Histry - First Pages ED - NIE · viii tuyhW f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13 r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw Njrpa fy;tp...
Transcript of Histry - First Pages ED - NIE · viii tuyhW f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13 r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw Njrpa fy;tp...
viii
tuyhW
f.ngh.j. cau;juk; - juk; 13
r%ftpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,yq;if
2010
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
i
tuyhW
c Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G :- 2009
ISBN
gjpg;G: murhq;f mr;rff; $l;Lj;jhgdk;
ghdYt> ghJf;f.
ii
KfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiu
iii
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b 2009 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; 13 Mk; juj;jpw;Fupa
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwia Mrpupau;fs; xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gadspg;gjhFk;.
,e;j topfhl;b E}iyj; jahupg;gjw;F mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk;
,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ghlj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. ,J Nju;r;rpfismbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUg;gNj mt;NtWghlhFk;. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sNju;r;rpfis ,j;juj;jpNyNa mila Kbahky; Nghf ,lKz;L. rpyNtis mjw;fhfePz;l fhyk; vLf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisAk; me;je;j Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd;fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;NgWfisAk; ,j;juk; Kbtjw;Fs; miljy; mtrpak; MFk;.vdNt> ,j;juj;jpw;Fupa ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSk; fw;ww;NgWfSk; JizahFk;. ,f;fw;ww; NgWfis fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd;Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tFj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giw kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfisj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd epajpfshf gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;Jk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lnkdvjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,g;ghlj;ijg; gapYk; NghJ crhTtjw;Fupa NkyjpfE}y;fs; ,izaj;jsq;fs; (web site) vd;gd Fwpj;J khztu;fSf;F mwpT+l;Ltjw;Fk;
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Jizahf mikAk;.
,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s cj;Njr nraw;ghLfs; ePq;fs; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Mrpupau;fshf
nraw;gLtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L khjpupr; nraw;ghLfshf jug;gl;Ls;sJ vdf;fUjpf;nfhs;f. Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau; ika tFg;giwr; nrad;Kiwia khw;wp> khztu;ikar; nrad;Kiwahf khw;wp mikj;jNy ngupJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> khztiuE}y; crhTif> ,izag; gad;ghL Kjyhd Njly;fspd; ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;yj;jf;fthWfw;wy; tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;FtJ Fwpj;J kpfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fw;gpj;jypd;NghJ kuG uPjpahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;G toq;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf ftu;r;rpfukhd tifapy;Gj;jwpT> Nfhl;ghLfs; Kjyhdtw;iw Kd;itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf ,g;GjpatFg;giwapy; njhopy;El;gj;ij cr;r mstpy; cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg;gad;gLj;JtJ Fwpj;J ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> Gjpa njhopy;El;g rhjdq;fis
,ad;wsTf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhf gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;.
13Mk; juj;jpy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;fj; njhlq;Fk; cq;fs; khztu;fSf;F
,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; Fwpj;J njspTgLj;JtJ gaDilajhFk;. tUlk; KOtJk;eilKiwg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cq;fsJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; jpl;lj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;tjhy;fw;wypd;ghy; mk;khztu;fspd; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;lyhk;. NkYk;> KOg;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk;fw;gjw;F khztu;fs; ghlrhiyapd;ghy; <u;f;fg;gLtjw;Fk; mJ JizahFk;. Gjpafiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; Clhf tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapy; njspthdkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy;
jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;jp cq;fsJ Mf;fj; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;SkhW Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j
fy;tpkhd;fSf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; vdJ tpNrled;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpapy; topfhl;ly; toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Nguhrpupau;yhy; ngNuuh mtu;fSf;Fk; ,e;E}iy mr;rpl;L ghlrhiyfSf;F tpepNahfpf;Fk; nghWg;igVw;Ws;s fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk; cl;gl Vida gzpahsu;fSf;Fk;vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;E}ypy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ
Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fis vdf;F mDg;gp itg;gPu;fshapd; ed;wpAilatdhNtd;.
tpky; rpak;gyhnfhlcjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;QhdgPlk;
Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu
iv
MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid : : : : : - Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh - gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
- fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl fyhepjp tpky; rpak;gyh nfhl - cjtpg;gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
(nkhop> khdpltpay;>
r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;)
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk;fyhepjp c. etuj;jpdk; - Kd;dhs; gzpg;ghsu;
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ,izg;ghsu; : ----- jpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghy
nraw;wpl;lj;jiytu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:ghlj;jpl;l MNyhridf; FO:
- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk- Nguhrpupau; khydp me;jfk - - - - - = [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)
- Nguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfuNguhrpupau; Nf. vk;. gp. FyNrfu - - - - - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
- Nguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;jNguhrpupau; A. gp. fUzhee;j - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
- Nguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;thNguhrpupau; vk;. A. j rpy;th - U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofk;
(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)
- Nguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;fNguhrpupau; ,e;jpuhzp Kdrpq;f - nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
(Xa;T ngw;wtu;)
- Nguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuhNguhrpupau; `q;Fuq;nfj;j jPuhde;j NjNuh - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- Nguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;fNguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf;f - Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.
- rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jprpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu; N[.Nf. V. fhe;jp - - - - - U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofk;
- jpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z FkhujpU. gp. vy;. Mu;. Nuh`z Fkhu - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
(Kd;dhs; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup)
nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :nraw;wpl;lf; FO :
- jpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghyjpUkjp. b. vr;. re;jpkh ep]hdp ju;kghy - - - - - nraw;wpl;lj;jiytu;>
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
----- jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd jpUkjp. lgps;A. rke;jp \pNuhksh Fztu;j;jd- cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
- jpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dpjpUkjp. vr;. V. gpupaju;\dp - cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup>
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FO
- tz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrptz. nfhyk;gNf Mu;. N[. arrp - kj;jpa fy;Y}up> N`hkhfk.
- jpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;djpUkjp. rQ;rPtp ke;j;uPuj;d - = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;
- jpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyhjpUkjp. Mu;. lgps;A. rNuh[pdp jhyh - j nk]dd;l; fy;Y}up> fe;jhd.
- jpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuisjpU. lgps;A. gp. mj;JNfhuis - ,uh[fPa fy;Y}up> n`huid.
v
- jpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;thjpUkjp. v];. v. Utd;kyp b rpy;th - K];ypk; kfspu; fy;Y}up> nfhOk;G 4
- jpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuhjpU. gp. vy;. v. N[h ngNuuh - ru;Nthja gpuptpd> Njthsfk.
- jpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUkjpUkjp. ee;jh kdk;ngUk - nrd;l; N[hrg; ngz;fs; fy;Y}up> Nffhiy.
- jpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdpjpUkjp. V. ,e;jpuhdp - Foe;ij NaR fd;dpau; klk;> ,j;jpdGup.
- jpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfyjpUkjp. lgps;A. vk;. Nf. b. gpbfy - cf;fy;gl kfh tpj;jpahyak;> cf;fy;gl
(Xa;Tngw;wtu;)
- jpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;khjpUkjp. vk;. v];. mkPdh ck;kh - ]h`puh fy;Y}up> khtdy;iy.
- jpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kpjpUkjp. v];. Uifah `];kp - ghGy; `rd; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> tufhnghy
- jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd;jpU. vk;. v];. V. K`;rpd; - my; - p[h kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;nyypa
- jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk;jpUkjp. v];. ghyRe;juk; - cjtpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu; (Xa;T ngw;wtu;)
- jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu;jpUkjp. A. vd;. v];. kupf;fhu; - [ky; M]hu; kj;jpa fy;Y}up> clj;jtpd;d
nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :nkhop nrt;itahf;fk; :
- jpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkhjpUkjp. vr;. n[rPkh - `{Unty `kPjpah fy;Y}up> khj;jis
fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :fzdpg; gjpg;G :
- jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh];jpU. V.Mu;. efh]; - my; {ik]uh kj;jpa fy;Y}up> NgUtis
- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk;- jpUkjp. gh. r[Pjh ,f;uhk; - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh- jpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:Vida cjtpfs;:
- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J- nry;tp. re;jpah mjgj;J - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb- jpUkjp. rpuhdp rkuf;nfhb - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;`- jpU. Mu;. vk; &grpq;` - - - - - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vi
cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;
,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW08. gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW
09. fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
10. ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJk;
xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp
11. gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUif
12. gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if
13. ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgd;fSk;
14. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rka fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rp
15. etPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp
16. Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fSk;
17. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if
,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW06. nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;
tiuapyhd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW
07. Fg;jg; NguuR
08. gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;.
09. Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ue;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G
tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w tl,e;jpa tuyhw;Wj;
jpUg;gq;fs;.
10. rhSf;fpa ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;f murpay;
tuyhW.
11. Nrhog; NguuR
INuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhW09. tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;
10. fp.gp. 1815 ,d; gpd;du; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; Njrpa thjf;
nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jp.
11. Kjyhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;
12. u\;ag; Gul;rp
13. ghrprKk;> ehrprKk;
14. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;
15. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; cyfk;
cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW07. Gjpa NguuR thjk;
08. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;
09. If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj;Jk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp
ngwy;.
10. NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpa Nghuhl;lq;fs;.
11. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jk;
12. ,uz;lhk; cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du;
13. ru;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;gf;fk;
01 - 08
09 - 19
20 - 25
26 - 31
32 - 36
37 - 40
41 - 45
46 - 49
50 - 59
60 - 69
70 - 77
78 - 88
89 - 92
93 - 105
106 - 113
114 - 121
122 - 126
127 - 133
134 - 140
141 - 144
145 - 148
149 - 156
157 - 163
164 - 169
170 - 176
177 - 183
184 - 198
199 - 205
206 - 213
214 - 227
228 - 237
vii
,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW,yq;if tuyhW
1tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0myF 8.0
16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gy;NtW fhyg;gFjpfspy; ,lk; ngw;w murpay;
epfo;Tfis gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l Kd;khjpupfis
epfo;fhyk;> vjph;fhyk; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhff; nfhz;L nry;yg;
gyd;jUk; tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
8.1 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhW gw;wpa
jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.
8.2 Ml;rpapy; fhzg;gl;l gytPdq;fs; me;epa Mjpf;fk; vOr;rpngWtjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; ,yq;if
tUifapid Mjhukhff; nfhz;L gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• 16 mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs;
gw;wpa jfty;isr; Nrfupj;jy;.
• Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa
njhlh;Gfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; gpd;dzp Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau;
jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpa tpjj;ij
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij aho;g;ghzj;jpy; epiyehl;ba
tpjj;jpid tpsq;Fjy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhf RNjr rf;jpfs; vOr;rp ngw;w
tpjj;jpid rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpia Mjhukhff; nfhz;L
fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfauhy; ifg;gw;w KbahjpUe;jikapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa murpay; gpd;dzpapD}lhf Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gj;ij Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;ij
ifg;gw;Wtjd; %yk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. njhlh;e;J aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk;
je;jpNuhghaj;jpdhy; ngw;w Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> NkYk; jkJ Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; jkJ murpay;
gyj;ij epiyepWj;j Kad;wdu;. vdpDk;> epidj;jthW mth;fshy; mjid
epiwNtw;w Kbatpy;iy. vd;whYk; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F mf;fhy ,yq;ifapd;
murpay; #o;epiyfNs VJthf mike;jd. ,t;thW 16Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhiw Muha;tNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaKk; td;dp
gpuNjrKk;
Nfhl;ilAk; fz;b
,uhr;rpaq;fspd; mjpfhupfspd;
fPo; ,Ue;j gpuNjrk;
td;dpg;gpuNjrk;
jpUNfhzkiy
khj;jis
fz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpakfz;b ,uhr;rpak;
ePu;nfhOk;G
fSj;Jiw
fhyp
khj;jiw
Cth
nty;y];]
kl;lf;fsg;G
jkd;fLt
fw;gpl;b
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;
gpd;njd;d
.....:::.....:::.....:::::.....:::.....:::.....:::
.....:::.....:::.....:::
.....:::.....:::
.....:::
:::.:::
Nfhl;il
Nfhl;il
Nfhl;il
Nfhl;il
Nfhl;il
rPjhthf;;if
,uhr;rpak;
,uhr;rpak;
,uhr;rpak;
,uhr;rpak;
,uhr;rpak;
nfhOk;G
,iufk
16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;if
3tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak;.
• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; ,yq;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w gpujhd
,uhr;rpaq;fSs; xd;whFk;.
• ,yq;if Mwhk; guhf ;f pukghF kd;ddpd; f Po ; ,Wjpahf>
If;fpag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; mur FLk;gj;jpd; Ie;J ,sturh;fspd; fPo; Ml;rp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. (Nguurh;fspd; eph;thfr;nraw;ghLfSf;F cjTtjw;F
jkJ kf;fisg; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fshf epakpf;Fk; gof;fk; ,lk;
ngw;wNj md;wp ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; gpupj;J Ml;rp elj;jg;gl;lnjd ,jd;%yk;
fUjg;gltpy;iy)
• 1521 ,y; tp[aghF nfhs;is epfo;Tf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.
