Hitler’s Lightening WarHitler’s Lightening War

Ch. 32.1Ch. 32.1

ReviewReview

How did Hitler defy the Treaty of How did Hitler defy the Treaty of Versailles? Versailles? • Building up his armyBuilding up his army• Moving into the RhinelandMoving into the Rhineland

The League of nations was able to stop The League of nations was able to stop Hitler and Mussolini’s aggression. T/FHitler and Mussolini’s aggression. T/F

• FalseFalse

ReviewReview

What was the non-aggression pact? What was the non-aggression pact? A pact made between Hitler and A pact made between Hitler and

Stalin, where both parties agreed to Stalin, where both parties agreed to NOT attack each other. NOT attack each other.

But SECRETLY it said…But SECRETLY it said…

They would not attack each other for They would not attack each other for 10 years, and that they would 10 years, and that they would secretly divide Poland between them. secretly divide Poland between them.

They also agreed that the Soviet They also agreed that the Soviet Union would have control over the Union would have control over the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia)Estonia)

September 1, 1939September 1, 1939

Hitler led a surprise attack at dawn Hitler led a surprise attack at dawn on Poland. on Poland.

Planes invaded Polish airspace, Planes invaded Polish airspace, raining bombs and terror. raining bombs and terror.

German tanks and 1.5 million troops German tanks and 1.5 million troops invaded the Polish border. invaded the Polish border.

Warsaw (the capital of Poland) Warsaw (the capital of Poland) crumbled.crumbled.

This was the first act of WWII in This was the first act of WWII in Europe. Europe.

Great Britain and France Great Britain and France back Polandback Poland

France and Great Britain declared France and Great Britain declared war on Germany on September 3. war on Germany on September 3.

Poland fell three weeks before France Poland fell three weeks before France or Great Britain could mobilize for or Great Britain could mobilize for war. war.

Hitler took the western half of Hitler took the western half of Poland. Poland.

Stalin took the eastern half of Poland. Stalin took the eastern half of Poland.

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

Hitler’s new style of military warfare Hitler’s new style of military warfare became known as ‘Blitzkrieg’ became known as ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightening war)(lightening war)

It involved fast moving airplanes and It involved fast moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry, tanks, followed by massive infantry, to take the enemy by surprise. to take the enemy by surprise.

Blitzkrieg forces swiftly crushed all Blitzkrieg forces swiftly crushed all opposition with overwhelming force. opposition with overwhelming force.

After Poland fell, Stalin took control After Poland fell, Stalin took control of Eastern Poland. of Eastern Poland.

Stalin also annexed Lithuania, Latvia, Stalin also annexed Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia without any struggle. and Estonia without any struggle.

However, Finland resisted. However, Finland resisted.

Soviet Union invades Finland 1939Soviet Union invades Finland 1939 November 1939, Stalin sent 1 million November 1939, Stalin sent 1 million

Soviet troops into Finland. Soviet troops into Finland. He thought his soldiers would have a quick He thought his soldiers would have a quick

victory, so he did not worry about the victory, so he did not worry about the upcoming winter. upcoming winter.

The Finns were outnumbered, but they The Finns were outnumbered, but they fiercely defended their land. fiercely defended their land.

In the freezing weather, they attacked on In the freezing weather, they attacked on skis. skis.

The Soviet troops struggled in the snow The Soviet troops struggled in the snow and became crippled by frostbite. and became crippled by frostbite.

However, the Soviets ended up winning However, the Soviets ended up winning because they had more troops. because they had more troops.

In March 1940, Stalin forced Finland toIn March 1940, Stalin forced Finland to surrender.surrender.

The Phony WarThe Phony War

Great Britain and France set up a Great Britain and France set up a series of forts along the ‘Maginot’ series of forts along the ‘Maginot’ line in France. line in France.

Allied forces stared eastward toward Allied forces stared eastward toward the enemy but nothing happened. the enemy but nothing happened.

The Allies waited for the Germans to The Allies waited for the Germans to attack for almost seven months. attack for almost seven months.

The Germans finally attacked The Germans finally attacked Denmark on April 9, 1940. Denmark on April 9, 1940.

