HIV & AIDS: HIV & AIDS: IMPACT OF IMPACT OF INFECTIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASESDISEASES

Myths about HIV and AIDSMyths about HIV and AIDS

HIV and AIDS can NOT be spread by HIV and AIDS can NOT be spread by shaking hands, hugging, eating from shaking hands, hugging, eating from the same plate, sharing towels and the same plate, sharing towels and clothing, insect bites and sharing a clothing, insect bites and sharing a rest room. rest room.

YOU CAN NOT tell if someone is HIV YOU CAN NOT tell if someone is HIV positive just by looking at them! positive just by looking at them! Healthy looking people don’t have Healthy looking people don’t have HIV….WRONGHIV….WRONG

HIV and AIDS are the same thing? HIV and AIDS are the same thing? WrongWrong

HIV and AIDS can be CURED…not yet.HIV and AIDS can be CURED…not yet. There are more…but these are the There are more…but these are the

most common. most common.

History of HIV and AIDSHistory of HIV and AIDS Scientists now know that HIV – AIDS Scientists now know that HIV – AIDS

was passed to humans from monkeys. was passed to humans from monkeys. It is believed that a person butchering It is believed that a person butchering

the flesh of monkeys caught the the flesh of monkeys caught the disease without knowing it, and then disease without knowing it, and then passed it on to humanspassed it on to humans

Scientists have traced the virus back to Scientists have traced the virus back to determine where and when the first determine where and when the first human case of HIV began. Scientists human case of HIV began. Scientists recently concluded that the first case recently concluded that the first case of human HIV – AIDS came from the of human HIV – AIDS came from the Belgian Congo in Africa in 1959. Belgian Congo in Africa in 1959.

The macaque monkey is often believed to be the species that gave HIV to

humans

About HIVAbout HIV The HIV virus is very complex virus, The HIV virus is very complex virus,

and it is always changing and evolving and it is always changing and evolving – thus making it very difficult for – thus making it very difficult for scientists to develop a cure for HIV - scientists to develop a cure for HIV - AIDS.AIDS.

Right now there isn’t a cure for HIV – Right now there isn’t a cure for HIV – AIDS. However, there are medicines AIDS. However, there are medicines that help people to live much longer that help people to live much longer than they have in the past.than they have in the past.

When HIV was first discovered, people When HIV was first discovered, people lived 10 years with HIV and another 2-lived 10 years with HIV and another 2-3 once AIDS set in. But now, an 3 once AIDS set in. But now, an additional 10 years has been added to additional 10 years has been added to that life expectancy due to better that life expectancy due to better medicines.medicines.

Where is it NOW? Where is it NOW?

HIV – AIDS can be found in every HIV – AIDS can be found in every country in the entire world! It has country in the entire world! It has infected 65 million people world wide.infected 65 million people world wide.

HIV – AIDS is classified as a pandemic HIV – AIDS is classified as a pandemic (which is worse than an epidemic) (which is worse than an epidemic) because it is a rapidly spreading disease because it is a rapidly spreading disease occurring over a wide geographic area occurring over a wide geographic area and impacting a large number of people.and impacting a large number of people.

People in the developed world consume most of the world’s resources. 25% of global deaths are from infectious diseases, but the burden of disease is carried largely in the developing world.

Death from Contagious Disease. Death from Contagious Disease.

There are big There are big differences differences between between developed & developed & developing developing nations with nations with regard to regard to mortality or mortality or death from death from infectious infectious diseases.diseases.

If you look below the surface you will find some of the key issues that make HIV/AIDS WORSE WORSE in Africa.

Objectives for this UnitObjectives for this Unit

Explore and expand understanding of the Explore and expand understanding of the AIDS epidemic, particularly in Africa.AIDS epidemic, particularly in Africa.

Understand that the AIDS epidemic is a Understand that the AIDS epidemic is a world wide pandemic that has seriously world wide pandemic that has seriously hurt Africa economically, educationally hurt Africa economically, educationally and socially. and socially.

Understand that infectious diseases affect Understand that infectious diseases affect not just individuals, but collectives—not just individuals, but collectives—families, communities, nations, the world.families, communities, nations, the world.

SS7CG3.bSS7CG3.b

This was 5 years ago, what do you

think it is like now?

