Hitler’s Second world war II Hitler’s Second world war II till his Deathtill his Death

Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) was one of the most powerful and was one of the most powerful and infamous dictators of the 20th century. infamous dictators of the 20th century. After World War I, After World War I,

he rose to power in the National he rose to power in the National Socialist German Workers Party, taking Socialist German Workers Party, taking control of the German government in control of the German government in 1933. 1933.

His establishment of concentration camps His establishment of concentration camps to inter Jews and other groups he believed to to inter Jews and other groups he believed to be a threat to Aryan supremacy be a threat to Aryan supremacy

resulted in the death of more than 6 million resulted in the death of more than 6 million people in the Holocaust. His attack on people in the Holocaust. His attack on Poland in 1939 started World War II, and by Poland in 1939 started World War II, and by 1941 Germany occupied much of Europe 1941 Germany occupied much of Europe and North Africa. and North Africa.

To avoid being arrested for evading military To avoid being arrested for evading military service in Austria-Hungary, Adolf Hitler left service in Austria-Hungary, Adolf Hitler left Vienna for Munich in May 1913 but was Vienna for Munich in May 1913 but was forced to return–then he failed the forced to return–then he failed the physical.physical.

He volunteered for the Bavarian army the following year and served during all of World War I on the Western Front. His experiences in the fighting affected his thinking about war thereafter.

• After World War I, Hitler came to control the National Socialist German Workers Party, which he hoped to lead to power in Germany.

• When a coup attempt in 1923 failed, he turned, after release from jail, to the buildup of the party to seize power by means that were at least outwardly legal.

He hoped to carry out a program calling He hoped to carry out a program calling for the restructuring of Germany on a for the restructuring of Germany on a racist basis so that it could win a series of racist basis so that it could win a series of wars to expand the German people’s living wars to expand the German people’s living space until they dominated and space until they dominated and exclusively inhabited the globe. exclusively inhabited the globe.

He believed that Germany He believed that Germany should fight wars for vast tracts should fight wars for vast tracts of land to enable its people to of land to enable its people to settle on them, raising large settle on them, raising large families that would replace families that would replace casualties and provide soldiers casualties and provide soldiers for the next war of expansion. for the next war of expansion.

• The first would be a small and easy war against Czechoslovakia, to be followed by the really difficult one against France and Britain.

• Once Hitler had come to power in 1933, German military preparations were made for these wars. The emphasis in the short term was on weapons for the war against the western powers, and for the long term, on the weapons for war against the United States.

In 1938 Hitler drew back from war over Czechoslovakia at the last minute but came to look upon agreeing to a peaceful settlement at Munich as his worst mistake.

When he turned to the war against France and Britain, he could not persuade Poland to subordinate itself to Germany to ensure a quiet situation in the east; hence, he decided to destroy that country before heading west.

• He was determined to have war and initiated it on September 1, 1939.

• To facilitate the quick conquest of Poland and break any blockade, he aligned Germany with the Soviet Union, assuming that concessions made to that country would be easily reclaimed when Germany turned east.

Hitler had originally hoped to attack in Hitler had originally hoped to attack in the west in the late fall of 1939, but bad the west in the late fall of 1939, but bad weather–which would have hindered weather–which would have hindered full use of the air force–and differences full use of the air force–and differences among the military led to among the military led to postponement until the spring of 1940. postponement until the spring of 1940.

Hitler made two major decisionsHitler made two major decisions

Urged on by Admiral Erich Raeder, he Urged on by Admiral Erich Raeder, he decided to seize Norway to facilitate the decided to seize Norway to facilitate the navy’s access to the North Atlantic and did navy’s access to the North Atlantic and did so in April 1940. so in April 1940.

Urged by General Erich von Manstein, he Urged by General Erich von Manstein, he shifted the primary focus of attack in the shifted the primary focus of attack in the west from the northern to the southern west from the northern to the southern part of the force that was to invade the part of the force that was to invade the Low Countries. Low Countries.

They might then cut off Allied units coming They might then cut off Allied units coming to aid the Belgians and the Dutch.to aid the Belgians and the Dutch.

The new strategy at first appeared to work The new strategy at first appeared to work when the Germans in a few days broke when the Germans in a few days broke through the French defenses and, within through the French defenses and, within ten days, reached the Channel coast ten days, reached the Channel coast behind the Allied forces. behind the Allied forces.

Ordering their air force to destroy Ordering their air force to destroy the cut-off Allied units, the the cut-off Allied units, the Germans first wanted to turn Germans first wanted to turn south to prevent the buildup of a south to prevent the buildup of a new defensive line, a decision on new defensive line, a decision on which the German commander, which the German commander, Gerd von Rundstedt, and Hitler Gerd von Rundstedt, and Hitler agreed. agreed.

The thrust southward in early June 1940 brought a swift collapse of remaining French resistance, and this complete victory gave Hitler an aura of triumph, which assured him the enthusiastic support of almost all of Germany’s military leaders, especially as he systematically tied them to himself by generous promotions and a system of mass bribery.

