balance, turning it to their favor.[55] Duan wasofficially named party leader in 1960, leaving Ho a public figure rather than actually governing the country. Homaintained much influence in the government, To Huu, Le Duan, Truong Chinh, and Pham Van Dong would oftenshare dinner with him, and later all of them remained key figures of Vietnam throughout and after the war. In 1963,Ho purportedly corresponded with South Vietnamese President Die in the hopes of achieving a negotiated peace.[56]

This correspondence was a factor in the U.S. decision to tacitly support a coup against Diem in November later thatyear.[56]

In late 1964, PAVN combat troops were sent southwest into officially neutral Laos and Cambodia.[57] According toChen Jian, during the mid-to-late 1960s, Le Duan permitted 320,000 Chinese volunteers into North Vietnam to helpbuild infrastructure for the country, thereby freeing a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south.[58] However,there is no sources from Vietnam, US or Soviet confirmed about the number of Chinese troops stationed in NorthernVietnam. By early 1965, U.S. combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases aroundChu Lai and Danang, later to take on most of the fight, as "More and more American troops were put in to replaceSaigon troops who could not, or would not, get involved in the fighting".[59]

As the "quick victory" promises by Ho failed and fighting escalated, widespread bombing all over North Vietnam bythe U.S. Air Force and Navy escalated Operation Rolling Thunder. Ho remained in Hanoi during his final years,demanding the unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops in Southern Vietnam. In July 1967, Ho and most of thePolitburo of Workers Party of Vietnam met in a high profile conference where they all concluded the war had falleninto a stalemate, since the United States Army presence forced the People's Army of Vietnam to expend the majorityof their resources maintaining the Hochiminh Trail instead of reinforcing their comrade's ranks in the South. WithHo's permission, the Viet Cong planned to execute the Tet Offensive to begin on January 31, 1968, gambling ontaking the South by force and defeating the U.S. military. The offensive came at great cost and with heavy casualtieson NLF's political branches and armed forces but achieving a fundamental change in the attitudes of people in theSouth. Up until Tet, many inner city South Vietnamese civilians still favored the Vietcong; in the wake of massexecutions in the Hue Massacre and looting at Hue, popular support evaporated away from the Vietcong.[60] Itappeared to Ho and to the rest of his government that the scope of the action had shocked the American public on aglobal scale, that up until then had been assured just before Tet that the Communists were "on the ropes". The overlypositive spin that the U.S. military had been attempting to achieve for years came crashing down. The bombing ofNorthern Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh trail was halted, and U.S and Vietnamese negotiators began to discuss how toend the war.From then on, Ho and his government realized that instead of trying to face the might of the U.S. Army, whichwould ultimately wear them down, merely prolonging the conflict would lead to eventual acceptance of Hanoi'sterms. By 1969, with negotiations still dragging on, Ho's health began to deteriorate from multiple health problems,including diabetes which prevented him from participating in further active politics. However, he insisted that hisforces in the south continue fighting until all of Vietnam was reunited under his regime regardless of the length oftime that it might take, believing that time and politics were on his side.

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Death

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi

Hi Chi Minh statue outside Ho Chi Minh CityHall, Ho Chi Minh City

With the outcome of the Vietnam War still in question, Ho Chi Minhdied at 9:47 a.m. on the morning of 2 September 1969 from heartfailure at his home in Hanoi, aged 79. His embalmed body is currentlyon display in a mausoleum in Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi despite his willrequesting that he be cremated.[61] News of his death was withheldfrom the North Vietnamese public for nearly 48 hours because he haddied on the anniversary of the founding of the Democratic Republic ofVietnam. He was not initially replaced as president, but a "collectiveleadership" composed of several ministers and military leaders tookover, known as the Politburo.

During the campaign against the Americans, a famous song written byHuy Thuc was often sung by People's Army of Vietnam soldiers, "Bcvn cng chng chu hnh qun" ("You are always marching with us,Uncle Ho").[62] Six years after his death, at the Fall of Saigon, severalPAVN tanks in Saigon displayed a poster with those words.

Legacy

Ho Chi Minh, Elizabeth Aubrac, and LucieAubrac in 1946

The former capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was officially renamedHo Chi Minh City on 1 May 1975 shortly after its capture whichofficially ended the war. However, the people of the city continued torefer to their home as Si Gn,[63] and there is a growing demand tochange the city's name back to its original name.[64]

Ho's embalmed body is on display in Hanoi in a granite mausoleummodeled after Lenin's Tomb in Moscow. Streams of people queue eachday, sometimes for hours, to pass his body in silence. This isreminiscent to other Communist leaders like Kim Jong-Il and his fatherKim Il-Sung, Vladimir Lenin and Mao Zedong.