• 1521 tp[aghF nfhs;is ,lk;ngw;wJld; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; %d;W
gpupTfshf;fg;gl;likAk; rpk;khrdj;jpd; cupikf;fhf Vw;gl;l
Fog;gq;fSk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptiljYk; tPo;r;rpailjYk;
(moNf];tu Nghh;> uh[htypa> ke;jhuk;Gu nra;jpfs;> Mfpa
%yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;jJ)
rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak;
– rPjhtf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vy;iyfSk; mjw;Fupa gpuNjrq;fSk;.
– eph;thf ikak; Jiz ,uhr;rpakhf tsh;r;rpiljy;.
rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.rPjhthf;if khahJd;idapd; murpay; je;jpuq;fs;.
• rPjhthf;ifapd; vy;iyfs; tpuptiljy;.
• ,iwfk ,uhr;rpaj;ij cupikahf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf tpsq;Fjy;.
• je;jjhJitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
– rPjhthf;if Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;.
– Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fupa gpuNjrq;fs; rPjhthf;iff;F cupj;jhf;FjYk;
rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpak; murpay; uPjpapy; vOr;rpailjYk;.
– rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpapy; murpay; tsh;r;rp.
• rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Nghh;.
• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupa gpuNjrq;fs; rPjhthf;if
,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhFjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpak; rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
• rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDk; mtdJ nraw;ghLfSk;.
rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rprPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
• ,uh[rpq;fdpd; gpd;dh; rpk;khrdj;Jf;F cupikahsd; xUtd;
,y;yhjpUe;jik.
• ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; ngsj;j tpNuhjf; nfhs;ifAk; jhd;Njhd;wpj;
jdkhd eltbf;iffSk;.
• epu;thf xOq;fpd;ik.
4tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ghJfhg;G gytPdkiljy;.
• ePz;l Nghh; eltbf;ifshy; kf;fs; tpuf;jpAWjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;ddhy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gLjy;.
fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
– Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;Jk; ,uhr;rpakhf ,Uj;jy;.
– 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; vy;iyfs;> mjw;Fupa
gpuNjrq;fs;.
– fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Rahjpgj;jpak; ngw vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;. (Nrdhrk;kj
tpf;fpughFtpd; fPo;)
– fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay; tsh;r;rp ([atPugz;lhu kd;ddpy; ,Ue;J
Kjyhk; tpky jh;k#upa kd;dd; tiu)
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;
– ,uhrul;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;dh; aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;ij
mz;br; Rje;jpu ,uhr;rpankhd;W cUthFjy;.
– 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;.
– guuh[Nrfud;> Kjyhk; rq;fpyp MfpNahupd; fPo; aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
murpay; jfty;fs;.
– aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu gpd;dzp
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; tPo;r;rpailjy;.
td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;td;dpg;gpuNjrk;
– tlf;Nf aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak;> njw;Nf Nfhl;il> fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
vd;gtw;wpd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;;gl;l gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;s
fhllu;e;j gpuNjrk; td;dp ,uhr;rpak; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. Etufyhtpa>
jkd;fLt> ahy> ghdk> Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l
gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; ,Ue;jJld; mth;fs; td;dpah;> my;yJ td;dp
kd;dh;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;ldh;. td;dpah;fs; aho;g;ghzk;> Nfhl;il>
fz;b Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fSf;F jpiw nrYj;jpdh;. Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF
kd;dd; ehl;il xd;wpizj;j gpd;dh; td;dpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk;
gytPdKw;wJ.
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; tUifAk; mth;fs; RNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fSld;
nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;GfSk;.
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;jNghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;F VJthf mike;j
fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:fhuzq;fs;:
• nghUshjhu ,yhgk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• rkag; gpurhuk;.
• rh;tNjrstpy; Gfoiljy;.
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;
• tpahghuk;
• Nghh;
• rkak;
5tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpak; eyptila Muk;gpj;jy;
• jh;kghy kd;didj; jkf;F ,irthf khw;wpf; nfhz;lNjhL ed;nfhil
rhrdk; %yk; Nfhl;ilapd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;.
• 1597 ky;thid xg;ge;jk;.
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gaho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G
• Kjyhk; rq;fpyp kd;ddpw;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
Kuz;ghLfs; mjpfupg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzq;fs;.
• aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nghh;.
• Kjyhk; rq;fpypapd; gpd;dh; Vw;gl;l cWjpaw;w murpay; epiyikfSk;
aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gLjYk;.
• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; (1619-1658)
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;.
• [atPu ghz;baDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G.
• rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaf; fz;L Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fz;b
,uhr;rpak; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaik.
• fz;b fyfq;fSf;F cjtp toq;Fjy;.
• jkf;F Mjuthdth;fis epakpg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jy; (akrpq;f
gz;lhu> Njhdh fjupdh)
• je;JNu Nghh;
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F gpd;gw;wpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;
nfhs;iffs;.
• n[udp Nkhb m]ptpNlhtpd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rp
Njhy;tpailjy;.
• nrduj; kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gk;
Nghh ;j ;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;r paj;Jf;F vjpuhfg; gpd;gw ;wpa
eltbf;iffSk;.
• 1617 cld;gbf;ifAk; mjd; xg;ge;jq;fSk;.
• nfhd;];jhe;jpDb rh fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;ghfg; gpd;gw;wpa
nfhs;iffs;. fz;b ,uhr ;r paj;jpd; (Rje;jpuk ;) Rahjpf ;fk;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa rpwg;gk;rq;fs;.
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glkNghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fz;b tUifia fhl;Lk; glk ;; ;; ;
6tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; epiyehl;lg;gLtjw;Fr;
rhjfkhf mike;j fhuzq;fs;.
• cs;ehl;by; epytpa Fog;gq;fSk; gpuptpidthj murpay; epiyikfSk;
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd epiyikfisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
• Vohk; GtNdfghF> jh;kghy kd;dd; MfpNahupd; nraw;ghLfs;.
• rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfauplk; ,Ue;j flw;gil typik.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiug; Nghy ,yq;if kd;dh;fsplk;; Nghh; MAjq;fs;
,y;yhjpUe;jik.
7tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
Etufyhtpa
fw;gpl;b
rpyhgk;
ePu;nfhOk;G
nfhOk;G
fSj;Jiw
fhyp
,uhr;rpak;
fz;b
kl;lf;fsg;G
jpUNfhzkiy
td;dp
Cth
jkd;fLt
nty;y];]
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F
cl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;
fz ;b ,uhr ; r paj ; j pd ;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gpuNjrk;
gpd;njd;d
8tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
• 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; epytpa gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gw;wpa
Njrg;glk; xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.
• G+uzkhf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;il tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F
cl;gLj;Jf.
• gpiofisj; jpUj;jp xU Njrg;glj;ij khzth;fis Fwpf;fr; nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
• ',yq;ifAk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F
xU fl;Liu tiujy;.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; xg;gilahfg; gad;gLj;Jf.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf; $ba %yhjhuq;fis khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth;fSf;Fj; jukhd fl;Liuia mikg;gjw;F topfhl;Lf.
• khzth;fSf;F tpsf;fkpy;yh tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghfg; gpd;D}l;ly;
toq;Ff.
• vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufspy; kpfr;rpwg;ghdijj; njupT nra;J ghlrhiyr;
rQ;rpifapy; gpuRupf;Ff.
9tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09myF 09
fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu epo;Tfis
gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;w Kd;khjpupfis epfo;fhyk;>
vjph;fhyk;> vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf;fpf;nfhs;s gad;jUk; tpjj;jpy;
gad;gLj;Jthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
9.1 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij tsg;gLj;Jtjpy; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; gq;fspg;igg;
gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.
9.2 fz;b ,uhr;rpak;> Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahUld;
nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;gpid eLepiyahf ,Ue;J gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
9.3 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay;> nghUshhu> fyhrhu epiyikfs;
gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ ghuk;gupaq;fisg; ghJfhf;f
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: 30
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murh;fs;> murpay; tuyhW vd;gd gw;wpa
tplaq;fis mwpjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahUld;
nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfis ,dq;fhZjy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau; xy;yhe;ju; njhlu;gpy;
• RNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjj;jpid fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpD}lhf
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay; nghUshjhu r%f fyhrhuj; Jiwfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
fz;bfz;bfz;bfz;bfz;b
,aw;ifahd ghJfhg;G muz;fs; epiwe;j fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy;
filrp RNjr ,uhr;rpakhFk;. Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k #upa kd;ddpd; fPo;
epiyahf;fg;gl;l ,e;j ,uhr;rpak; gy;NtW murh;fspd; murpay;> nghUshjhu>
rkaf; nfhs;iffs; %yk; XusT tsh;r;rp ngw;wJld; rpy fhyg; gFjpfspy;
gpd;dilitAk; fz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
10tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,e;j epiyikiag; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;
njhlh;gpidg; Ngz Kaw;rpj;jdh;. vdpDk; mth;fspd; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. njhlh;e;J jkJ mjpfhuj;ijf; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;
epiyehl;ba xy;yhe;jUk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
vt;thwhapDk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;dh;fs; jkJ ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;lJld; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu>
fyhrhu Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lijf; fhzf;$bajhf
cs;sJ.
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd; Ml;rpf; fhyk; njhlf;fk; = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f
kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp tiuapyhd murpay; tuyhW.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fhyg; gpupTfs;.
• ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhd gpuNjrq;fs;.
• Ml;rpia elj;jpa Kf;fpa muru;fs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
11tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,izg;G
gpuNjrq;fs;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;Gfz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; khfhzg; gpupg;G(fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gpupTfs; jprhitfs; vd miof;fg;gl;ld)
jprhit vy;iygpuNjr vy;iy
fq;if
Jk;gu
tpaYt
tyg;gid
N`th`l;l
clgyhj
nfhj;kiy
clGyj;fk
g`yGyj;fk
cLDtu
abDtu
Jk;gNd
`hup];gj;J
aho;g;ghzk;
jpUNfhzkiy
Etu fyhga
jkd;fLit
khj;jisVO Nfhuisfs;
ehd;F
Nfhuisfs;
nfhOk;G
fhyp
Cth
nty;y];]
rg;ufKt
gpd;njd;d
fz;b
gupkhzk;
fp.kpfp.kp
t
12tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dd;. (1592 - 1604)
– tPu Re;ju gz;lhudpd; kfd; Nfhzg;G gz;lhu Mthd;.
– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjutpd; fPo; M];jpupahtpd; njhd;[{thd; vd;w
ngaupy; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;W Nghh; El;gq;fs; gapd;W te;jhd;.
– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; gilapdUld; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpaijj; njhlh;e;J>
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiuj; Juj;jpabj;J 1592 ,y; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;;k#upad;
vd;w ngaupy; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;ddhfg; gjtpNaw;whd;.
– FRkhrd Njtpia jpUkzk; nra;J ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;fhd cupikia
epiyehl;bdhd;.
– Gjpa mur guk;giuia Muk;gpj;J itj;jhd;.
• Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadpd; gzpfs;
– fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; rPjthf;if
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; tpLg;gpj;J RahjPd ,uhr;rpaj;
Jf;Fupa epiyahd murpay; mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;jpaik.
– ,uhr;rpaj;ij tpupthf;fpaik.
– Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Mjpf;fk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; khj;jpuk;
vy;iyg;gl;bUf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fr; rthyhfr;
nraw;gl;lik.
• rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;rkag;gzpfs;
– je;j jhJitf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; KO ehl;bdJk; Ml;rpahsdhfpaik.
• ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;
- ,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jp. ,jw;nfd 170 Ntiyg;gl;liwfs;
mikj;jik.
- tptrhaf; ifj;njhopYf;F muR MjuT toq;fpaik.
- tlf;F Cth> ke;jhuk; Gu Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; tay;fisAk;
Fsq;fisAk; mikj;jik.
- gUj;jpr; nra;ifia mgptpUj;jp nra;jik.
• nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)nrduj; kd;dd; (1604 - 1635)
- Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDldhd cwT Kiw.
- Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;ddpd; tpjitahd ,uhzp FRkhrd
Njtpiaj; jpUkzQ; nra;J muRupikia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
- Ml;rpapd; Kw;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;Lf; fytuj;ij mlf;fpaik.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fg; gutr; nra;jik.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpak; 3 gFjpfshfg; gpup;f;fg;gl;L Gjy;tu;fs; %tUf;Fk;
toq;fg;gl;lik.
• ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687),uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1635 -1687)
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; rf;futh;j;jpahf
my;yJ Kf;fpa kd;ddhff; fUjg;gl;lik.
- jpup rpq;fshjP];tuh; vd;w tpUJg;ngaiug; gad;gLj;jpaik.
- Nkw;Fj;jpiirapy; NghyNt fpof;Fj;jpirapYk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
vy;iyfis tpupTgLj;jpaik.
13tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- 1664 ,y; mk;gd;ntyuhy vd;gtupd; jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w epy;yk;g
fyfj;ij mlf;fpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; rkag; gzpfs;.
• ,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706),uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k #upad; (1687 - 1706)
- mikjpahd Nghf;Filatuhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
- cgrk;gjh Kiwia Vw;gLj;j gh;kh ehl;by; ,Ue;J gpf;Fkhiu
tutioj;jik.