2/3 of all people living with HIV are Africans. Nations most affected: South Africa, India, Nigeria.

How does Africa

compare???

Africa is currently the Africa is currently the continent that is continent that is suffering the greatest suffering the greatest from this virus.from this virus.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region in most affected region in the world.the world.

However, researchers However, researchers fear that another wave of fear that another wave of AIDS could also greatly AIDS could also greatly impact the Caribbean and impact the Caribbean and Eastern Europe and Asia.Eastern Europe and Asia.

Geography

Africa

Russia

Why is Why is the U.S. the U.S. so much so much lower?lower?

From Algiers to Cape Town, Africa is dotted From Algiers to Cape Town, Africa is dotted with 15 million white tombstones, because with 15 million white tombstones, because that is how many people have died from that is how many people have died from

AIDS.AIDS.

The primary social events in South Africa at present are funerals.

Culture of HIV and AIDSCulture of HIV and AIDS There are several reasons why There are several reasons why

this dreaded disease affects the this dreaded disease affects the continent of Africa: continent of Africa:

Some cultures believe in having Some cultures believe in having many children to help with the many children to help with the farming, as a show of wealth and farming, as a show of wealth and importance. importance.

Lack of knowledge, education and Lack of knowledge, education and access to medical help. access to medical help.

High risk behaviors cause the spread High risk behaviors cause the spread of HIV. of HIV.

Ignorance is a PROBLEM!Ignorance is a PROBLEM! Another reason why HIV – AIDS is Another reason why HIV – AIDS is

spreading so rapidly in Africa is due to a spreading so rapidly in Africa is due to a lack of knowledgelack of knowledge..

Many people Many people do not know they have HIV do not know they have HIV or AIDSor AIDS, and they inadvertently pass it , and they inadvertently pass it on to other people.on to other people.

Some Some people don’t even know what HIV people don’t even know what HIV – AIDS is– AIDS is, and they pass it on to other , and they pass it on to other people.people.

Some people have heard about the Some people have heard about the virus, but don’t know how it is spread to virus, but don’t know how it is spread to other people, or how to protect other people, or how to protect themselvesthemselves..

Presently, Africa has inadequate resources to face the burdens of AIDS, TB, malaria, and other infectious diseases.AIDS has led to a resurgence in the incidence of TB. 1/3 of Africans carry a latent TB infection. Each year, 5-10% of those co-infected with TB & HIV develop active TB; up to 50% will develop TB at some point.

African governments actually are reducing health expenditures in order to repay external debt.

Government HELPGovernment HELP Many governments are in serious debt and cannot Many governments are in serious debt and cannot

afford to educate or feed their populations. afford to educate or feed their populations. Treatment for HIV is very expensive.Treatment for HIV is very expensive.

Some governments do not believe that HIV is real Some governments do not believe that HIV is real or requires special treatment.or requires special treatment.

Many spend their $$$ on weapons and war with Many spend their $$$ on weapons and war with nothing left. nothing left.

CORRUPTION of officials-$$ in their pocketsCORRUPTION of officials-$$ in their pockets NO INFRASTRUCTURE-lack of medical facilities, NO INFRASTRUCTURE-lack of medical facilities,

schools, government offices, social services-schools, government offices, social services-UNDEVELOPED NATIONS!!!UNDEVELOPED NATIONS!!!

More than 1 in 4 South Africans—12.5 million people—live in shantytowns. Within the last year, 900 protests over squalid conditions erupted.

Poverty: Informal settlements surround the urban centers of Africa. AIDS deepens the traps of poverty, underdevelopment, and marginalization in a globalizing world.

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems

Fewer adults to participate in Fewer adults to participate in the workforce. the workforce.

Fewer businesses, jobs and Fewer businesses, jobs and opportunitiesopportunities

More people that are dependent More people that are dependent on others for food, clothing and on others for food, clothing and housing while they are ill. housing while they are ill. Families are destroyed. Families are destroyed.

Lower earning power, reducing Lower earning power, reducing the GDPthe GDP

No $ for healthcare or No $ for healthcare or education.education.

3:1 hiring policies3:1 hiring policies Dependant on exportsDependant on exports

Africa is heavily dependent on the Africa is heavily dependent on the resources it supplies to the world to resources it supplies to the world to support their economies.support their economies.