In four hours, Denmark fell. In four hours, Denmark fell. Two months later, Norway Two months later, Norway

surrendered as well. surrendered as well.

May 1940May 1940

Hitler gained control of Holland, Hitler gained control of Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg and began Belgium, and Luxembourg and began marching toward France. marching toward France.

By May 26, the Germans had trapped By May 26, the Germans had trapped the Allied forces in the French city of the Allied forces in the French city of Lille. Lille.

The Allies escaped to the beaches of The Allies escaped to the beaches of Dunkirk, but they were trapped. Dunkirk, but they were trapped.

Rescue of DunkirkRescue of Dunkirk

In one of the most heroic acts of the In one of the most heroic acts of the war, Great Britain set out to rescue war, Great Britain set out to rescue the army. the army.

It sent a fleet of 850 ships across the It sent a fleet of 850 ships across the English Channel to Dunkirk. English Channel to Dunkirk.

Along with Royal Navy ships, civilian Along with Royal Navy ships, civilian crafts (yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, crafts (yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle steamers, and fishing boats) paddle steamers, and fishing boats) joined the rescue effort. joined the rescue effort.

From May 26 – June 4, this armada, From May 26 – June 4, this armada, under heavy fire from German under heavy fire from German bombers, sailed back and forth from bombers, sailed back and forth from Britain to Dunkirk. Britain to Dunkirk.

The boats carried 338,000 soldiers to The boats carried 338,000 soldiers to safety. safety.

France fallsFrance falls On June 10, Mussolini joined forces with Hitler and On June 10, Mussolini joined forces with Hitler and

declared war on Great Britain and France. declared war on Great Britain and France. Italy then attacked France from the south. Italy then attacked France from the south.

(German troops already occupied the north)(German troops already occupied the north) France fell by June 14. France fell by June 14. Nazi troops triumphantly marched down Paris’s Nazi troops triumphantly marched down Paris’s

main boulevard. main boulevard. France officially surrendered on June 22. France officially surrendered on June 22. http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/frahttp://www.awesomestories.com/assets/fra

nce-falls-the-armistice-train-and-its-aftermnce-falls-the-armistice-train-and-its-aftermathath

Charles de GaulleCharles de Gaulle

French general who fled to London. French general who fled to London. He set up a ‘government in exile’ He set up a ‘government in exile’

committed to re-conquering France. committed to re-conquering France. De Gaulle organized the Free French De Gaulle organized the Free French

military forces and battled the Nazis military forces and battled the Nazis until France was liberated in 1944. until France was liberated in 1944.

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Newly elected prime minister Newly elected prime minister (Do you remember who was the (Do you remember who was the

Prime minister before Churchill? Hint: Prime minister before Churchill? Hint: This person was pleased with the This person was pleased with the agreements made at the Munich agreements made at the Munich Conference.) Conference.)

Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Declared that his Declared that his nation shall never nation shall never give in. give in.

““We shall fight on We shall fight on the beaches, we the beaches, we shall fight on the shall fight on the landing grounds, we landing grounds, we shall fight in the shall fight in the fields and in the fields and in the streets…we shall streets…we shall never surrender.”never surrender.”

Hitler attacks Great BritainHitler attacks Great Britain

Operation Sea LionOperation Sea Lion – plan was to first – plan was to first knock out the RAF (Royal Air Force) knock out the RAF (Royal Air Force) and then land 250,000 soldiers on and then land 250,000 soldiers on England’s shores. England’s shores.

In the summer of 1940, Germany’s In the summer of 1940, Germany’s Air Force, called the Luftwaffe, began Air Force, called the Luftwaffe, began raining bombs on Great Britain. raining bombs on Great Britain.

England outnumberedEngland outnumbered The RAF had 2,900 planes to the The RAF had 2,900 planes to the

Luftwaffe’s 4,500. Luftwaffe’s 4,500. The Germans targeted British airfields and The Germans targeted British airfields and

aircraft factories. aircraft factories. On September 7, they began bombing On September 7, they began bombing

cities, especially London. cities, especially London. Bombs exploded daily in city streets. Bombs exploded daily in city streets.

Civilians were killed, and buildings were Civilians were killed, and buildings were set on fire. set on fire.