- murdhfg; gjtpNaw;w NghJ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupj;jhf ,Ue;j
gpuNjrq;fis mt;thNw ghJfhj;J itj;jpUe;jik.
• = tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)= tPuguhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; (1707-1739)
- ,Wjpr;rpq;fs kd;dd;
- mur rigapy; ehaf;fh; tk;rj;jth;fspd; Mjpf;fk; tsh;r;rpaila
cjtpaik.
• = tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)= tp[auh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1739 - 1747)
- Gjpa mur tk;rj;jpd;; muR cupik gw;wpa Gjpa ghuk;gupankhd;W
Muk;gkhfpaik.
- ehl;L kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjw;fhf ngsj;j rkak; gw;wp
mf;fiw nrYj;jpaik.
- mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rpq;fs gpujhdpfSf;Fk; (gpuGf;fs;) kd;dDf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs;.
- ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpgj;jpaj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpaik.
- tpahghu eltbf;iffs;
- rkag;gzpfs;
• fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1747 - 1782)
- mjpfhuj;ij epiygLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F gy;NtW eltbf;iffisg;
gpd;gw;wpaik.
ngsj;j rka eltbf;iffspy; fhl;ba Mh;tk;.
ngsj;j kjj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lik.
- murDf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l #o;r;rpapd; %yk; murdpd; mjpfhuk; epiy
Fiyjy;.
gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jy;.
rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzu;r;rp (rPak; ehl;L cgrk;gjhit Vw;gLj;jpaik)
- gpf;Fkhh;fSf;fhd xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitia mikj;jik.
- tpfhiufisg; GdUj;jhgdQ; nra;jik (ntyptpw;w rhuzq;fu Njuupd;
MjuT)
• ,uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798),uh[hjpuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1782 - 1798)
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp Muk;gkhfpaik.
- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpah; trkhfpaik.
14tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• = tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)= tpf;fpukuh[rpq;f kd;dd; (1798 - 1815)
- kd;dDf;Fk; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fs;.
- murdpd; mlf;F Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;.
- gpuGf;fspd; xw;Wikapd;ik.
- murdpd; nfh^uk;.
- muridf; ifg;gw;wpaJld; ,yq;ifapd; Kbahl;rp Kiw Kbtile;jik.
• fz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfz;b ,uhr ;r pak; Nghh ;j ;Jf ;Nfau ; xy;yhe ;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:njhlh;Gfs;:
fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.
- [atPu> fuypaj;Nj gz;lhu MfpNahu; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlh;Gfs;.
- 1594 ,y; Kjyhk; tpky jh;k #upad; je;JNu Nghupy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;
midtiuAk; nfhiy nra;jik.
- vjpupuhytpd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhd NghUf;F tpkyjh;k#upad;
cjtp mspj;jik.
- 1602 ,y; njhd; n[udpNkhb m]ptpNlhtpd; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wk;
Kaw;rp gyd (gyd Nghh;) vDkplj;jpy; Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k#upadhy;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik.
- nrduj; kd;dd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUld; mikjpahd Nghf;fpidf;
filg;gpbj;jik.
- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iyg;
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; mj;JkPwpg; gpuNtrpj;J mjid ehrk; nra;jik.
- epfgpl;ba gz;lhutpd; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhd NghUf;F nrduj;
kd;dd; cjtp Gupe;jik.
- nrduj; kd;dDf;Fk; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1617 ,y; rkhjhd
cld;gbf;if xd;W Vw;gl;lik.
- 1630 ,y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; fz;bapd; kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; nrduj;
kd;ddpd; kfdhd kfh m];jhd ,sturUld; ,ize;J
ue;jdptiyapy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; giliaj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;J
nfhd;W Ftpj;jik.
- 1638 ,y; fd;ndhUitg; Nghupy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddhy;
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; Kw;WKOjhfj; Njhy;tpaile;jik.
- xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpiag; ngw;W 1658 ,y; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J tpul;babj;jik.
• xy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;jxy;yhe;jupd; tUifAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mth;fs; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.njhlh;GfSk;.
- xy;yhe;jUld; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpaikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;.- fPioj;Nja tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; Mh;tk; fhl;ba xy;yhe;jh;
fpof;fpe;jpa th;jjff; fk;gdpapd; fg;gy; FOtpdh; ,yq;iff;F te;jik.- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,e;ehl;by; ,Ue;J tpul;babg;gjw;F tYkpf;f flw;gil
Njit vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;l ,uz;lhk; uh[rpq;f kd;dd; jdJNehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mj;jifa flw;gyk; nghUe;jpaxy;ye;jupd; cjtpia ehbaik.
- fz;b kd ;dh ;fSld; xy ;yhe ;jh ; njhlh ;Gfis Vw ;gLj ;jtpUk;gpaikf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; thridj; jputpaq;fspd; th;j;jfj;jpy;>
Fwpg;ghf fWth th;j;jfj;jpd; jdpAupikiag; ngWtjw;fhfNtahFk;.
15tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;xy;yhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jfr; rq;fk;
xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;xy;yhe;jh; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;
- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDld; xy;yhe;jh; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfs;.
- ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1638
,y; cld;gbf;if xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaik.
- cld;gbf;ifapy; cs;s tplaq;fspy; (Clauses) njsptpd;ik
fhzg;gl;ljhy; kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; mJ njhlh;gpy; fUj;J
NtWghL Vw;gl;lik.
- 1658 ,y; xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaiu Juj;Jtjpy; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; ntw;wp fz;lik.
- 1658 tiu Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah; trkpUe;j fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspd; ngUk;
gFjp fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fs; ,izf;fg;gl;lik. ,jdhy; xy;yhe;jUf;F
cupj;jhd gpuNjrq;fs; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F cupj;jhf ,Ue;j
gpuNjrq;fis tpl FWfpajhff; fhzg;gl;lik.
,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd,uz;lhk; tpkyjh;k#upa kd;dDf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhdnjhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.
• fz;b kd;dh;fSf;Fk; xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfspdhy;Gjpa fhyg;gFjpnahd;W cUthdik.
• fw;gpl;b nfhl;bahuk;> jpUNfhzkiy> kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa JiwKfq;fs;.- kd;dh;fspd; fg;gy; gpuahzq;fSf;Fk; jpwe;J tplg;gl;lik.- ,U gf;fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,uh[je;jpu njhlh;Gfs; cUthdik.- 1688,y; xy;yhe;jUf;F ed;ik mspf;Fk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; fz;b
kd;ddpd; ifnahg ;gj ;ijg ; ngw vLf ;fg ;gl ;l Kaw ;r pNjhy;tpaile;jik.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;Gfspdhy; rhjfkhdepiyikfis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s xy;yhe;jh; vLj;j midj;JKaw;rpfSk; Njhy;tpAw;wik.
16tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jtPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;f kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.
- ,U gf;fj;jpdUk; tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; mjpf Mu;tk; fhl;baik.
- ,jdhy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rpidfs;.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F mUfpypUe;j gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf
Vw;gl;l fyfq;fs;.
- MSeh; kd;diur; re;jpg;gjw;Fj; J}Jf; FOit fz;bf;F mDg;gpaik.
- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf ,lk; ngw;w
fyfq ;fSf ;Fk ; kd ;dDf ;Fk ; njhlh ;G ,y ;iynad ;gij
ntspg;gLj;JjYk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf
vOe;j vjpu;g;gpid mikjpg;gLj;j cjtpaikAk;.
- ,k;n`hg; MSeh; el;Gwthd njhlh;ig cUthf;f kpFe;j Mh;tk;
fhl;baik.
fPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;jfPh;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;jUld; nfhz;bUe;j
njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.njhlh;Gfs;.
- fWth cupg;gth;fspd; fpsh;r;rpfSf;F kd;dd; cjtp toq;fpaJld;
`d;ty;y Nfhl;il khj;jiw jprhitia ifg;gw;wpaik. mjD}lhf
,Ugf;fj;jpdUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;Gfs; eyptile;jik.
- td; vf; vd;gtupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;G Njhy;tpaile;jik.
1766 - fz;b - xy;yhe;jh; cld;gbf;if
cld;gbf;if tplaq;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fg; ghjfkhdjhf
mike;jik. ,t;Tld;gbf;if fz;b ,uhr;rpak; njhlh;gpy; xy;yhe;jupd;
Mjpf;fg; guk;gypd; cr;r mstpdjhf mike;jik.
,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; xy;yhe;jiu
tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.tuNtw;gijf; fhl;Lk; glk;.
17tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;
iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;iky;fs;
1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1658 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G
vy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iy
1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G1670 ,y; xy;yhe;j gpupg;G
vy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iyvy;iy
gUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;JiwgUj;jpj;Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiwfhq;Nfrd; Jiw
aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;aho;g;ghzk;
Cu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;WiwCu;fhtw;Wiw
td;dptd;dptd;dptd;dptd;dp
kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;
mupT
MW
mupT
MW
mupT
MW
mupT
MW
mupT
MW
mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;
fw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;bfw;gpl;b
Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;Gj;jsk;
jpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiy
jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;jk;gyhfkk;
nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;nfhl;bahuk;
jkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLt
kfhtyp
fq;if
kl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;GnjJWXah
FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;FUzhfy;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;rpyhgk;
g pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfyg pl ; bfy
ePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;GePu;nfhOk;G
fsdpfsdpfsdpfsdpfsdp
nfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;G
ghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiwghze;Jiw
fSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;JiwfSj;Jiw
nge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;ilnge;Njhl;il
fhypfhypfhypfhypfhyp ntypfk
khj;jiw
tyNttyNttyNttyNttyNt
ahyahyahyahyahy
ghzkghzkghzkghzkghzk
nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;nghj;Jtpy;
fy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhWfy;yhW
fy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kidfy;Kid
rk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiwrk;khe;Jiw
mf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wmf;fiug;gw;Wnty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]nty;y];]
Fk;Gf;fd
; MW
khz
pf;f fq;if
fpupe;jp X
ah
khfk; gj;Jt
`f;kz
fLthj;jh
[pd;fq;if
nge;Njhl;lfq;if nkhwtf;if
FFY
etJd;
FUr;rp
fsdp fq;if
N`thfk
ry;gpl;b
,iwfkmq;FUthf;nfhl;l
fSfq;if
gpgpypafk
xgehafk
mlfyq;
nfhyd;id
fltj;ij
njdtf;f
rg;ufKt
gdhtpy;FUghtpy mj;JSfk
r Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;ifr Pjhthf ;if
nj pfk;gymSj;FU
ngypfy;
kh Xa
h
fLfk;gymyt;tfpdpnfhl
`hup];gj;JmSj;Etu
cLEtu Jk;giw
N`th`l;l
kJul;lgJis
epyk;NgguzFU
Utd;ntyprpadh
`e;jghd;Jdclgyhj
fz;bfz;bfz;bfz;bfz;b
ky;thid
gpd;njd;d
18tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thfk;> r%fk; nghUshjhuk; fyhrhuk;.
Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk;Ml;rp ep;u;thfk; ----- murDld ; mtDf ;F cjtp toq ;Fk ;
mjpfhupfs;> murdJk; mjpfhupfspdJk;
flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.
- epu;thfg; gpupTfs;> epu;thf myFfSf;F
nghWg;ghd mjpfhupfs;.
rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs;rka eltbf;iffs; ----- Gj;j rkak;:- cgrk;gjh kPz;Lk; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;gl;lik. ntyptpw;w = ruzq;fu Njuupd;
gzpfs; gw;wpa kjpg;gPL
gpupNtdhf; fy;tp.
,e;J rkak;:- ehaf;f tk;r muRfspd; %yk;
,e;J rkak; gutpaJ.
,e;J rka eltbf;iffs; r%fj;jpy; gutpaJ.
,];yhk; rkak;:- kj;jpa kiyehl;by; tu;j;jf
tpahghupfs; %yk; ,];yhk; kjk; gutpaJ.
fj;Njhypf;f rkak;:- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;
,Ue;J kj;jpa kiyehl;Lf;F gutpaJ.
r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; -r%f nghUshjhu Nfhyk; - fhzp cupik> gpujhd ,uhrfhupa tFg;gpdh;>
rhjp Kiwik> njhopy; Kiwia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;bUe;jik. tptrhak; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWjy;.
tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk;tpahghuk; ----- ntspehl;L> tpahghuk;> cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;.
19tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL:
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jfty;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;l tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa FW
E}ypidj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf xOq;fikf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; tpdhf;fs; jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba jiyg;gpid
toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfj; jfty;fs; ngwf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp
mwpTWj;Jf.
• FOf;fspdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fs; gw;wp Vida FOf;fSld;
fye;Jiuahb tpdhf;fisj; jahhpf;Ff.
• vy;yhf; FOf;fSlDk; ,ize;J tpdhf;nfhj;ijj; jahhpf;Ff.
tFg;gpYs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf; $ba tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd
,lj;jpy; mt;tpdhf;nfhj;jpid itf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jfty;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b
epfo;r;rpia elhj;Jjy;.
• ,e;epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;Jf;F jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;jpYs;s FW
tpdhf;fisj; njupT nra;f.
• tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tFg;gpidj;
jahh;gLj;Jf.
• ,e;epfo;r;rpia khzth;fspD}lhfNt elhj;Jf.
20tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;
xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpxy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,yq;ifapy; Nkiyj;Njrj;jtupd; Mjpf;fk; gutpaJld; Vw;gl;l r%f>
murpay;> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ
ehl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;J gyk; tha;e;j ,dj;ij cUthf;fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
10.1 ,yq;ifapy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rp gw;wpa
jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.
10.2 Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNrq;fspy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jpa nghUshjhuk;> rkak; njhlh;ghd nfhs;iffis
Ma;T nra;thh;.
10.3 Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; r%f> fyhrhu nry;thf;Ffs;
gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk;
xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpf;fl;likg;Gg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpf; nfhs;iffs; nghUshjhu
Nehf;Ffs; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jik gw;wp EZfp
Muha;jy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;> xy;yhe;jh; MfpNahupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs; RNjr
kf;fspilNaAk; fy;tp KiwikapYk; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fg; gw;wp
mwpjy;.
• Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpapdhy; r%fj;jpYk;
fyhrhuj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l nrythf;fpidg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngWjy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
tu;j;jfj;ijAk; rkaj;ijAk; gug;Gtjw;fhfNt FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;NfhL ,yq;iff;F te;j Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ,e;ehl;bd; Ml;rp
epu;thfk;> rkak;> nghUshjhuk;> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gdtw;wpYk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gij ,e;j myfpd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,e;j
,dj;jth;fspdhy; ,e;ehL ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ePz;l fhy FWfpafhy gyd;fs;
gw;wpAk; ,e;j myF tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ.
21tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;
Ml;rpMl;rpMl;rpMl;rpMl;rp
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rp.
- tpahghuk;> rkak; vd;gtw;iw Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L Ml;rp Kiwia
xOq;FgLj;jpaik.
- Ml;rpapy; cah;gjtp Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa ,dj;jtUf;F kl;LNk cupajhff;
fhzg;gl;lik.
- cj;jpNahfG+h;t mjpfhu Kiw eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- eph;thff; fl;likg;G
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfakd;dd; - NfhthtpypUe;j Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa kd;ddpd;
gpujpepjp
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjr Nghh;Jf;Nfa fgpj;jhd;
n[duy;
mj;J Nfhwis
Nfhwis
jprhit
fpuhkj; jiytd;
- Ml;rp epu ;thfj;jpd; Kjd;ikaplk; fgpj ;jhd; n[duhYf;F
cupj;jhapUj;jy;.
- Nghh;j;Jf;NfaUf;F cl;gl;bUe;j fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; cs;ehl;L
epu;thf eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KO mjpfhuKk; fgpj;jhd; n[duhy;
ngw;wpUj;jy;.
- Nghh;g;gpufldk; nra;jy; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jy; vd;gd gw;wpa
mjpfhuKila fl;lis ,Lk; mjpfhupahd fgpj;jhd; n[duy; rptpy;
eph;thfj;jpYk; Kjd;ikahdtuhf tpsq;Fjy;.
- epu;thf ikakhf nfhOk;G mike;jpUj;jy;.
gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;gpuNjr eph;thfk;
• Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; epytpa eph;thf Kiwik mt;thNw
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• ehd;F jprhtdpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;. (khj;jiw> rgufKt> ehd;F
Nfhwis> VO Nfhwis)
• jprhtdpfs; NfhwisfshfTk;> Nfhwisfs; gw;Wf;fshfTk; gw;Wf;fs;
fpuhkq;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;L eph;thff; Nfhyk; xOq;fikf;fg;
gl;bUe;jik.
- aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpak; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; mjd;
epu;thfk; fg;gpj;jhd; n[duhyplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; mtDf;fhf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s fg;gpj;jhd; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lJld;
mtDf;F fPo;kl;l mjpfhupfs; midtUk; eph;thff;fl;likg;Gk;
mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; epytpa RNjr eph;thf Kiwikf;Nfw;wthNw
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- jprhtdpfs; jprhit xUtupd; fPopUe;j NghJk; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfah;
mg;gjtpf;Fg; Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa ,dj;jtiuNa epakpj;jik.
- RNjr tup xOq;fikg;Gk; Kd;dpUe;jijg; NghyNt gpd;gw;wg;gl;lik.
fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rpfiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; xy;yhe;jh; Ml;rp
- nfhkhz;lhp Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
- nfhOk;G> fhyp> aho;g;ghzk; vd %d;W nfhkhz;lh;fSk; mit
nfhkhz;lh;fspd; %yk; eph;thfpf;fg;gl;likAk;.
22tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- th;j;jff;fk;gdpapd; jiyikapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l eph;thff; Nfhyk;.
• kpf cah;rigahf fPioj;Nja th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; gzp;g;ghsh; rig
tpsq;fpaik.
• gj;Njahtpd; kfh NjrhjpgjpAk; mtuJ MNyhridr; rigAk;
fhzg;gl;lik.
- cah; gjtpfs; xy;yhe;jUf;F kl;Lk; cupj;jhapUe;jik.
- fhzp cupikAk; tup KiwAk;
- fhypapd; MSeUk; mtupd; MNyhridr; rigAk; gpuNjr eph;thfj;jpy;
RNjr mjpfhupfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;
- Fiwe;j nrytpy; nghUshjhu vjph;ghh;gGf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
gioa eph;thf xOq;fikg;igg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
- gad; jUk; tup tiffs; gw;wp kl;Lk; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpaik.
- fWth jpizf;fs tup> fWth tup> fiyQu; tup> epytup> ahid tup
Nghf;Ftuj;J tup.
- ntspehl;L tpahghuk; tpuptile;jik.
- RNjr fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp fWth
Nrfupj;jik.
- tptrha eltbf;iffspy; ftdkpd;ik.
- czTg; nghUl;fspy; Fwpg;g;ghf muprp ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;lik.
- Njq;fha;> ghf;F Nghd;w th;j;jfg; nghUs; cw;gj;jp tpUj;jpaile;jik.
- gzg;Gof;fk; kpf gpugy;akile;jikAk; tu;j;jfk; tpuptile;jikAk;.
xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;iffs;
- RNjr fhzp cupik Kiw> rhjp Kiw vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l r%ff;Nfhyk;> ghuk;gupa gof;f tof;fq;fSf;Nfw;g Fiwe;j
nrytpy; mjpf ,yhgk; ngw;wik.
- tptrha eltbf;iffis tpupthf;f Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lik.
(Kj;Juh[ntyia gaph;r;nra;iff;F cl;gLj;jy;)
- Fsq;fs; GdUj;jhuzk; (jp];]kfhuhktpd; Nahj fz;ba> fpof;Fg;
gFjpapd; fe;jsha;f; Fsk; vd;gd GdUj;jhuzk; nra;ag;gLjy;.
CWnghf;if mizf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;L fpWthg;gj;Jttpy; Mapuf;
fzf;fhd Vf;fh; tay;fspy; new;gaph;r;nra;if ,lk; ngw;wik.
- ngUe;Njhl;lg ; gaph ;r ;nra;if Muk;gpj ;jy; fWthj;Njhl;lk;>
Nfhg;gpj;Njhl;lk;> vd;gd Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
- ntspehl;L th;j;jfk; murpd; cupikahf eilngw;wik.
- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspd; fWth tpahghuj;jpd; VfNghf cupikia
xy;yhe;jh; ngw;wpUe;jik.
- fWthit tpl ahidfs;> rq;F> rpg;gp> Kj;J MfpadTk; fuhhk;G>
kpsF> Mfpa thridj;jputpaq;fSk; Kf;fpa tpahghug; nghUl;fshf
tpsq;fpaik.
- ghf;F tpahghuk; tpuptile;jik.
- cr;r msT ,yhgk; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; NghUf;fhd nryitf;
Fiwj;jik.
23tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- tup mwtpLk; cupikfis> gfpuq;f Vyk; %yk; tpw;gid nra;Ak;
Kiwia Muk;gpj;jik.
- fUk;G> ePyr; rhak;> gUj;jp Mfpad gaph; nra;J rPdp cw;gj;jp> Jzp
nerT> Jzp rha%l;ly;> Mfpa ifj;njhopy;fis tpuptilar;
nra;jik.- nkhul;Litapy; jr;Rj;njhopiy tpuptilar; nra;jik.- tup mwtpLjiy xOq;fikg;gjw;fhf Njhk;G Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpaik.
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;- cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jpidg; gug;Gjy;.- ghlrhiyfspD}lhf rkak; fw;gpj;jYk; gug;GjYk;.- ,e;ehl;by; epytpa rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ik gpw rkaq;fis kjpf;Fk;
gz;G vd;gd tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jy;.- ngsj;j epiyaq;fis fj;Njhypf;f ];jyq;fshf khw;wpaik.
xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;xy;yhe;jupd; rkaf; nfhs;iffs;- Gul;l];jhe;J kjj;jpidg; gug;Gjy;.- 1656 ,y; rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F gpypg; gy;jpa]; vd;w kjFU
,yq;iff;F tUif je;jik.- rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;. (c.k;) gpnul;fd;l;
rkag; gpurhufh;fs;.- rka eph;thf rig- cah; Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; toq;Fk; NghJ xy;yhe;jh; Gul;l];jhe;J
kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpNahUf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fpaik.- cNuhkh; fj;Njhypf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhd fLk;Nghf;iff; filg;gpbj;jik.- ghlrhiyfis ikakhf itj;J rkak; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lik.- xy;yhe;j Gul;l];jhe;J Njthyak; tpNrl r%fg; gpuptpdUf;F kl;Lk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.- gpwkjf; Foe;ijfs; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;w gpd;dNu ghlrhiyfSf;F
mDkjpf;fg;gl;lik.- fy;tp eltbf;iffs; rignahd;wpd; %yk; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lik.- Mrpupah;fSf;fhd gapw;rp toq;f nfhOk;G efupy; Nehky; ghlrhiy
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;Fr%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F
Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:Nghh;j;Jf;Nfaupd; r%f fyhrhur; nry;thf;F:- r%fg;gof;f tof;fq;fs;.- Nghh;j;Jf;Nfag; ngah;fs;: irkd;> nkd;b];> rpy;th> ngNuuh> N[hthd;.- Miltbtikg;Gf;fs;.
ngz;fs; ePz;l ifAila rl;il mzpjy;. rl;il> ePsf; fhw;rl;il>fk;ghak;.
- ,yf;fpaKk; fiyfSk;: Nkil ehlf Kiwfs;> fg;gpupQ;Qh igyh.- nkhop- czT tiffs;: rk;gy;> mr;rhW> tpdhfpup> ryhJ- tptrhaj; Jiw : md;dhrp> uk;Gl;lhd;> <ug;gyh- fl;llf;fiy El;gk; : tisTfSld; $ba fl;llq;fs;.- rhjpKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%fj;ijf; fUj;jpy;
nfhs;shikahy; Njrpa r%f Kiw khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shdik.
24tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
xy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;Fxy;yhe;jupd; r%f fyhrhu nry;thf;F
• RNjr fhzp cupik> rhjp Kiw> vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l
r%fk;> ghuk;gupa gof;f KiwfspD}lhf cUthd rpq;fs eph;thff;
fl;likg;ig khw;wpaikf;fhJ fl;lha Nritahd ,u[fhupa Kiwapd;
%yk; ,yhgk; ngWjy;.
- cNuhkd; lr;Rr; rl;l Kiw.
- ePjpkd;w Kiw - Njrtoikr; rl;lj;njhFg;G
- 1739 ,y; mr;Rf; $lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
- Nkiyj;Nja itj;jpa Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
- njhONeha;gutpaikAk; njhONeha; kUj;Jtkid fl;lg;gl;lik.
- xy;yhe;jupd; fl;llf; fiy El;gj;Jf;F Vw;g fl;llq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lik.
c-k;: Ml;Lg;gl;bj;njUtpy; cs;s NjthyaKk; ghlrhiyAk;.
25tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; Ml;rpapd; tpisthf ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l Gjpa mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiz xd;iw jahupj;jy; ,jw;F ,yq;ifr;
r%fj;jtupilNa Vw;gl;l Gjpa gof;f tof;fq;fs;> czT tiffs;> Milazpfs;>
nkhop ,yf;fpak;> fiy> Mfpa mk;rq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp ml;ltiz
jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• ,jid FO nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• Nghh;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf; fhyq;fspy; r%fk; vd;w uPjpapy;
xt;nthU Jiwf;Fk; Vw;g ml;ltiz jahupf;f khzth;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jfty; Nrfupg;gjw;F jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
• fUk;gyifapy; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; khzth;fs;
ghh;f;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; r%f nry;thf;Ffs; mlq;fpa ml;ltiziaj;
jahupf;f ,lkspf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l jiyg;Gf;F Vw;g ml;ltizf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd milg;gpidg; G+h;j;jp nra;a MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• ml;ltiziag; G+h;j;jp nra;j gpd;dh; khzth;fspd; Fiw epiwfs;
gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp Nghh;j;Jf;NfahpdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk;
nry;thf;Ffis xg;gpl;L ml;ltiziar; nrk;ikahf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Nghh;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;jupdJk; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis xg;gpl;L nra;jpg;
gj;jpupiff;F fl;Liu vOJjy;.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.
• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• Nrfupj;j jfty;fisf; nfhz;L fl;Liu vOJtjpy; khzth;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
• midtupdJk; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.
• rpwe;j jfty;fs; mlq;fpa fl;Liufisj; njupT nra;J tFg;G
khzth;fs; mtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ff.
26tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11
gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fk; gutpaik gw;wp EZfpMuha;e;J
gFg;gha;T nra;J jkJ ehl;bd; Rahjpf;fj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjd; Njit
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;Tld; nraw;gLthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
11.1 gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
epiyehl;ba tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
11.2 gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa tpjj;ijg; guprPyid
nra;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:
- gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L tuyhw;W epiyikfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
- ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F
cl;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
- th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;w fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspd; eph;thf
Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.
- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
- gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w vLj;j Kaw;rpfis
,dq;fhZjy;.
- gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa Kiwapid tpkh;rd
uPjpapy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
rkak; gug;Gjy;> th;j;jfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;> FbNaw;w ehLfis cUthf;Fjy;
vd;gdNt ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;iff;F te;j
Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Ml;rp nra;j xy;yhe;jiu
Njhw;fbj;J mg;gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;. njhlh;e;J mth;fs;
mg;gpuNjrk; KOtJk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij cWjpahf;Ftjw;Fupa eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. mj;Jld; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rahjpf;fj;ijg; ghJfhf;ff;
fhuzkhd tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa
Kiwapid ,e;j myF tptupf;fpd;wJ.
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:- fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpah; Mjpf;fk; Vw;gLjy;.
- gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPioj;Nja tUif.
- INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa murpay; gpd;dzp.
27tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- rkfhy ,e;jpahtpd; FWfpa murpay; gpd;dzp.
• Kfyha Nguurpd; Mjpf;fk; eyptiljy;.
• gpuhd;]; fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; kj;jpa epiyak;
mikf;fg;gLjy;.
- gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp Muk;gpf;fg;gLjy;.
• gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; gpuhd;rpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,e;jpahtpy; Mjpf;fk;
ngWtjw;fhd gpzf;Ffs;.
• fPioj;Njaj;jpy; xy;yhe;jupd; Mjpf;fk;.
gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
- jpUNfhzkiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
- ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; th;j;jf Mjpf;fk; ngWjy;.
- ,yq;ifapd; th;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; ngWkjp (Fwpg;ghf fWth)
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;l
tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.tpjk;.
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa th;j;jff; fk;gdp eph;thfk;
- nrd;idapypUe;j MSeupd; fPo; eph;thfk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
- fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs; gpupf;fg;gl;L fr;Nrupfs; mikj;jYk; eph;thf
Nehf;fq;fSk;.
- RNjr mj pfhu pfSf ;Fg ; gj pyhf nrd ;id mjpfhu pfis
epakpj;jjhNyw;gl;l epiyikfs;.
- Gjpa tupfs; mwtplYk; mjd; tpisTfSk;.
- 1797 -1798 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhd fpsh;r;rpfs;.
- kpA+ud;Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gLjYk; mjd; MNyhridfSk;.
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw,ul;il Ml;rpKiw
- ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa INuhg;gpa
gpd;dzp.
- nrd;id eph;thf Kiwapd; FiwghLfSk; ,jdhy; vOe;j
gpur;rpidfSk;.
- ,e;j Ml;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;.
- Kbg; gpujpepjpahf Nehu;j; MSeh; epakpf;fg;gl;lik.
- ,ul;il Ml;rpapd; FiwghLfs;.
fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Ml;rp nra;ag;gLjy;
- gphpj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; FbNaw;w ehlhf;fg;gl;lik.
- MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fSk; MNyhridr; rigfSk;.
- gpul;upf;Nehj; MSeupd; eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.
• gpuj;jhdpa ,dj;jtiuf;nfhz;l rptpy; Nritia Muk;gpj;jik.
• gf;fr; rhh;Gila mjpfhupfs; th;f;fk; Muk;gkhdik.
• RNjr mjpfhupfspd; Mjpf;fk; Fiwtile;jik.
28tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• ,uh[fhupa Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lik.
• ePjpkd;w rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk; jpizf;fsq;fSk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.
Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;Njhk]; nka;w;yz;l MSeupd; je;jpNuhgha eph;thff; nfhs;iffs;
- eph;thfg; gpuNjrq;fs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzh;Tld; nraw;gl;lik.
- N[hd; nlha;yp Nghd;wth;fs; %yk; jfty;fisj; jpul;baik.
- RNjr eph;thf xOq;fikg;ig KOikahf epuhfupf;fhJ cj;jpfs;
%yk; RNjr mjpfhupfspd; mjpfhuj;ij mlf;fpaik.
- fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk; mwpKfQ; nra;jik.
- rptpy; Nritiar; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jik.
- fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; mikjpg; Nghf;Ff;nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaik.
• mikjpf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpr; nraw;gl;lik.
gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.
gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j VJthd fhuzpfs;:
- INuhg ; g pau ; fs plk pUe ;Jk ; kiyaf kf ;fs plk pUe ;Jk ;
gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;Fupa gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhf;f ,uz;L ghJfhg;G
tyaq;fs; mtrpag;gl;lik.
- nfhOk;G> jpUNfhzkiyf;fpilNa jiukhu;f;fg; ghijnahd;iw
mikg;gjpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;.
- mij kiyafj;Jf;$lhf mikf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik.
- nfhOk;gpypUe;J gilfis jpUNfhzkiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;tjpy;
Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;.
- mt;thW nry;tjpy; Vw;gl;l nryTfs;.
- kiyafg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l fWth> ghf;F Vida thrid
jputpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l rpukq;fs;.
kiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jikkiyafk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; te;jik
- N[hd; igg]pd; J}Jg; gazk; (1762)
- `pAnghapl;bd; J}Jg; gazk; (1782)
- gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; fPo; kiyafj;Jldhd njhlu;Gfs;.
- fp.gp. 1803 ,y; gpul;upf; kiyafg; gilnaLg;Gk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.
- 1803 gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpaile;jik.
- Njhk]; nkapl;yd;l; MSeupd; kiyafj; njhlu;Gfs;.
- ,tu; gpd;gw;wpa rkhjhdf; nfhs;iffs;.
- n[hd; nlhapyp Nghd;Nwhiug; gad;gLj;jp csTj;Jiw %ykhf
fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jik.
29tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
aho;g;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;aho;g ;ghzk;
kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;kd;dhu;
jpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiyjpUNfhzkiy
1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak;
mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;mEuhjGuk;
Etu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpaEtu fyhtpa
jkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLtjkd;fLt
kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kiyafk;kl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;Gkl;lf;fsg;G
fz;bfz;bfz;bfz;bfz;b
,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;,uhr;rpak;
nfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;GnfhOk;G
fhypfhypfhypfhypfhyp
30tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;Gnuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; MSdupd; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;G
• 1815 ,y; fz;biaj; jhf;Ftjw;fhd gpd;dzp mike;j Kiw.
• fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf murDf;nfjpuhd ,af;fq;fs; nraw;gl;l
Kiwik.
• 1815 ,y; fz;b Mf;fpukpg;gpd; jd;ik.
• fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjpy; fz;l ntw;wpAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; fz;bg;gpuNjrq;fspy; epiyehl;lg;gl;l eph;thf Kiwfs;.
- fp.gp 1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyah; trkhdJ.
- fz;b xg;ge;jk;> mjd; epge;jidfs;> mtw;wpd; eilKiw.
- mf;fhyj;jpy; fz;b tho; kf;fspd; r%fg;gpd;dzpAk; gpupj;jhdpah;
Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l mOj;jq;fSk;.
31tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
1796 ,y; gphpj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf;
fhl;Lk; Njrg;glj;ijj; jahupj;jy;.
• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf.
• ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F cupj;jhd fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fisAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; epwe;jPl;bf; fhl;Lf.
• gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa fiuNahuj;
JiwKfq;fisAk; efuq;fisAk; Fwpj;Jg;ngaupLf.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
fp.gp.1796 njhlf;fk; gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; tiuapyhd
tuyhw;W tplaq;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;F tpdhfnfhj;J xd;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.
• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Ff.
• gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;iff;F tUjy;> fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; jkJ
Mjpf;fj;ij epiy ehl;Ljy;> gpupj;jhdpah; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf;
ifg;gw;Wjy; Mfpa jiyg;Gf;fis FOf;fspilNa gfph;e;jspf;Ff.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fis khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• jkJ FOTf;F cupa jiyg;G gw;wp fUj;Js;s tpdhf;fis mikg;gjpy;
khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis xUepwj;jpYk; tpilfis NtnwhU epwj;jpYk;
vOjp E}y; xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
32tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifgpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhz;l murpay; khw;wq;fs; RNjrpa
kf;fs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
12.1 Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf RNjrpfs;
vOr;rp ngw;w tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thhh;.
12.2 ,yq;ifapd; r%f> nfhUshjhu murpay;> khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
gpupj;jhdpah; mwpKfQ; nra;j murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;; gw;wpg;
gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- ghlNtisfs; :- 20
fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-fw;wy; NgWfs;:-
• gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j Nghh; ,af;fq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghh;.
• fz;bapy; Vw;gl;l gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Kjy; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia tptupg;ghh;.
• fz;b gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,uz;lhtJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tuyhw;Wg;
gpd;dzpia mwpe;J nfhs;thh;.
• Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfs; gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fj;ij
cWjpahf;Ftjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ijg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
• Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfs; Clhf cUthd eph;thfr;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis tptupg;ghh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
1796 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fis Kjypy; jkJ
Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jpdh;. mth;fs; jkJ cj;jpfspdhy; 1815 ,y; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ijAk; jkjhl;rpf;Fl;gLj;jpdh;. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; fz;b gpuGf;fSf;Fk;
,ilapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 1815 xg;ge;jj;Jf;F Vw;g eph;thf eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjhf Mq;fpNyah ; xg ;Gf ;nfhz;ldh ; . vdpDk;> mJNghy
epiwNtw;wg;glhjjpdhy; fz;b tho; kf;fs; jiyth;fSk; rhjhuz kf;fSk;
xs;wpize;J 1818 ,y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; <Lgl;ldh;. Mq;fpNyah;
mjid mlf;fpaJld; kPz;Lk; 1848 ,y; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.
jkJ murpay; nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Mq;fpNyauhy;
1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; - fkud; rPh;jpUj;jk; mwpKfk; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyah;
,e;ehl;by; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;ba Kiw> gpupj;jhdpah; Ml;rp> ,yq;ifapd;
murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ,e;j
myfpd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
33tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:
1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;1818 - gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd ,af;fk;
- 1818 Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
- 1818 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
- Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpjKk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;
guk;gYk;.
- KjyhtJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.
Rje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jRje;jpu ,af;fj;ij mlf;fpa gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpah; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.
- 1818 ,d; gpufldk;.
murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.murpay; mikg;G tsh;r;rp.
- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (1833)
- Nfhy;GW}f; tprhuizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd gpd;dzp.
- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j rpghh;Rfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa jhuhz;ikthjf;
fUj;Jf;fs;.
- Nfhy;GW}f; rpghupRfs;.
xd;wpize;j eph;thf Kiwnahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg; gpupj;jy;.
34tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G1833 ,y; ,yq;ifapy; khfhz mikg;G
aho;g;ghzk;
tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;tlkhfhzk;
kd;dhu;
mEuhjGuk;
Etufyhtpa
jpUNfhzkiy
fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;fPo; khfhzk;
jkd;fLt
gpd;njd;d
nty;y];]
kj;jpakj;jpakj;jpakj;jpakj;jpa
khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;
fz;b
VO Nfhuisfs;
Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;Nky;khfhzk;
ehd;F
Nfhuisfs;
nfhOk;G
njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;njd; khfhzk;
fhyp
35tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• rl;lrigAk;> rl;l eph;thf rigAk; jhgpf;fg;gLjy;.
• rptpy; Nritapy; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.
- tupr;rPh;jpUj;jk;.
- epyr;rPh;jpUj;jk;
- fl;lha ,uh[fhupa Nrit ePf;fg;gLjy;.
- ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F trjpfs; toq;fg;gLjy;.
- fkudpd; ePjp rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gly;.
fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;fp.gp 1848 ,d; gpd;dh; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;
gpupj;jdpah; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpa ,Wjp MAjg;Nghuhl;lkhd ,uz;lhtJ
Rje;jpug; NghUf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j fhuzq;fs;.
• Nfhy;GW}f; -fkud; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;.
• nlhupq;ud; gpuGtpd; tupr;rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;.
• ngUe;Njhl;lg;nghUshjhu Kiwapdhy; cUthd r%f nghUshjhu
gpur;rpidfs;.
• 1840 ,d; jupR epyr;rl;lk;.
• ePyg; Gj;jfj;jpw;fhfj; jfty; Nrfupf;fg;gLjy;.
• Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l tpjk;> jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;
mjd; guk;gYk;.
• 1848 Rje;jpu ,af;fk; xLf;fg;gLjy;.
• Rje;jpu ,af;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikAk;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;.
1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.1848 ,d; gpd; mur nfhs;iffspy; khw;wk;.
• eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (khfhzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fg;gLjy;)
• cs;ehl;L tptrhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;.
• ghJfhg;G nrytpdq;fs; gw;wpa gpur;rpidfs;.
• rl;lthf;f rigapd; tsh;r;rp (1883-1910 tiu)
36tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
fp.gp.1818 - 1848 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpd; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjph;g;G gw;wpa Ngr;R
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jTk;.
• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;
• 1818 - 1848 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; gpupj;jhdpa vjph;g;G ,af;fk; njhlh;ghd
jiyg;Gf;fis FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• mur vjph;g;G ,af;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> gutpa
gpuNjrq;fs;> jiyth;fs;> tpisTfs;> Mfpait njhlh;ghd tplaq;fis
Kd;itg;gjpy; khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• khzth;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jtwpa tplaq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp ghlj;ijf;
fye;JiuahLf.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfSk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfSk;
gw;wp vz;zf;fUg;glk; xd;iw cUthf;fy;.
• tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fis khztUf;F toq;Ff.
• vz;zf;fUg; glj;ij cUthf;Fk; tpjk; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• Njitahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• khzth; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
37tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13
ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk; mjd; gyhgyd;fSk;.
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : gpupj;jhdpauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
,yq;ifah; r%fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij xg;gpl;Lg;
gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
13.1 ,yq;ifapd; ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fis
tpsf;Fthh;.
13.2 gpupj;jhdpaup;d; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis
xg;gpl;Lg;gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 22
fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:
• ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhuk; Njhd;Wtjw;F mbg;gilahd tuyhw;Wg;
gpd;dzpia tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.
• ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopypd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> vd;gd gw;wp tpgupg;ghh;.
• ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopy; Nfhyj;ijAk; RNjr tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;
tPo;r;rpaile;j tpjj;ijAk; tpsf;fpf; $Wthh;.
• Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhuf; Nfhyk; cUthd tpjj;ij mwpe;J
nfhs;thh;.
• ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jld; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fis ,dq; fhz;ghh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifapy; jkJ nghUshjhu eltbf;ifis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;
Nehf;Fld; ngUe;Njhl;lf;ifj;njhopiy Muk;gpj;jJld; Kf;fpa gaph;fs;
gytw;iwAk; ,e;ehl;bw;F mwpKfQ; nra;jdh;. ,J RNjr tptrhaj; njhopy;
tPo;r;rpAwf; fhuzkhdJ. vdpDk; ngUe;Njhl;lf; ifj;njhopypdhy; ,e;ehl;bd;
r%f Kiw gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;l tpjj;jpid ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;.
ngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtWngUe ;Njhl ;lg ;nghUshjhuj ;j pd ; Njhw ;wKk ; tsh ;r ; r pAk ; gy ;NtW
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;fSk;.
- Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; nry;thf;F fl;lha Nritahd ,uh[fhupa
Kiw xopf;fg;gLjy;> th;j;jfj; jdpAupikia ePf;Fjy;> epyq;fis
tpw;Fk; nfhs;if Muk;gkhjy;> jdpahh; KjyPLfSf;F Cf;;fkspj;jy;
Mfpa tplaq;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;;r;na;ifapd; Njhw;wj;Jf;Fk;
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhapd.
38tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;ifNfhg;gpr; nra;if
- fWthr; nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rpAk; Nfhg;gpg;
gaph;r;nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk;.
- Nfhg;g pr ; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.
- Nfhg;gpr;nra;ifapd; tPo;r;rp.
Njapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;ifNjapiyr; nra;if
- rpq;Nfhdh> nfhf;Nfh Mfpa gaph;r;
nra;ifapd; tpisjpwd; Fiwtiljy;
- Njapiyr; nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk;
guk;gYk;.
- Njapiyr ; nra ;if tPo ;r ;r pf ;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk; Guhjd Njapiy kLtk;
njq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;ifnjq;Fr;nra;if
- njq;Fr; nra;ifapd; guk;gy;
,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if,wg;gh;nra;if
- ,wg;gh; nra;ifapd; Njhw;wKk; guk;gYk;.
- ,wg;gh; nra;ifapd; tPo;;r;rp
epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.epjpf;$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlh;ghly; Kiwfspd; tpUj;jp.
- tq;fpr; Nrit> fhg;GWjp> epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; vd;gd Njhw;wk;
ngWjy;.
- ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jy;.
- ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapujg; ghijj; njhFjpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;.
- nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk; mQ;ry; Nrit tpUj;jp.
kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; kiyaf Gifapuj khu;f;fk; gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;gpupj;jhdpau; fhy nfhOk;G JiwKfk;
Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy; Muk;gkhjy;
39tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;Njrpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuk;
- cs;ehl;L tptrhaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
- ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpfs; iftplg;gl;lik.
- n`d;wp Nthl; %yk; Muk;gkhd ePu;g;ghrd Gduikg;G
r%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;Fr%fr; nry;thf;F
- Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;> Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy;.
- Fiwe;j $ypapy; Ntiyapy; <LgLj;j nfhz;Ltug;gl;l njd;dpe;jpa
jkpoupdhy; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
- epy cupikapoe;j $l;lj;jpdh; Njhw;wk; ngWjy;.
- efukakhjYk; Rfhjhu eltbf;iffspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wKk;.
,e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907),e;jpa jkpo;g; ngz;kzp (1907)
40tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
- 'gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r; nra;ifAk;
mjd; tpisTfSk;" vd;w jiyg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liu
vOJjy;.
- ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.
- ngUe;Njhl;lr;nra;ifapd; Muk;gk;> mjd; tsh;r;rp> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l
tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp khzth;fSf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
- cupa jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOj khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
- khzth;fspd; Mf;fq;fspy; kpfr;rpwe;jijj; njupT nra;J ghlrhiyr;
rQ;rpifapy; ,lk;ngwr;nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
- gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; r%fkhw;wq;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpa Ngr;R
epfo;r;rpnahd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;.
- ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.
- FOtpy; Ngr;Rj; jpwDs;s khzth; xUtiuj; njupT nra;f.
- FOtpy; cs;s VidNahupd; xj;Jiog;Gld; Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;G gw;wp
tFg;gpy; Ngr;R xd;iw epfo;j;j xOq;F nra;f.
- jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;F FOtpy; cs;s
midtupdJk; xj;Jiog;G Njit vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
- nra;jpwDld; ,aq;Fjy;> rpwg;ghf Kd;itj;jy;> vd;gd gw;wpf; ftdk;
nrYj;jp FOf;fSf;Fg; Gs;sp toq;fTk;.
- khzth; Kd;itj;j tpjk; gw;wp mtjhdpj;J mit gw;wpa
gpd;D}l;ly;fis toq;Ff.
41tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 14myF 14myF 14myF 14myF 14
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka> fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : gpupj;jhdpaupd; rkag; gpurhu ,af;fk;> mjw;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l RNjrrka tpopg;Gzh;T vd;gd gw;wpf; fw;wy; %yk; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijg;ghJfhf;Fk; Njitf;Nfw;w eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
14.1 ,yq;ifapy; kp\dupkhh; ,af;fk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.
14.2 kp\dup ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngsj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk; Mfpa rkaq;fspy;
Vw;gl;l tpopg;Gzh;T gw;wp Mua;thh;.
ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : 14
fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:fw;wy; NgWfs;:
- kp\dup ,af;fk; cUthd tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
- kp\dup ,af;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l fy;tpapd; ,ay;gpid tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
- kp\dupkhupd; fy;tpapd; tpNrl mk;rq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.
- ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpf;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fpath;fis
,dq;fhZjy;.
- ,e;J rkak;> fhyhrhuk; vd;gtw;wpy; kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;l tpjj;ij
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
- ,];yhk; fyhrhu tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gl;l tpjj;jpid ,dq;fhZjy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
,yq;ifia jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gLj;jpa gpd;dh; Mq;fpNyah; jkJ kp\dup
,af;fk; %yk; RNjr fyhrhu rkaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;j
Kw;gl;ldh;. ,jd; tpisthf ngsj;j jiyth;fs; kp\dup ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhfg;
gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpdh;. ,Nj Ntis ,e;J> K];ypk; rkaj;
jiyth;fSk; vjpuhff; fpsk;gpdh;. kp\dup ,af;fk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ijAk;
mjw;F vjpuhf vOe;j RNjr rkar; nry;thf;F gw;wpAk; ,e;j myF tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:- kp\dupkhuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rkag; gpurhuk;.
- rkag; gpurhuj;jpw;fhff; fy;tpiag; gad;gLj;jpaik.
- gy;NtW kp\dupf; FOf;fSk; mth;fs; jkJ rkag; gpurhuq;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fSk;
- fpwp];jt rkaj;jth;fSf;F tpNrl rYiffs; toq;fpaik.
- ,jd; tpisthf RNjr rkaq;fSk; mjDld; ,ize;j RNjr
fyhrhuq;fSk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik.
- fp.gp 1860 Mk; Mz;lstpy; jkJ rkaq;fisAk; fyhrhuq;fisAk;
vOr;rp ngwr; nra;tjw;F ngsj;j> rpq;fs> K];ypk; kf;fs; gy;NtW
,af;fq;fis Muk;gpj;jik.
42tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rpngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp
ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; mjd; mikg;Gf;fSk;
• ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;F tYT+l;ba gpf;Fkhh; tyhNd rpj;jhh;j;j Njuh;>
Gsj;fk jk;khyq;hu Rkzjp];] Njuh;> `pf;fLt Rkq;fs Njuh;>
kPnjl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j Njuh;.
• Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs;.
• xy;nfhl;bd; rka eltbf;iffs;.
• ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpapy; nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;G.
• mefhupf jh;kghy.
• xy;nfhl;
• typrpq;fs `up];re;jpu
• gpajhr rpupNrd.
ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.ngsj;j kWkyh;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;nra;j mikg;Gf;fs;.
• ngsj;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fk;.
• kfh Nghjp rq;fk;.
• ngsj;j ,isQh; rq;fk;
fyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rpfyhrhu kWkyh;r;rp
- nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;> ngUkstpy; mr;rplg;gl;lik.
- gpupNtdhf;fs; Njhd;wpaik.
- QhapW rka ghlrhiyfs; (mwnewp) Vw;gl;lik.
- rka tpohf;fs; elhj;jg;gl;lik.
,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp
• ,e;J rkak;> fyrhuk; vd;gtw;iw vOr;rpngwr; nra;tjpy; =y= MWKf
ehtyh; =kj; nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryk;> =kj; nghd;dk;gyk;
,uhkehjd; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G.
• aho;g;ghzk; tz;zhh;g;gz;izapy; ,e;Jg; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
• irt gpufhr rig vd;w epWtdk; Njhd;wpaik.
• irt tpj ;j pahrhiy - Mq;fpy nkhop%yg; ghlrhiyia
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
Gj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;FGj;jfah rPuikf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;duKd;duKd;duKd;duKd;du ; (1780); (1780); (1780); (1780); (1780)rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;rPuikf;fg;gl;l gpd;du;
43tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• tz;zhh;g;gz;izapy; mr;rfk; xd;iw Muk;gpj;J ,e;J rkak;
njhlh;ghd E}y;fs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; vd;gdtw;iw
ntspaplg;gl;lik.
nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd;
,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:,];yhkpa rka kWkyh;r;rp:
- ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rpf;fhf rpj;jpnyg;ig mth;fspd; jiyikj;Jtk;
- nfhOk;G K];ypk; rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.
- rh`puh tpj;jpahyk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik. (1892)
- muG nkhop fw;gpj;jy; gutpaik.
- K];ypk; Nerd; nra;jpg; gj;jpupifia Muk;gpj;jik.
- Mq;fpy nkhopf;fw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
- uP.gP [hah mth;fs;> 1914 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ~rpNyhd; ,];yhk;
uptPt;| rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liufis toq;fp fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;fpaik.
- kj;u]h vDk; ngaupyhd K];ypk; ghlrhiyfspd; Njhw;wk;.
kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; gpupj;jhdpauplkpUe;J murpay; ahg;Gr;
r Ph ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;FrPh ;jpUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpopg ;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F
,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.,yq;ifah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs;.
- murpd; kJf; nfhs;if
- kJ xopg;G mikg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaik.
mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.mjd; jiyth;fs;.
- vg;. Mu;. Nrdhehaf;fh> uP. gp. [ajpyf;f> B. v];. Nrdhehaf;fh
MfpNahupd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; ,lk; ngw;wik.
44tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.nra;jp ;g;gj;jpupif mr;rply;.
- yf;uptp fpuz> yf;kpdp g`z> mUNzhja> rurtp re;nur> rpq;`y
ngsj;jah> rpq;fs; [hjpa> jpdkpd> Mfpa nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffspy; ntspahd
gpuRuq;fs;.
- kJ xop;g;G eltbf;iffis kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gjw;fhd gpurhu eltbf;ifahf
nrhw;nghopTfisAk;> ehlfq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpaik. (gpajhr rpupNrd>
N[hd; B rpy;th)
- 1915 ,y; rpq;fs; K];ypk; fytuKk; kJ xopg;G ,af;f jiyth;fs;
rpiwapy; milf;fg;gLjYk;.
45tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;:
naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01naw;ghL 01
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rkak; fyhrhuk; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gl;l kWkyh;r;rp gw;wpa
tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;iw jahupj;jy;.
• FO Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;Jf.tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
FOf;fshf;fp xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; tpdhf;fs; jahupg;gjw;Fupa
jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff. (ngsj;j rka kWkyh;r;rp;f;F ,e;J rka
kWkyh;r;rpf;F ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rp vd;wthwhf)
• xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; jahupj;j tpdhf;fis xU epwj;jpYk; tpilfis
,d;ndhU epwj;jpYk; vOj topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jahupj;j tpdhf;fisj; jpul;b E}y; tbtkhf;fp
tFg;giwapy; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;fikf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; rka fyhrhu tpopg;Gzh;Tf;Fg; gq;fspg;G ey;fpa
jiyth;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; jahupj;jy;.
• FO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tFg;igf;
FOf;fshf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jfty; Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; jahupg;gjw;fhd
jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.
• tho;f;if tuyhW> rka fyhrhug; gzpfs;> vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fs;
cs;slf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• khzth; jahupj;j jfty; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Rth;g;gj;jpupif
jahupf;Ff.
46tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15
etPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpetPd fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tsh;r;rp gw;wpa jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;thh;
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
15.1 ,yq;ifapd; etPd fy;tp tpUj;jp gw;wp tpkh;rpg;ghh;.
ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: 12
fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:
- Njrpa gpupNtdhf; fy;tp Kiwapd; Kf;fpa ,yl;rzq;fisj; njupe;J
nfhs;sy;.
- Nfhy;GW}f; FOtpd; rpghuprpdhy; fy;tpapy; cz;lhd NtWghl;il
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
- Raghi\f;fy;tp tsh;r;rpaile;j Kiw gw;wp tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
- Nkhh;fd; Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhrid fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa
gq;F gw;wp mwpjy;.
- nlhd%h; murpaypd; fPo; ,ytrf; fy;tp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Kiwiaf;
fw;wy;.
mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :
Mq;fpNyah; ,yq;ifiaj; jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jjd; gpd;dh;
kp\dup mikg;ig ikakhff; nfhz;l fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfQ; nra;jhh;fs;.
gpd;dh; gytpjkhd rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; Clhf ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpia tsh;r;rpailar;
nra;tjw;F ,th;fs; Cf;fnkLj;jhh;fs; vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Nkiyj;Nja rpe;;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthd ,e;jf; fy;tp Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf
Njrpaj;Jtj;jpw;F rhh;ghd fy;tp Kiwiaf; fl;b vOg;Gtjw;F ,yq;ifah;
gyjrhg;jq;fs; vLj;j Kaw;rpapd; ngWNgwhf ,ytrf; fy;tp Kiwia ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW etPd fy;tp tpUj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l Kiw njhlh;ghff;
ftdk; nrYj;JtNj ,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
gpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tpgpupj;jhdpah;fhyf; fy;tp
- Njrpa fy;tp Kiw
• gpupNtdhf;fy;tp Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;.
• gpupNtdhf; fytp Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp.
- Nghh;j;Jf;NfauJk; xy;yhe;juJk; fhyj;jpy; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; tpUj;jp.
- gpupj;jhdpah; fhyj;jpy; fy;tp Kiw.
- gy;NtW tifahd ghlrhiyfs; cUthdik.
• guP]; ghlrhiy> kp\dup ghlrhiy> jdpahh; ghlrhiy.
• %d;W nkhopfspYk; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lik.
• rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;.
47tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
kprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiykprdup ghlrhiy
Nfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhridNfhy;GW}f; fkp\dupd; fy;tp MNyhrid
- ghlrhiy eph;thfj;jpw;Fg; ghlrhiy Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy;
- Mq;fpy nkhopg;ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;.
- RNjrnkhopg; ghlrhiyfs; eyptiljy;.
- nfhOk;G Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy Njhw;wk;.
- nfhOk;G mf;flkpia jhgpj;jy;.
1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.1841 kfd;rp eph;thfj;jpd; fPo; fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;.
- ghlrhiy Mizf;FOit ePf;fp tpl;L kj;jpa ghlrhiy Mizf;FOit
epakpj;jy;.
- mur rhh;gw;w ghlrhiyfSf;F cjtp nra;jy;.
- Njrpa guPl;ir Kiwia Muk;gpj;jy;.
- ghlrhiyj;njhFjp tpuptiljy;.
Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.Nkhh;fd; FOtpdupd; fy;tp MNyhridfs;.
- fy;tp eph;thfj;jpw;F nghJf; fw;gpj;jy; jpizf;fsk; jhgpf;fg;gly;.
- Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhopapy; ngWtjw;F mtfhrk; nfhLj;jy;.
- ngz;fs; fy;tpia jha;nkhopapy; ngWtjw;F mtfhrk; nfhLj;jy;.
- kp\dupg; ghlrhiyfSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; MjuT mspj;jy;.
- gytifahd ghlrhiyfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
• njhopy; ghlrhiy.
• ,U nkhopg;ghlrhiy.
• kj;jpa ghlrhiy.
• Mrpupah; gapw;rpg; ghlrhiy.
- mur Mjutpd; fPo; ngsj;j> ,e;Jg; ghlrhiyfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
- 1920 fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk; epWtg;gl;lik.
- 1921 gy;fiyf;foff;fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lik.
,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp,ytrf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp
1931 nlhd%u; Mizf;FOtpy; fy;tp eph;thff; FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j
C.W.W. fd;dq;fuh mth;fspd; nraw;ghL ,e;ehl;bd; ,ytrf; fy;tpf;F top
NfhypaJ.
• Ra nkhopf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl;lik.
• fl;lhaf; fy;tp mwpKfk;.
48tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• ghyh; tFg;G njhlf;fk; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu ,ytrf;fy;tpia
nraw;gLj;jpaik.
• Mrpupiafspd; gapw;rpf;fhf tpNrl jhgdq;fis epWtpaik.
• Mrpau;fSf;F murhq;fr;rk;gsk; toq;fpaik.
• fpuhkpaf;fy;tp Kiwf;F tYT+l;lg;gl;lik.
• ghlrhiy khzth;fSf;F kjpa czT ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jik@
ghlrhiyr; Rfhjhu Nritia Muk;gpj;jik> KjpNahh; fy;tp
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jik
• cs;ehl;Lg; guPl;ir Kiwnahd;iw muk;gpj;jik.
• Ie;jhk; tFg;gpYk; vl;lhk; tFg;gpYk; khzth;fisg; guPl;rpg;gjw;fhd
Gyikg;guprpy; guPl;ir xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik.
• ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf Mq;fpyj;ij toq;fpaik.
• ghlrhiyf;Fs; Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lik.
• kj;jpa ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
• Njhl;lg; ghlrhiy khzth;fspd; fy;tp eltbf;iffs; Njhl;l
eph;thfpfsplk; tplg;gl;lik.
C.W.W fd;dq;fuh mtu;fs;
49tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; gj;jpupiff;F
Xh; mwpf;if jahupf;fr; nra;jy;.
• jdpr;nraw;ghlhfr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
• jfty; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.
• Njitahd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khzth;fSf;F topfhl;b khzth;
nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
,yq;ifapd; ,ytrf; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rp njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; mlq;fpa mwpf;if
xd;iw xOq;FgLj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf xOq;FgLj;Jf.
• jfty;fs; jpul;lf; $ba topKiwfis khztUf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;Jf. (E}w;whz;L fy;tp kyh; Nghd;wit)
• Nrfupj;j jfty;fis fhy xOq;fpy; tupirg;gLj;j khzth;fis
<LgLj;Jf.
• nghUj;jkhd jiyg;nghd;wpd; fPo; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J mwpf;if
xd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.
50tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 16myF 16myF 16myF 16myF 16
Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;Njrpa ,af;fKk; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSk;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhstjw;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf
mwpe;J me;j Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
16.1 kj;jpaju th;f;fj;jpdupd; vOr;rp Njrpa ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpaik
vd;gd njhlh;ghd jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thh;.
16.2 murpay; ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa Rje;jpuj;ij miljy;
njhlh;ghf xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; tplaq;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 12
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhd;wpaik gw;wp tpgupg;ghh;.
• Njrpa ,af;fk; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fis ngWtjw;fhfg;
gq;fspj;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid njspT
gLj;Jthh;.
• ,yq;ifapd; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;r;rpia tpgupg;ghh;.
mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa ,yq;ifapd; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd;
fhuzkhf Njrpa ,af;fk; Muk;gkhdJ. Mq;fpyk; fw;w Njrpa kj;jpaju tFg;ghupd;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo; gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhz;L jk;
Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jdh;. 1919 ,y; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa rq;fk; murpay;
rPh;jpUj;jg;Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpa tpjk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspd; nry;thf;F
fhuzkhf 1948 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Kiw Fwpj;J
,t;tyfpD}lhf fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fisj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:
kj;jpa tFg;ghUk; Njrpa ,af;fKk;
• kj;jpa tFg;ghupd; Njhw;wk;.
• Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; fhuzkhf gioa Njrpa gpuG tFg;gpdUf;Fg;
gjpyhf nrhj;JupikAk; fy;tpiaAk; mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l kj;jpaju
tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
• Mq;fpyf;fy;tpapd; gutyhf;fk;.
• kJ> tpw;gid cupikia tpiy nfhLj;J thq;FtNjhL ngUe;Njhl;lj;
Jiwf;F Nrit toq;Fk; NghJk; gzk; <l;Ltjw;F re;jh;g;gk;
fpilj;jik.
51tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• nfhOk;G> rpyhgk;> FUehfy; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; njd;de;Njhl;lq;fs;
,yq;ifah; trkhdik.
• INuhg;gpa gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F mbikahdik.
• gzk; gilj;j Njrpa gpuGf;fs; jq;fs; gps;isfis gpupj;jhdpa
gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;F mDg;gpaik.
• ,jd; fhuzkhf Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu; cUthfpdh;.
• ,th;fSf;F murpaypy; mjpfhuk; fpilf;ftpy;iy.
• Nkw;fj;jpaj;jpw;Fr; rhh;ghd ,tu;fs; GjpanjhU r%f mikg;ghf
Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
• ,th;fs; murpay; gyj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;NjhL murpay;
Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;.
,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Njhw;wk;
Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;Njrpa ,af;fk;
- Njrpa ,af;fk; Njhw;wk; ngwy;:
- Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L midj;J kf;fSld; Nrh;e;J xNu
Fwpf;NfhSld; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Nghuhl;lNk Njrpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
- 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpYk;
,j; Njrpag; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.
• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fspdhy; cz;lhd Nghuhl;l
,af;fq;fs;.
• ,yq;ifr; rPh;jpUj;jr;rq;fk;.
• rpyhgr;rq;fk;.
• aho;g;ghzr; rq;fk;.
• ,yq;if tptrhar;rq;fk;.
• kJ xopg;Gr;rq;fk;.
• ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;.
Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.Njrpag; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.
• Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilf; fl;b vOg;Gjy;.
• rka fyhrhuj;jpy; GdUj;jhuzj;ij Vw;gLj;jy;.
• murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jjpUj;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
• FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngwy;.
- murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jUj;jq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F Njrpa
rq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G.
52tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk; gpujhd ,lk; tfpj;jik.
• vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;;lq;fs;.
• nghWg;NghL $ba murpay; mikg;G xd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
toptiffs; nra;jik.
- Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; mikg;Gr;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;.
• Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1833)
• F& kf;fyk; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1910)
• kdpq; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1920)
• kdpq; btd;rpah; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1924)
• nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk;. (1931)
• Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; (1947)
rl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rprl;lrigapd; tsh;r;rp
• Nfhy;GW}f; rPh ;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rl;lthf;f fofk; xd;W
mikf;fg ;gl ;lik. mJtiu nraw;gl ;l MNyhridr; rig
xopf;fg;gl;lik.
• rl;lthf;f rig 15 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJld; Njrhjpgjp
mjd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
• F& kf;fyk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;frigapy; 21 mq;fj;jth;fs;
,Ue;jdh;.
• kdpq; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigapy; 37 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,Ue;jdu;.
• mJ cj;jNahf rhh;gw;wth;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdiuf; nfhz;l xU
murpay; Kiwahf ,Ue;jik xU Kf;fpa tplakhFk;.
• 1924 kdpq; btd;rpah; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigapd; mq;fj;jth;fs;
49 Ngh;.
• thf;Fupik %yk; njupT nra;ag;gl;lth;fNs ngUk;ghd;ikahf
,Ue;jik xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
• eph;thff; FOKiw nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; %yk; cj;jpNahfg;
gw;ww;wth;fspd; eltbf;iffs; tpuptile;J Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy;
gq;FngWtjw;fhd gapw;rpAk; fpilj;jJ.
• 1931 nlhd%u; murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f rigahd
muRf;fofj;jpd; mq;fj;jth; vz;zpf;if 61 MFk;.
• Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f fofk; ghuhSkd;wk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,ul;ilr; rig Kiw vdg;gLk;.
• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
• nrdw; rig vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
53tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;Gnlhd%h; murpay; mikg;G
nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;ig mwpKfk; nra;tjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.