The Ho Chi Minh Museum in Hanoi is dedicated to his life and work.Chilean musician Victor Jara referenced Ho Chi Minh in his song "El Derecho de Vivir en Paz" ("The Right to Livein Peace").

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In Vietnam today, Ho's image appears on the front of all Vietnamese currency notes. His portrait and bust arefeatured prominently in most of Vietnam's public buildings, classrooms (both public and private schools) and insome families' altars. There's at least one temple dedicated to him, built in Vinh Long in 1970, shortly after his deathin Viet Cong-controlled areas.[65]

The Communist regime has also continually maintained a personality cult around Ho Chi Minh since the 1950s inthe North, and later extended to the South, which it sees as a crucial part in their propaganda campaign about Ho andthe Party's past. This is similar to personality cults created around Mao Zedong, Kim Jong-Il and Kim Il-Sung, andVladimir Lenin in other communist nations.[66] Ho Chi Minh is frequently glorified in schools to schoolchildren.Opinions, publications and broadcasts that are critical of Ho Chi Minh or identifying his flaws are banned inVietnam, with the commentators arrested or fined for "opposing the people's revolution". Ho Chi Minh is evenglorified to a religious status as an "immortal saint" by the Vietnamese Communist Party, and some people "worshipthe President", according to a BBC report.[64]

In 1987, UNESCO officially recommended to member states that they "join in the commemoration of the centenaryof the birth of President Ho Chi Minh by organizing various events as a tribute to his memory", considering "theimportant and many-sided contribution of President Ho Chi Minh in the fields of culture, education and the arts" who"devoted his whole life to the national liberation of the Vietnamese people, contributing to the common struggle ofpeoples for peace, national independence, democracy and social progress."[67] However, this was met with an uproaramongst some overseas Vietnamese, especially in North America, Europe and Australia, who criticize Ho as aStalinist dictator and for the human rights abuses of his government.[68]

Publications about Ho's non-celibacy are banned in Vietnam, as the Party maintains that Ho had no romanticrelationship with anyone in order to portray a puritanical image of Ho in the Vietnamese public. A newspaper editorin Vietnam was dismissed from her post in 1991 for publishing a story about Tang Tuyet Minh.[69][70] WilliamDuiker's Ho Chi Minh: A Life (2000) presents much information on Ho's relationships.[71] The government requestedsubstantial cuts in the official Vietnamese translation of Duiker's book, which was refused.[72] In 2002, theVietnamese government suppressed a review of Duiker's book in the Far Eastern Economic Review.[72]

References[1] Duiker, William J. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. New York: Hyperion, 2000.[2][2] Duiker, p. 41[3] Quinn-Judge, Sophie. H Ch Minh: The Missing Years, University of California Press, 2002; ISBN 0-520-23533-9[4] "The Drayton Court Hotel" (http:/ / www. ealing. gov. uk/ services/ leisure/ local_history/ historic_buildings/ drayton_court_hotel. html).

Ealing.gov.uk. . Retrieved 2009-09-26.[5] Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David: Vietnam Past and Present: The North (Section on Ho Chi Minh in the United Kingdom). Chiang Mai.

Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006DCCM9Q.[6] For a thumbnail of a photograph in the Library of Congress collection showing Quc at the Versailles Conference, see "Ho Chi Minh,

1890-1969, half length, standing, facing left; as member of French Socialist Party at Versailles Peace Conference, 1919" (http:/ / www. loc.gov/ pictures/ item/ 2005684873), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Online Catalog.

[7] Huynh, Kim Khhn, Vietnamese Communism, 1925-1945. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982; pg. 60.[8] Brocheux, Pierre. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, p. 21, Cambridge University Press (2007).[9] Obituary in The New York Times, 4 September 1969 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/ bday/ 0519. html)[10] Cf. Duiker (2000), p.92 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ztSNxW9qf7MC& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=Communist

University of the Toilers of the East& f=false)[11] Davidson, Phillip B., Vietnam at War: The History: 1946-1975 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=seXWfsD46QQC) (1991), p. 4.