Despite these losses, the British fought Despite these losses, the British fought back. back.

http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?vwww.youtube.com/watch?v=677socysNy0=677socysNy0 Home Guard Home Guard

EnigmaEnigma

Two secret weapons turned the war in Two secret weapons turned the war in Great Britain’s favor. Great Britain’s favor.

Radar – an electronic tracking system that Radar – an electronic tracking system that could tell the number, speed, and direction could tell the number, speed, and direction of incoming warplanes. of incoming warplanes.

Enigma – a German code-making machine. Enigma – a German code-making machine. It was smuggled into Great Britain in 1938. It was smuggled into Great Britain in 1938. The British had access to German secret The British had access to German secret messages. messages.

Germany gave up daytime bombing in Germany gave up daytime bombing in October 1940 and bombed only at night. October 1940 and bombed only at night.

Londoners spent nights in air-raid shelters Londoners spent nights in air-raid shelters in the city’s subway system. in the city’s subway system.

The Battle of Britain continued until May The Battle of Britain continued until May 1941. 1941.

Stunned by British resistance, Hitler called Stunned by British resistance, Hitler called of the attack. of the attack.

The world learned that Hitler could be The world learned that Hitler could be blocked. blocked.

The ultimate prizeThe ultimate prize

Hitler planned on dealing with Britain Hitler planned on dealing with Britain laterlater

He turned his focus to the Balkans He turned his focus to the Balkans and then to the ultimate prize…the and then to the ultimate prize…the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

North AfricaNorth Africa

Mussolini ordered Italy’s North Mussolini ordered Italy’s North African army to move eastward to African army to move eastward to gain control of Egypt. (Egypt was gain control of Egypt. (Egypt was under control of the British.)under control of the British.)

He also wanted control of the oil He also wanted control of the oil fields in the Middle East. fields in the Middle East.

Within a week, Italian troops pushed Within a week, Italian troops pushed 60 miles into Egypt forcing the 60 miles into Egypt forcing the British back. British back.

Great Britain Strikes BackGreat Britain Strikes Back

In December, the British struck back In December, the British struck back against the Italians. against the Italians.

It turned out to be a disaster for the It turned out to be a disaster for the Italians. Italians.

By February 1941, the British had By February 1941, the British had swept 500 miles across North Africa. swept 500 miles across North Africa.

They had taken 130,000 Italian They had taken 130,000 Italian prisoners. prisoners.

Hitler stepped in to save Mussolini. Hitler stepped in to save Mussolini. In February, Hitler sent Erwin Rommel, In February, Hitler sent Erwin Rommel,

known as the ‘Desert Fox’, to Libya. known as the ‘Desert Fox’, to Libya. Rommel’s mission was to command the Rommel’s mission was to command the

newly formed, Afrika Korps. newly formed, Afrika Korps. Rommel was determined to take control of Rommel was determined to take control of

the Suez Canal and Egypt. the Suez Canal and Egypt. The Germans finally pushed the British The Germans finally pushed the British

back and seized the city of Tobruk. back and seized the city of Tobruk. It was crushing loss for the British. It was crushing loss for the British.

While Rommel was busy in North Africa, While Rommel was busy in North Africa, Hitler was busy in the Balkans. Hitler was busy in the Balkans.

The Balkan countries were key to The Balkan countries were key to attacking the USSR. attacking the USSR.

Hitler wanted to build bases in Hitler wanted to build bases in southeastern Europe and wanted to make southeastern Europe and wanted to make sure the British would not interfere. sure the British would not interfere.

Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Hitler invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Yugoslavia fell in 11 days. Greece Yugoslavia fell in 11 days. Greece

surrendered in 17 days. The Nazis surrendered in 17 days. The Nazis celebrated their victories by raising celebrated their victories by raising swastikas on the Acropolis in Athens. swastikas on the Acropolis in Athens.

Operation BarbarossaOperation Barbarossa

Hitler’s plan to invade the Soviet Hitler’s plan to invade the Soviet Union was called Operation Union was called Operation Barbarossa. Barbarossa.

Early Sunday morning, June 22, Early Sunday morning, June 22, 1941, Hitler began the blitzkrieg 1941, Hitler began the blitzkrieg invasion of the Soviet Union. invasion of the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union was not prepared.The Soviet Union was not prepared.