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa The overall life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa The overall life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa

has dropped bit by bit over the past 10 years, has dropped bit by bit over the past 10 years, mostly because of the AIDS epidemic, the World mostly because of the AIDS epidemic, the World Health Organization says. Health Organization says.

Life expectancy dropped for female babies from Life expectancy dropped for female babies from 51.1 years to 46.3 years. For males, the level 51.1 years to 46.3 years. For males, the level dropped from 47.3 years to 44.8 years.dropped from 47.3 years to 44.8 years.

   Compare this to the life expectancy in the United Compare this to the life expectancy in the United

States, 78 years old.States, 78 years old.

AIDS is now the leading cause of death in Sub-AIDS is now the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa, far surpassing the traditional Saharan Africa, far surpassing the traditional deadly diseases of malaria, tuberculosis, and deadly diseases of malaria, tuberculosis, and pneumonia.pneumonia.

AIDS killed 2.2 million Africans in 1999, versus AIDS killed 2.2 million Africans in 1999, versus 300,000 AIDS deaths 10 years previously.300,000 AIDS deaths 10 years previously.

African women & HIVAfrican women & HIV

60% of HIV+ African 60% of HIV+ African adults are women.adults are women.

75% of all women 75% of all women with HIV, worldwide, with HIV, worldwide, are African.are African.

Young African Young African women of women of childbearing age childbearing age have the highest have the highest incidence rates.incidence rates.

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

The Face of HIV and The Face of HIV and AIDSAIDS

As the most productive members of society—teachers, agricultural workers, healthcare personnel, public service staff—are dying from AIDS, the continent is being robbed of its human capacity.

Life expectancy has dropped to <40 years in 9 African countries, among them Zimbabwe. There, life expectancy was 52 years in 1990; in 2003, it fell to 34 years.

“Doctor, who is going to take care of my children?”

AIDS stresses families, as grandparents take care of orphaned children.Parents die, there is loss of income to the family, debt is incurred.

Fikelala Children’s Centre in Khayelitsha (Cape Town), South Africa.

Infants whose mothers had no access to antiretroviral therapy are being born with HIV and soon after are left as orphans.

If present trends continue, by 2025, there will be a missing generation of grandparents. Will there be a sense of family, community? The large number of children orphaned by AIDS will be less skilled, less nurtured, and less socially integrated than their parents were.

A religious healer in Lagos, Nigeria talks to women infected by HIV. Without access to medical treatment, many Africans put their faith in spiritual cures.

South Africa: Africa’s most South Africa: Africa’s most developed country.developed country.

RSA has the highest number RSA has the highest number of people living with HIV in of people living with HIV in the world, >5.3 million; ~3 the world, >5.3 million; ~3 million women.million women.

One in 4 South Africans is One in 4 South Africans is HIV+.HIV+.

AIDS is the leading cause of AIDS is the leading cause of death.death.

More than 1/5 of the More than 1/5 of the workforce is HIV+. workforce is HIV+.

Absenteeism from the Absenteeism from the workplace has risen with workplace has risen with employee deaths from AIDS.employee deaths from AIDS.

The RSA Dept. of Health The RSA Dept. of Health Study 2002 estimated that Study 2002 estimated that 250 babies per day were 250 babies per day were infected by mother to child infected by mother to child transmission.transmission.

AIDS-related illnesses are AIDS-related illnesses are responsible for 40% of responsible for 40% of deaths in kids <5 years.deaths in kids <5 years.

Yesterday

South Africa is being cast into deepening poverty. The post-apartheid political, social, and economic gains risk being reversed by the downward spiral in health. How can South Africa partner for prosperity with other African nations?

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Investment in health Investment in health systems infrastructuresystems infrastructure

Voluntary test and Voluntary test and counselingcounseling

Infection controlInfection control Safe blood banksSafe blood banks Vaccine*developmentVaccine*development EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Immunization can eradicate infectious diseases. Most famous example: small pox. Others: polio, measles, H. influenzae type B, Yellow Fever.

InspirationInspiration

Other Organizations that Other Organizations that HELPHELP

World Health World Health Organization Organization provides monies provides monies and help.and help.