Hoang Van Chi. From Colonialism to Communism (1964), p. 18.[12] Brocheux, P. pp. 39-40

Duiker, p. 143.[13][13] Brocheux, P., pp. 44 and xiii (2007)[14][14] Brocheux, P., pp. 57-58.[15] (http:/ / www. terraligure. it/ blog/ lapide_minh. jpg)[16] (http:/ / www. terraligure. it/ blog/ trattoria_minh. jpg)[17][17] Duiker, pp. 248-49.

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[18] "Ho Chi Minh Was Noted for Success in Blending Nationalism and Communism" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/ onthisday/bday/ 0519. html), The New York Times

[19] Brocheux, p. 198 (http:/ / books. google. com. ph/ books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC& pg=PA198)[20] Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States: 1492-present. New York: Harper Perennial. p.460. ISBN0-06-092643-0.[21] "Collection of Letters by Ho Chi Minh" (http:/ / rationalrevolution. net/ war/ collection_of_letters_by_ho_chi_. htm). Rationalrevolution.net.

. Retrieved 2009-09-26.[22] Zinn, Howard (1995). A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial. p.461. ISBN0-06-092643-0.[23][23] The Black Book of Communism[24] Joseph Buttinnger, Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, vol 1 (New York: Praeger, 1967)[25] Currey, Cecil B. Victory At Any Cost (Washington: Brassey's, 1997), p. 126[26] (http:/ / vnca. cand. com. vn/ vi-vn/ truyenthong/ 2005/ 9/ 50213. cand)[27] Tucker, Spencer. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: a political, social, and military history (vol. 2), 1998[28] Colvin, John. Giap: the Volcano under the Snow (New York: Soho Press, 1996), p. 51[29][29] Vietnamese Wikipedia profile of Nguyn Hi Thn[30][30] vi:Chnh ph Lin hip Khng chin Vit Nam[31] "Vietnam Declaration of Independence" (http:/ / coombs. anu. edu. au/ ~vern/ van_kien/ declar. html). Coombs.anu.edu.au. 1945-09-02. .

Retrieved 2009-09-26.[32] Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: a History.[33] "Why Vietnam loves and hates China" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Southeast_Asia/ ID26Ae02. html), Asia Times Online, p. 2 (26

April 2007)[34] Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development (Hoover Institution Press, 1975), pp57-9, 67-9, 74 and Myths of

the Vietnam War, Southeast Asian Perspectives, September 1972, pp14-8; also Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience of the Frenchand the Americans (Indiana University Press, 2001), pp153-4.

[35][35] vi:Li ku gi ton quc khng chin[36] Fall, Bernard. Last reflections on a War, p. 88. New York: Doubleday (1967).[37][37] vi:Chin dch Bin gii[38][38] Luo, Guibo. pp. 233-36[39][39] Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Chronology", p. 45.[40] Marcus Raskin & Bernard Fall, The Viet-Nam Reader, p. 89; William Duiker, U. S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina, p.

212; Hu-Tam Ho Tai, The Country of Memory: Remaking the Past in Late Socialist Vietnam (2001) p. x notes that "totalitarian governmentscould not promise a democratic future."

[41] [[Pentagon Papers (http:/ / www. mtholyoke. edu/ acad/ intrel/ pentagon/ pent11. htm)], volume 1, chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency inSouth Vietnam, 1954-1960"]

[42] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, State of the World's Refugees (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ cgi-bin/ texis/ vtx/ publ/ opendoc.pdf?id=3ebf9bad0& tbl=PUBL), Chapter 4, "Flight from Indochina".

[43][43] Thakur, p. 204[44] (http:/ / sachhiem. net/ LICHSU/ D/ DaoVanBinh2. php)[45] Rummel, R.J. Statistics of Democide. Statistics Of Vietnamese Democide And Mass Murder (http:/ / www. hawaii. edu/ powerkills/ SOD.

