Hitachi Zosen (INOVA), How Can Energy From Waste Work in the Caribbean?, 9-2012

How can Energy-from-Waste work in the Caribbean?

CSEF III, St. Kitts, September 13-14, 2012

First is “Proven EfW Technology”

(Gasification/)

Combustion

Air Quality

Control

Steam

Boiler

Steam

Turbine

• Clean metals are recycled from ash

• Ash is only 10% of waste volume

• Ash can be used in road construction,

as landfill cover

No pre-sorting or

pre-treatment

Highest

emission

standards,

proven many

times

2CSEF III, St.Kitts, Sep. 13-14 2012, Peter Chromec, Hitachi Zosen Inova

Americas 24

Europe 239

Asia 209

Australia 3


Hitachi Zosen Inova alone has 475 reference plants

24239

209

3

Advanced or New Technologies: compare carefully !


Gasification Syngas

Cleaning

Gas Engine or

Gas Turbine

• Normally good ash quality if vitrified

• If not, does all the Carbon go out?

• Will projected energy efficiency be reached ?

• Are soot and tar formation under control?

Emissions ? An engine is not as

good a combustor

as a specially

designed

combustion system:

2 sec @ 850ºC Pre-sorting ?

Pre-treatment ?

Reagent Handling

Product Recovery

• How clean are these products ?

• Who will buy these products ?

Also on limited island economy?

• Could they end up as wastes, too ?

Availability ?

How much

waste is going

“back to

landfills?”

What waste

is compared ? Is cost and power

consumption of pre-

treatment included?

Key Questions for Technology Comparison

Question Proven EfW Some “advanced thermal

technologies”

Waste Specification Take all (post-recycling)

waste

Take a limited fraction only

Waste Pretreatment No pretreatment required Size reduction/homogen.

needed, cost not always

considered

Thermal Process Complete combustion, inert

ash residue, limited

utilization possible

Partial reaction, difficult

control soot/ tar issue

(by-) product use unclear

Gas Cleaning Limited variety of flue gas

components,

proven technologies

Syngas may contain lots of

different molecules

Gas cleaning: big challenge

Emissions Not significant compared to

other sources,

proven - traceable

Is comparison made at the

same place (after energy

recovery)?

Availability >8000h per year,

consistently

Often track record over

longer period is missing


One example ot „the right technology“:

Riverside (London), United Kingdom

Largest EfW facility in the UK

Hitachi Zosen Inova is full turnkey contractor including

jetty and road works

80% of waste delivery via barges from Thames River

High efficient plant at higher steam conditions

Steam drives a 73 MWel turbine

Plant operation assistance during first 4 years by

Hitachi Zosen Inova

Status 2012: Commercial Operation, Warranty Period

Client Riverside Resource

Recovery Ltd.

Start-up end of 2010

Technology

Furnace Grate furnace (air-cooled)

Energy recovery 4-pass-boiler, turbine

Flue gas treatment SNCR, semi-dry process

Technical Data

Fuel Municipal waste

Waste capacity 585„000 t/a (3 x 31.8 t/h)

Net calorific value 9.0 MJ/kg

Thermal capacity 3 x 79.5 MW

Steam 3 x 54 t/h (72 bar, 427 °C)

Key Data

High-cost plant (~ USD 550 Million):

All enclosed, decent architectural treatment

Includes a jetty for waste-by-barge delivery

UK construction is average-to-high


-10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Tip

fe

e (

$/t

)

Power sales ($/MWh)

Second is Cost: typical Tip Fee vs. Power Sales Curve

Negotiate with Utility/ Minister of Energy

Negotiate

with M

inis

ter

of E

nvir

onm

ent

+ smaller/ - larger plant

+ high/ - low architectural requirements

+ remote site/ bad soil conditions

+ higher/ - lower cost of labor & utilities

+ higher/ - lower cost of capital

+ full EPC/ -self perform (banks?)

+ higher/ - lower availability


How much EfW Plant do I need and how do I finance it ?

Questions which influence plant cost

Size Economy of scale – too small is expensive

Architecture Does not need to be expensive

Site Consider logistics, soil, water/power access etc.

Business risks Development cost, capital cost

Questions which determine how they are paid for

Tip Fees Is it possible to charge tip fees (taxes or sales fee)

Power Sales Renewable, local stable base load power is great, but:

- involve the utility so you can find a win-win situation

- sell directly to “green companies”, use “yourselves”

Metal Sales Can generate a fair revenue, but difficult for islands

Other Means Subsidies, tax credits, renewable energy credits


Third is Politics, Policies, Procedures, Paperwork

Who will be the EfW project carrier? Government? Agency? PPP? Private Firm ?

Waste Management Policy: are waste flows known and controlled ?

is an EfW option foreseen in a master plan ?

Waste Composition Study: what are the waste volumes? annual, seasonal?

what is the (chemical) composition? water content?

Siting and building permits: (where) is EfW possible?

Community Communication: What do neighbors want to know?

How can you convince eNGO‟s?

Environmental Permits: Are the standards/requirements clear?

Are the procedures to get a permit clear?

Interconnection Study: Is the grid operator able and willing to include a

new baseload power supply source?

Agreements: Power Purchase – Waste Delivery – Land Lease –

Financing – Consulting – EPC – O&M ….


EfW Potential in CARICOM states

Municipal (and similar) Solid Waste: 2 – 2.5 Million tons per year

(author‟s estimate from UN data and GDP-based per capita assumptions)

Thereof to composting/recycling: 30 – 50% (depending on country)

(recycling markets are less accessible for islands and small economies)

MSW available for EfW: 1 – 1.5 Million tons per year

Base-load Renewable Electricity-to-Grid: 80 – 120 MWel

(based on 700 kWh/t net generation from residual MSW „as is‟ and without other „fuels‟)

Compared to Total Electricity Consumption: ~ 5% only

Examples of projects which have been discussed (arranged by size):

Jamaica: ~ 55 MWel (40 + 15 MW)

Trinidad and Tobago: large potential, but low energy cost higher tip fees needed

Bahamas: ~ 15 MWel

Barbados: ~ 12 MWel

Cayman Islands: ~ 10 MWel

Various smaller islands: ~ 1 – 5 MWel range each


Most Important: modern, proven EfW is ideal for the Caribbean

• removes waste piles

• reduces water contamination

• reduces air contamination

due to odor and landfill fires

• improves carbon footprint

• produces power from own

resources (~700kWh/ ton waste)

• reduces dependence from

foreign oil (~1 barrel/ ton waste)

• saves foreign currency budget


What is the Real Question about Renewable Energy ?

or

or


But even better :

and

~ 5 -10 % of energy demand,

renewable, lower carbon footprint,

base load, > 8000 h per year

medium-priced

plus

Waste Problem Solved !

~ 15 -25 % of energy demand

renewable, no CO2 during operation

intermittent

medium to high - priced


Thank You

Hitachi Zosen Inova U.S.A. LLC

Peter Chromec, CEO

P +1 678 987 2501

M +1 678 381 7546

[email protected]

www.hz-inova.com


Hitachi Zosen (INOVA), How Can Energy From Waste Work in the Caribbean?, 9-2012

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