Doctors for LifeDoctors for Life Planet AidPlanet Aid Bridges for HelpBridges for Help

AmericaresAmericares United Nations United Nations

World Health World Health

The One CampaignThe One Campaign

ONE is a new effort by Americans to ONE is a new effort by Americans to rally Americans – ONE by ONE – to rally Americans – ONE by ONE – to fight the emergency of global AIDS fight the emergency of global AIDS and extreme poverty. and extreme poverty.

The One CampaignThe One Campaign

The ONE campaign believes that allocating an The ONE campaign believes that allocating an additional ONE percent of the U.S. budget additional ONE percent of the U.S. budget toward providing basic needs like health, toward providing basic needs like health, education, clean water and food would education, clean water and food would transform the futures and hopes of an entire transform the futures and hopes of an entire generation in the world's poorest countries. generation in the world's poorest countries.

The ONE campaign also calls for debt The ONE campaign also calls for debt cancellation, trade reform and anti–corruption cancellation, trade reform and anti–corruption measures in a comprehensive package to help measures in a comprehensive package to help Africa and the poorest nations beat AIDS and Africa and the poorest nations beat AIDS and extreme poverty.extreme poverty.

Celebrities & the One CampaignCelebrities & the One Campaign

Rock star, Bono, of the band U2, is one of the biggest supporters of the One Campaign and speaks around the world about world poverty and the AIDS pandemic.

Celebrities Reach OutCelebrities Reach OutIt is reported that Angelina Jolie gives 1/3 It is reported that Angelina Jolie gives 1/3

of her salary to fight issues such as of her salary to fight issues such as AIDS in Africa. AIDS in Africa.

Angelina also chose to deliver her baby, Angelina also chose to deliver her baby, Shiloh, in the country of Namibia.Shiloh, in the country of Namibia.

When asked why she chose When asked why she chose this country for the birth, this country for the birth, she stated that it was to she stated that it was to raise awareness for issues raise awareness for issues such as AIDS that have such as AIDS that have impacted the country, and impacted the country, and others around it.others around it.

She put the first pictures of She put the first pictures of her baby up for auction, and her baby up for auction, and donated the money to the donated the money to the country of Namibia. The country of Namibia. The photos sold for over 4 photos sold for over 4 million dollars – a record million dollars – a record amount!amount!

Oprah’s GiftsOprah’s Gifts In December 2003, Oprah began a In December 2003, Oprah began a

gift-giving pilgrimage in Africa. On gift-giving pilgrimage in Africa. On her trip, Oprah have away 50,000 her trip, Oprah have away 50,000 Christmas gifts to orphans and other Christmas gifts to orphans and other desperately poor children. desperately poor children.

Not satisfied with just playing Santa Not satisfied with just playing Santa once a year, Oprah pledged to donate once a year, Oprah pledged to donate mad cash (we're talking' millions and mad cash (we're talking' millions and millions of dollars) to build schools, millions of dollars) to build schools, empower women and help fight AIDS empower women and help fight AIDS in Africa through her Angel Network.in Africa through her Angel Network.

The FutureThe Future

HIV – AIDS can be stopped HIV – AIDS can be stopped ifif people people understand how it is spread and how to understand how it is spread and how to protect themselves from this disease.protect themselves from this disease.

This requires that people become This requires that people become educated. If people in rural areas learn educated. If people in rural areas learn the facts, instead of the myths, they will the facts, instead of the myths, they will be empowered to stop this disease.be empowered to stop this disease.

Likewise, research is being done that will Likewise, research is being done that will hopefully one day cure HIV – AIDS, hopefully one day cure HIV – AIDS, although right now there is no cure.although right now there is no cure.

Aid to AfricaAid to Africa Because many nations in Because many nations in

Africa are very poor and lack Africa are very poor and lack the financial means, people the financial means, people who have AIDS are not able who have AIDS are not able to get the proper medicine to get the proper medicine or treatment. Because there or treatment. Because there are so many people with HIV are so many people with HIV – AIDS, and so little – AIDS, and so little resources, many people die resources, many people die without any medical aid.without any medical aid.

Many organizations around Many organizations around the world want to help send the world want to help send money and medical supplies money and medical supplies to help “AID” Africa.to help “AID” Africa.