Because it looked as if this war was over, Hitler Because it looked as if this war was over, Hitler and the military began planning for the wars and the military began planning for the wars against the United States and against the Soviet against the United States and against the Soviet Union. Union.

On July 11, the resumption of construction of the On July 11, the resumption of construction of the navy to defeat the United States was ordered; by navy to defeat the United States was ordered; by July 31, after first hoping to invade the Soviet July 31, after first hoping to invade the Soviet Union in the fall of 1940, Hitler, on the advice of Union in the fall of 1940, Hitler, on the advice of his military staff, decided to attack in the east in his military staff, decided to attack in the east in the late spring of 1941. the late spring of 1941.

As Britain refused to accept defeat, Hitler As Britain refused to accept defeat, Hitler planned to combine three measures to planned to combine three measures to knock it out of the war: the German air knock it out of the war: the German air force would destroy the country’s capacity force would destroy the country’s capacity to defend itself; there would be an invasion to defend itself; there would be an invasion if Britain did not surrender; and the if Britain did not surrender; and the expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union expected quick defeat of the Soviet Union would remove that country as a possible would remove that country as a possible source of aid for Britain and, by ending any source of aid for Britain and, by ending any danger to Japan’s rear, encourage that danger to Japan’s rear, encourage that power to move in the Pacific power to move in the Pacific

Hitler wanted Japan to join in the war with Hitler wanted Japan to join in the war with Britain and promised to join Japan in war Britain and promised to join Japan in war with the United States if that was thought with the United States if that was thought necessary by Tokyo, assuming that this necessary by Tokyo, assuming that this would be the other way for Germany to would be the other way for Germany to acquire the navy for war with the United acquire the navy for war with the United States States

A short campaign in the Balkans was to secure what he believed might be a vulnerable southern flank; the last step in this, the airborne seizure of Crete, proved so costly that the Germans attempted no major airborne operation thereafter.

• The German invasion of the Soviet Union, begun on June 22, 1941, seemed at first to work as planned but quickly ran into trouble.

• In this, Hitler was at times at odds with some generals, but others always took his position.

• As the war turned increasingly against Germany, disagreements became more frequent.

Hitler still expected to win while some Hitler still expected to win while some generals were trying to find a less messy generals were trying to find a less messy way of losing. None advised against going way of losing. None advised against going to war with the United States. to war with the United States.

For the 1942 offensive in the east, Hitler For the 1942 offensive in the east, Hitler and his military leaders agreed on striking and his military leaders agreed on striking in the south; this project ended in disaster in the south; this project ended in disaster at Stalingrad. at Stalingrad.

A new major offensive in 1943 not only A new major offensive in 1943 not only ended in defeat at Kursk but also was ended in defeat at Kursk but also was followed by the first successful Red Army followed by the first successful Red Army summer offensive.summer offensive.

When retreats were advocated, Hitler was always When retreats were advocated, Hitler was always concerned about the loss of mat[eacute]riel that could concerned about the loss of mat[eacute]riel that could not be hauled back, about the need to reconquer not be hauled back, about the need to reconquer whatever had been given up, and about shorter lines, whatever had been given up, and about shorter lines, which released Red Army units for new offensives. which released Red Army units for new offensives. Some generals, Erwin Rommel and Walther Model, Some generals, Erwin Rommel and Walther Model, for example, occasionally acted without or against for example, occasionally acted without or against orders to pull back and were not punished. Others orders to pull back and were not punished. Others were sent home to collect their monthly bribes in were sent home to collect their monthly bribes in retirement.retirement.

• As Hitler saw increasing danger from the western Allies, he relied more on Admiral Karl to hold them off by submarine warfare.

• When that effort was blunted in 1943, he both supported the building of new types of submarines and geared strategy on the northern portion of the Eastern Front to protection of the Baltic area, where new submarines and crews could be run in.

It was Hitler’s hope that the Germans could drive any Allied troops who landed in the west into the sea and then move substantial forces east in the interval before any second invasion. When this plan failed, Hitler turned to holding all ports as long as possible, to hamper Allied supply lines and to prepare for a counterstroke that would defeat the western Allies.

As the Allies closed in on Germany, As the Allies closed in on Germany, Hitler increasingly hoped for a split in Hitler increasingly hoped for a split in the alliance he had forged against the alliance he had forged against himself. He believed Germany had himself. He believed Germany had lost World War I because of the lost World War I because of the collapse of the home front and collapse of the home front and therefore assumed that therefore assumed that establishment of a dictatorship and establishment of a dictatorship and the systematic killing of all Jews the systematic killing of all Jews would guarantee victory this time. would guarantee victory this time. When the end was near, he married When the end was near, he married his mistress and then committed his mistress and then committed suicide with her suicide with her by gunshot on 30 by gunshot on 30 April 1945 .April 1945 .

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