CHAP6. HTM)[46][46] Robert F. Turner, Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development (Hoover Institution Press, 1975), pp141-3, 155-7.[47] Nutt, Anita Lauve. "On the Question of Communist Reprisals in Vietnam." (http:/ / www. rand. org/ pubs/ papers/ 2008/ P4416. pdf) RAND

Corporation. August 1970.[48] RFA. "Vietnamese Remember Land Reform Terror" (http:/ / www. rfa. org/ english/ news/ vietnam_landreform-20060608. html) June 8,

2006.[49] Rosefielde (2009) Red Holocaust pp. 120121.[50] "The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam" (http:/ / www. vietnam. ttu. edu/ star/ images/ 239/ 2390710003A. pdf)[51] Turner, Robert F. "Expert Punctures 'No Bloodbath' Myth" (http:/ / www. paulbogdanor. com/ deniers/ vietnam/ turner. pdf). Human Events,

November 11, 1972.[52] Lam Thanh Liem, "Chinh sach cai cach ruong dat cua Ho Chi Minh: sai lam hay toi ac?" in Jean-Francois Revel et al., Ho Chi Minh: Su that

ve Than the & Su nghiep (Paris: Nam A, 1990), pp179-214.[53] Jean-Louis Margolin "Vietnam and Laos: the impasse of war communism" in The Black Book pp. 568569.[54] Cheng Guan Ang & Ann Cheng Guan, The Vietnam War from the Other Side, p. 21. (2002)[55][55] Lind, 1999[56] Brocheux, P. & Duiker, Claire. Ho Chi Minh: A Biography, p. 174; ISBN 0-521-85062-2.[57] Davidson, Vietnam at War: the history, 19461975, 1988[58] Chen Jian. "China's Involvement in the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-69", China Quarterly, No. 142 (June 1995), pp. 36669.[59] (http:/ / www. vvaw. org/ about/ warhistory. php)[60] (http:/ / sachhiem. net/ SACHNGOAI/ snL/ LeHongPhong. php)[61][61] Duiker 2000, p. 565

Ho Chi Minh 11

[62][62] Vietnamese Wikipedia article on Huy Thuc[63] Ben Brown (12). "Letter from Ho Chi Minh City A Tribute to My Vietnam Vet Father" (http:/ / www. counterpunch. org/ brown11122007.

html). CounterPunch. CounterPunch. . Retrieved 15 October 2012.[64] (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-asia-18328455)[65] (http:/ / www. skydoor. net/ place/ n_Th_Bc_H)[66] (http:/ / www. changesinlongitude. com/ mao-tse-tung-mausoleum-kim-il-sung-ho-chi-minh-mausoleum/ )[67] "UNESCO. General Conference; 24th; Records of the General Conference, 24th session, Paris, 20 October to 20 November 1987, v. 1:

Resolutions; 1988" (http:/ / unesdoc. unesco. org/ images/ 0007/ 000769/ 076995E. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2009-09-26.[68] (http:/ / www. vietquoc. com/ hcm-04. htm)[69] Ruane, Kevin, (2000), The Vietnam Wars (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3ZU2cZ8EU6MC& q=Tang+ Tuyet+ Minh), Manchester

University Press, p. 26; ISBN 0-7190-5490-7[70] Boobbyer, Claire (2008) Footprint Vietnam (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0FKCuR0i0SMC& q=Tang+ Tuyet+ Minh), Footprint

Travel Guides. p. 397; ISBN 1-906098-13-1.[71][71] Duiker, p. 605, fn 58.[72] "Great 'Uncle Ho' may have been a mere mortal" (http:/ / www. theage. com. au/ articles/ 2002/ 08/ 14/ 1029113955533. html). The Age.

2002-08-15. . Retrieved 2009-08-02.

Further reading

Essays Bernard B. Fall, ed., 1967. Ho Chi Minh on Revolution and War, Selected Writings 1920-1966. New American

Library.

Biography William J. Duiker. 2000. Ho Chi Minh: A Life. Theia. Jean Lacouture. 1968. Ho Chi Minh: A Political Biography. Random House. Khc Huyn. 1971. Vision Accomplished? The Enigma of Ho Chi Minh. The Macmillan Company. David Halberstam. 1971. Ho. Rowman & Littlefield. H ch Minh ton tp. NXB chnh tr quc gia Sophie Quinn-Judge. 2003. Ho Chi Minh: The missing years. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 1-85065-658-4 Ton That Thien, Was Ho Chi Minh a Nationalist? Ho Chi Minh and the Comintern Information and Resource

Centre, Singapore, 1990

The Vit Minh, NLF and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam William J. Duiker. 1981. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam. Westview Press. Hoang Van Chi. 1964. From colonialism to communism. Praeger. Truong Nhu Tang. 1986. A Viet Cong Memoir. Vintage.

The War in Vietnam Frances FitzGerald. 1972. Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam. Little, Brown and

Company.

Ho Chi Minh 12

American foreign policy Henry A. Kissinger. 1979. White House Years. Little, Brown. Richard Nixon. 1987. No More Vietnams. Arbor House Pub Co.