The Germans gained 500 miles inside The Germans gained 500 miles inside the Soviet Union. the Soviet Union.

As the Russians retreated, they As the Russians retreated, they burned and destroyed everything in burned and destroyed everything in the enemy’s path. the enemy’s path. • What is this military strategy called? What is this military strategy called? • When did the Russians use this strategy When did the Russians use this strategy

before? before? Scorched Earth policy – used successfully Scorched Earth policy – used successfully

against Napoleon against Napoleon

By September 8, Germans had By September 8, Germans had surrounded Leningrad and isolated surrounded Leningrad and isolated the city. the city.

German bombs destroyed German bombs destroyed warehouses where food was stored. warehouses where food was stored.

Desperately hungry, people began Desperately hungry, people began eating cattle and horse feed, cats, eating cattle and horse feed, cats, dogs, crows, and rats. dogs, crows, and rats.

1 million people starved to death, but 1 million people starved to death, but Leningrad did not surrender. Leningrad did not surrender.

Hitler moved on to Moscow, the Hitler moved on to Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, on capital of the Soviet Union, on October 2. October 2.

By December, the Nazis advanced on By December, the Nazis advanced on the outskirts of Moscow. the outskirts of Moscow.

Soviet General Georgi Zhukov Soviet General Georgi Zhukov counterattacked. counterattacked.

As temperatures fell, the Germans in As temperatures fell, the Germans in summer uniforms, retreated. summer uniforms, retreated.

Their fuel and oil froze. Their fuel and oil froze. Tanks, trucks and weapons became Tanks, trucks and weapons became

useless. useless. Hitler ordered the troops, “No Retreat!”Hitler ordered the troops, “No Retreat!” The Germans held the line against the The Germans held the line against the

Soviets about 125 miles west of the Soviets about 125 miles west of the capital. capital.

It cost 500,000 German lives. It cost 500,000 German lives.

U.S. helpsU.S. helps

Remember the Neutrality acts? Remember the Neutrality acts? • These were laws that prohibited anyone These were laws that prohibited anyone

to sell arms or lend money to nations at to sell arms or lend money to nations at war. war.

President Roosevelt could see that the President Roosevelt could see that the U.S. would have to get involved. In order U.S. would have to get involved. In order to prolong the involvement of the U.S., to prolong the involvement of the U.S., he persuaded Congress to allow the he persuaded Congress to allow the Allies to buy American arms and Allies to buy American arms and weapons. weapons.

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act

Under the Lend-Lease Act, the Under the Lend-Lease Act, the President could lend or lease arms President could lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country and other supplies to any country vital to the U.S. vital to the U.S.

By summer of 1941, the U.S. Navy By summer of 1941, the U.S. Navy was escorting British ships carrying was escorting British ships carrying U.S. arms. U.S. arms.

In response, Hitler ordered his In response, Hitler ordered his submarines to sink any cargo ships submarines to sink any cargo ships they met. they met.

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Churchill secretly met Roosevelt and Churchill secretly met on a battleship off Newfoundland on on a battleship off Newfoundland on August 9. August 9.

They two leaders issues a joint They two leaders issues a joint declaration called the Atlantic declaration called the Atlantic Charter. Charter.

It upheld free trade and democracy. It upheld free trade and democracy.

What I don’t get is if it was a ‘secret’ meeting, why are there

pictures of it? And why are there so many

people?

U.S. Destroyer goes downU.S. Destroyer goes down

On September 4, a German U-Boat On September 4, a German U-Boat suddenly fired on a U.S. destroyer in suddenly fired on a U.S. destroyer in the Atlantic. the Atlantic.

Roosevelt ordered navy commanders Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to respond. to respond.

They were to shoot German They were to shoot German submarines on sight. submarines on sight.

The U.S. was now involved in an The U.S. was now involved in an undeclaredundeclared naval war. naval war.

Assignment:Assignment: Holocaust research:Holocaust research:

Find a story about a Holocaust victim Find a story about a Holocaust victim or survivor and prepare to share it or survivor and prepare to share it with the class.with the class.

You will need to include your You will need to include your

resources(s). You can print it out, or resources(s). You can print it out, or write it in legible writing. write it in legible writing.

Due MondayDue Monday