External links The Drayton Court Hotel (http:/ / www. ealing. gov. uk/ info/ 200622/ historic_buildings/ 70/

other_notable_buildings/ 2) H Ch Minh obituary, The New York Times, 4 September 1969 (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ learning/ general/

onthisday/ bday/ 0519. html) TIME 100: H Ch Minh (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ time100/ leaders/ profile/ hochiminh. html) H Ch Minh's biography (http:/ / www. cpv. org. vn/ english/ archives/ ?topic=14& subtopic=99&

leader_topic=39) Satellite photo of the mausoleum on Google Maps (http:/ / maps. google. com/ maps?t=k& ie=UTF8& ll=21.

036772,105. 834383& spn=0. 002333,0. 003616& om=1) (http:/ / acjournal. org/ holdings/ vol3/ Iss3/ spec1/ decaro. html) Final Tribute to H from the Central Committee of the Vietnam Workers' Party (http:/ / www. cpv. org. vn/

details_e. asp?id=BT2750372918) Bibliography: Writings by and about H Ch Minh (http:/ / www. clemson. edu/ caah/ history/ facultypages/

EdMoise/ commlead. html#ho) Booknotes interview with William Duiker on H Ch Minh: A Life, November 12, 2000 (http:/ / www. booknotes.

org/ Watch/ 160224-1/ William+ Duiker. aspx)

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsHo Chi Minh Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=519679882 Contributors: .:Ajvol:., 0pera, 123whatevs, 1297, 172, 198, 411963abc, 7 R O J A N, 96T, A380 Fan, ANB,Abezgauz, Acclark, Acroterion, Action Jackson IV, Adam Bishop, Adashiel, Addboy, Aecis, Agentorange101, Aherunar, Ahoerstemeier, Aivazovsky, Akihabara, Akriasas, Akuyume, Alai,Albamhandae, Alderre, AlexakaAlex, All Hallow's Wraith, Amcbride, Amore Mio, Anas Salloum, Andres, Andrew Dalby, Andreworkney, Andy Marchbanks, Angstworld, Animum, AnonymousCow, Antandrus, Anthonyjohnphan, Apocalyptic Destroyer, ArielGold, Arnavchaudhary, Ashtray, Asisley, AtheWeatherman, Atheuz, Aznpride2595, Badagnani, Baeksu, Baglehcm, Barlafus,BaronLarf, Basilicum, Bbsrock, Bbx, Bcorr, BeanZull, Beano, Behun, Belgium EO, Benbest, Benji man, Bennyandwill, BertholdD, Beurenda, Bienhoisinh, Biruitorul, Bk0, Bl4ckdr4g00n,Blobman227, Blorg, Bnguyen, Bob247, Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Bogdangiusca, Brambo, Brandon5485, Brian0324, Brian0918, Bridies, Brigeboi9, Brokendata, Bullmoosebell, BurtAlert, Bwduca,CIreland, CJK, Cajunfusion, CaliforniaAliBaba, Callanecc, Callanhardin, Caltas, Calvin Marquess, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carbuncle, Caremkem, Carfossil, Carl Logan, Carlosguitar,Carlson288, Carrite, CattleGirl, Caymanislands, Cbinnix, Cdang, Cecropia, Celindgren, Cent123s4union, CharlotteWebb, Chaunpq, ChavacanBen, CheGregory, Check two you, Cheeser1,Chevinki, Chicheley, Chinju, Choihei, Cholmes75, ChrisEngelsma, Chubbles, Ck lostsword, Clemwang, Clich Online, Closedmouth, CloudNine, Cmapm, Cnyborg, Colonies Chris,CommonsDelinker, Condem, Connormah, Cool Blue, CopperSquare, Corpx, Courcelles, Crafedog, Crazeguy, Cripipper, Ctbolt, Cuongdtvt, Cutt me, Cuye, Cybourg, Cynicism addict, Cyp, D6,DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBigXray, DHN, DJ Silverfish, DVdm, Da Vynci, Dadofsam, Dahn, Dairymilk007, Daisuke dakara zutto, Damobassist, Daniel Olsen, DanielCD, Danny, Dark jedirequiem, Darkdogtx, Darklilac, Darks0uldier, Darrenhusted, Darth Kalwejt, Darth Panda, Darwinek, Daveco333, Davewild, Davidiad, Dcker, Deb, Decker711, Delldot, Deltabeignet, Denfjttrade ankan, DerHexer, Dferg47, Diannaa, Didactohedron, Digamma, Dina, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Dismas, Dkalib, Dmol, Dogface, Donfbreed, Donreed, DopefishJustin, Download, Dr. Ke,DraQue Star, Dragfyre, Dream100, Dtasripin, Duacot, ESkog, Earth Wikipedian, Ecorbalan, Ed Moise, Edgar181, Edinborgarstefan, Editer1232, Edivorce, Edward, Eeisele96, Egospark, EjrcitoRojo 1950, ElectricLemon, Elfalem, Elizabethxdang, Elvenscout742, Emils146, Enigmocracy, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Eraserhead1, EricJeffers, Erik the Red 2, Esperant, Euryalus, Event Horizon,EventView871, Everyking, Evil saltine, Evo4 rs, Excirial, ExpatEgghead, Factus, Fak119, Fanatix, Fang Aili, FeanorStar7, FedeloKomma, Fieldday-sunday, Fixer88, Flewis, Fnlayson,Formeruser-82, Frances76, FrancisTyers, Fraslet, Fremte, Freyr, Frood, FulhamMentalist, Func, Funky49, FurrySings, Fuzheado, Fuzzie, Fuzzy510, F, G913, GCarty, Gabbe, Gadfium,Gamaliel, Gan Ni Niang, Garing, Gary Betz, Gazpacho, Gemz0r, Gentgeen, GeorgeLouis, Gfoley4, Gilderien, Giraffedata, Glacierfairy, Glass of water, Glen, Globusz, Gogo Dodo, GoodOlfactory, Gooksbrah, GordonBrownforPresident, GorillaWarfare, Grafen, Grblomerth, GregorB, Grillo7, Ground Zero, Gryffindor, Gtg204y, Gtrxor, Guanaco, GuildNavigator84,Gunbirddriver, Gurubrahma, Guto2003, H311h0und246, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Haimuoi, Hajatvrc, Hak-k-ngn, Haonhien, Happydemic, Happyme22, Hateloveschool, Hawkie, Hayabusafuture, Hbj200, Hdt83, Hede2000, Heherockit, Hello32020, Hephaestos, Herzliyya, Hethatishere, Himasaram, Hintha, Hiraki, Hjuk, Hkyguru, Hmains, Hob, Hoho chehe, Hohopoo,Homagetocatalonia, Hooperbloob, Howcheng, Hu, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, ISTB351, Iamwisesun, Icey, Igitur, Igna, Ikip, Ilikeverin, Iluvlemongrass, ImGz, Immunize, Imsocoolyeah, In ictuoculi, Ineffable3000, Infrogmation, Insanephantom, Ionius Mundus, Irdyb, Iridescent, Isaac, Italian boy, ItwasaMistake7, Iwantmoresleep, Ixfd64, J. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Ho Chi Minh 1946 cropped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_1946_cropped.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arilang1234, DIREKTOR,VinhtantranFile:Flag of Vietnam.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trnFile:Ho Chi Minh Signature.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_Signature.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Connormah, Ho Chi MinhFile:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous editsFile:Giap-Ho.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giap-Ho.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Thi NhiFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-48579-0009, Stralsund, Ho Chi Minh mit Matrosen der NVA.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-48579-0009,_Stralsund,_Ho_Chi_Minh_mit_Matrosen_der_NVA.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Germany Contributors: Concord, Klugschnacker, KuK, LutzBruno, Martin H., PDD, Wolfmann, 2 anonymous editsFile:Ho Chi Minh House 1463237026 5317a7aaed.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_House_1463237026_5317a7aaed.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: joxeankoretFile:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum 2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum_2006.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors: RungbachduongFile:Ho Chi minh estatua.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ho_Chi_minh_estatua.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: BrokenSphere, Ceresnet, DieBuche, Odessey, Trijnstel, Yuriybrisk, 1 anonymous editsFile:Hochiminh and Bebet.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hochiminh_and_Bebet.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Paul Durand, photojournalist ofHumanity daily

License 14

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Ho Chi MinhEarly lifeIn the United StatesIn the United KingdomPolitical education in FranceIn the Soviet Union and ChinaIndependence movementBirth of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Becoming presidentDeathLegacyReferencesFurther readingEssaysBiographyThe Vit Minh, NLF and the Democratic Republic of VietnamThe War in VietnamAmerican foreign policy

External links

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