• mg;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kdpq; murpay; Kiwapd; mjpfhuKk;
nghWg;Gk; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;l gytPdkhdnjhU Ml;rp Kiwahff;
fhzg;gl;lik.
• Njrpa kf;fspd; vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lq;fs;.
nlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FOnlhd%h; Mizf;FO
• 1927 nlhd%h; gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; n[g;up gl;yh;> kj;A+ Nejd;
l;ukz;l yPy;]; vd;Nghh; mlq;fpa FO.
nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;nlhd%h; murpayikg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs;
- murhq;f rig
- Njrhjpgjp
- eph;thf rig
- rh;trd thf;Fupik.
muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;muRf;fofk;
- ,J murhl;rp Kiwapd; Kf;fpa epWtdkhFk;.
- mq;fj;jth; njhif 61 MFk;.
- gpuNjrthup Njh;jy; njhFjp mbg;gilapy;.
• kf;fs; thf;Ffspdhy; 50 Ngh;;.
• Njrhjpgjpapd; epakdk; %yk; 8 Ngh;
• cj;jpNahf G+h;tkhf 3 Ngh;
ahg;G mbg;gilapy; epWtg;gl;l vy;iy eph;za Mizf; FOtpdhy;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;l Njh;jy; njhFjpfs;.
Nfhy;GW}f;
54tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
khfhzk; Mrdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
1. Nky; khfhzk; 14
2. kj;jpa khfhzk; 08
3. njd; khfhzk; 07
4. tl khfhzk; 04
5. fpof;F khfhzk; 02
6. tlNky; khfhzk; 06
7. tl kj;jpa khfhzk; 01
8. Cth khfhzk; 03
9. rg;ufKt khfhzk; 05
Mrdq;fspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 50
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rp Kiw
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
- muR fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk;.
• rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
• tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;.
• eph;thf MNyhridfis Kd; itj;jy;.
• eph;thff; FOtpd; mwpf;ifiag; gupNrhjpj;jy;.
NjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjpNjrhjpgjp
- kd;duhy; njupT nra;ag;gLgtuhthh;.
• ghJfhg;G tptfhuk;.
• ntspehl;L tptfhuk;.
• cs;ehl;L tptfhuk;
• fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J tptfhuk;
• th;j;jf cld;gbf;if
• epjpAk; NritfSklq;fpa tptfhuk;.
• ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;.
,e;j tptfhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf MSeu; FbNaw;w ehl;Lr; nrayhsUf;F Neubahfg;
nghWg;G $w flikg;gl;bUe;jik.
eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.eph;thff; FO Kiw.
• cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; njhlh;ghd nghWg;Gf; FO.
• tptrhaKk; fhzpAk; njhlh;ghd FO.
• Rfhjhuf;FO.
• gpuNjr Ml;rp eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd FO.
• fpuhk> ifj;njhopy;> th;j;jfk; njhlh;ghd FO.
• fy;tp njhlh;ghd FO.
• njhlh;ghlYk; nghJ Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghd FO.
55tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- rghehafu; mur mjpfhupfs; %tu; jtph;e;j Vida 57 NgUk;; (7)
VO eph;thff; FOf;fshf njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;.
- eph;thff; FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if xd;gJf;F (9) $lhkYk;
(6)MWf;Ff; FiwahkYk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;lJ.
- xt;nthU eph;thf nghWg;Gr; rigapd; jiytUk; mr;rigapd;
ngUk;ghd;ik tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
- mtu; mg;nghWg;gpd; mikr;ruhfr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
- eph;thff; FOj;jiyth;fs; 7 NgiuAk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;jh;
%tiuAk; nfhz;lNj mikr;rh; mitahFk;.
- mur mjpfhupfs;.
• nghJr; nrayhsh;
• epjpr;nrayhsh;
• ePjpr;nrayhsh;.
- nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;nghJr;nrayhsh;
ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L tptfhuKk; mur eph;thf tplaq;fis Nkw;ghh;it
nra;jy; vd;gdthFk;.
- epjpr;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;epjpr ;nrayhsh;
tUlhe;j tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;> epjpf;nfhs;if
vd;gdthFk;.
- ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;ePjpj;Jiwr;nrayhsh;
ePjpj;Jiw rhh;e;j tplaq;fisg; eph;tfpj;jy;;> murhq;fj;jpw;F rl;l
MNyhrid toq;fy; vd;gdthFk;.
Njh;jy;fis elhj;Jjy; vd;gdthFk;.
rh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupikrh;trd thf;Fupik
- Mz;> ngz;> rkak;> ,dk; Mfpa vJtpj NtWghLfSk; ,d;wp 21
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l rfyUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l thf;FupikiaNa ru;trd
thf;FupikahFk;.
- nlhd%h; MNyhridapd; fPo; rh;trd thf;Fupik mspf;fg;gl;lNjhL
,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehl;L Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j ehLfSs;
KjyhtJ thf;Fupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Mrpa ehL ,yq;ifahFk;.
- murpay; eltbf;iffspy; nghJkf;fSk; gq;F nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk;
Vw;gl;lJ.
- Gjpa murpay; ,af;fq;fs; cUthfpd.
- r%f eyd;NgZk; murpay; nfhs;iffs; Muk;gkhapd.
nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpd; gytPdq;fs;
- ahg;G Kiw XOq;fikg;G ntw;wp ngw;whYk; nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJeilKiwg; gytPdq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sikf;fhd fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gl;lik
- MSeuplk; fhzg;gl;l $ba mjpfhuk; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;gpa
56tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,yq ;ifaUf ;F ntWg ;ig Vw ; gLj ; j pAs ;sJ vd ; gJVw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
- eph ;thff; FO Kiwik Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy; jhkjj;ijVw;gLj;Jtjw;F fhuzkhf mike;jik Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;Gk; Njrpa Rje;jpuKk;. (1947-1972)
Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;.
- nlhd%h; murpay; mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;.
- ,yq;ifah;fspd; Nghuhl;lk;.
Nrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FONrhy;gup Mizf;FO
- 1944 Nrhy;gup gpuG> ngl;upf; uP];> ngl;upf; gNuh]; Mfpa %tiuAk;
nfhz;l %tu; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.murpay; jpl;l Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fs;.
- kfh Njrhjpgjp.
- gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpup rig.
- ghuhSkd;wk;.
- rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.
kfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtpkfh Njrhjpgjpg;gjtp
- gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; gpujpepjpahthu;.
- ,yq;ifg;gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb gpupj ;jhdpa ,uhzpahy;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.kfh Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuKk; njhopw;ghLk;.
- gpujkiuAk; mikr;rh;fisAk; epakpj;jy;.
- gpujk ePjp murh;> cah; ePjpkd;w ePjaurh;fis epakpj;jy;
- gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;. gpw;NghLjy;>
fiyj;jy;.
- rpk;khrdg;gpurq;fj;ij epfo;j;Jjy;.
- r%f eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fnfhs;sy;.
gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l ke;jpuprig (fgpdl;)
- kfh Njrhjjpgjpia gpujpepjpj;JtgLj;Jk; ke;jpuprigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik
tpRthrj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l egh; gpujkuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
- gpujkiuAk; mikr;rh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
- gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; Njrhjpgjpahy; mikr;rh;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;.
57tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;
- ,J ,U rigfisf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ.
• gpujpepjpfs; rig
• nrdw; rig
- gpujpepjpfs;rig
• ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd epWtdk;.
• mq;fj;jth;fs; 101 Ngh;.
gpuNjr Njh;jy; njhFjp %yk; 95 Ngu; epakpj;jik.
epakdk; %yk; 06 Ngu; epakpj;jik.
• Nritf; fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fs;.
mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.
- rpy tiuaiwfSf;F cl;gl;l tpjj;jpy; rl;lthf;fk; nra;Ak; cupik
fpilj;jik.
- epjp eltbf;iffs; gw;wpa KOikahd mjpfhuk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
- epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;.
- tuT nryTj; jpl;lk; gw;wpa eltbf;iffs;.
- murpay; ahg;igj; jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; Gjpa ahg;ig cUthf;Fjy;.
nrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rignrdw; rig
- ,jpy; 30 mq;fj;jth;fs; ,lk; ngWth;.
- ,jpy; 15 Ngh; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; ,Ue;Jk; mLj;j 15 NgUk;
gpujkupd; MNyhriapd; Ngupy; kfh NjrhjpgjpahYk; epakpf;fg;gLth;.
- ,th;fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;.
- mq;fj;jth; njhifapd; %d;wp;y; xU gq;fpdh; ,U tUlq;fSf;F xU
jlit ePf;fg;gLtNjhL mt;tplj;jpw;F GJ mq;fj;jth;fs; epakpf;fg;gLth;.
- murpaypy; Eioa tpUk;ghj mwpthspfspd; Nritiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
- rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
- epjpr; rl;l%yk; (kNrhjh) xd;iw 6 khj fhyk; jhkjpf;fyhk;.
- rhjhuz rl;l%yk; xd;iw xU tUl fhyk; jhkjpf;fyhk;.
rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;G.
- ke;jpup rig rl;l%yj;jpdJk; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtpd; MNyhridfspd;
ClhfTk;; rpWghd;ikapdupd; ghJfhg;Gf;nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
- gy; Mrdj; njhFjp Kiw.
- gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F epakd mq;fj;jth;fs; mWtiu epakdk; %yk;
njupT nra;jy;
- nrdw; rigia Vw;gLj;jy;.
58tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.murNritAk; epjpr;NritAk;.
nlhd%h; fhyg;gFjpapy; mur Nrit rpf;fyhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
mur Nrit Mizf;FOTk; epjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOTk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.Njrpa Rje;jpuk;.
- Njrpa Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
- Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpy; cs;slq;fpa rpy rl;l tpjpfSf;F mika
,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wk; ,iwik nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
- ,jdhy; 1948 ,y; fpilj;j Rje;jpuk; miur;Rje;jpuk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
- 1972 ,d; FbauR ahg;gpd; %yNk ,yq;iff;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk;
fpilj;jJ.
59tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1
• ',yq;ifapd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; gq;fspg;G"
rk;ge;jkhf mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidr; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpj;jy;.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis khzth;fSf;F mwpag;gLj;jTk;.
• khztuJ nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jTk;.
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
• 1833 Nfhy;GW}f; rPh;jpUj;j MNyhridfspy; ,Ue;J 1947 Nrhy;gup rPh;jpUj;jk;
tiu rl;l rigapy; ,J rk;ge;jkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
• tFg;giwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
• xU FOTf;F xU murpay; rPh;jpUj;jk; tPjk; gfph;e;jspf;fTk;.
• jkJ FOTf;F toq;fg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd
,yl;rzq;fs; Kf;fpa gFjpfs; mjd; Fiwfs; vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;
jfty; jpul;l MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
• jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis FOj;jiyth; %yk; fye;JiuahlYf;F Kd;itf;fr;
nra;jy;.
• khzth;fspd; gak;> gytPdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L gpd;D}l;ly;fis
toq;fTk;.
60tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 17myF 17myF 17myF 17myF 17
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : Njrpa RahjPdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gpuaj;jdq;fis tpkh;rdk; nra;tjd; Clhf rpwe;j eph;thfj;jpw;F
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
17.1 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l
nfhs;iffs; njhlh;ghf tpsf;Fthh;.
17.2 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; epiy gw;wp Muha;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:fw;wy; NgW:
• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp njhlhghf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;thh;.
• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.
• 1972 Mk; Mz;L FbauR ahg;gpd; gpujhd ,yl;rzq;fis
mwpe;Jnfhs;thh;.
• ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa mk;rq;fs;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;thh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,yq;ifapd; murpaypYk;> murpayikg;Gj; JiwapYk; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; gy;NtW tifapy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sijf; fhz KbfpwJ. Nrhy;gup Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;iff;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
fpilj;jNjhL 1972 ,Yk; 1978 ,Yk; Gjpa ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mNj Nghy; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,e;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu> r%f> fy;tp> Mfpa
Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J ,t;tyfpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLk;.
ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifRje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if
• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; gy. mJ
,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ.
• 1947 Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifah; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
ghuhSkd;w [dehaf Ml;rp Kiw gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy; gytpjkhd
khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfp ,Ue;jJ.
• murpay; fl;rp Kiw.
• mikr;ruit Ml;rp Kiw.
• 1972 Mk; 1978 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; FbauR ahg;G Kiw.
• Njrpa mgptpUj ;j pf ;fhfg ; g pd ;gw ;wg ;gl ;l nfhs;iffSk;
eltbf;iffSk;.
61tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;1948 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;khfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;Gkhfhzg; gpupg;G
tl
khfhzk;
1833
aho;g;ghzk;
jpUNfhzkiy
tl kj;jpa khfhzk;
1873
mEuhjGuk;
tlNky;
khfhzk;
1845
FUehfy;
kj;jpa
khfhzk;
1833
fz;b
fPo;
khfhzk;
1833
Cth
khfhzk;
1886
gJis
rgufKt
khfhzk;
1889
njd; khfhzk;
1833
Nky;
khfhzk;
1833
nfhOk;G
fhyp
kl;lf;fsg;G
,uj;jpdGup
62tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;tptrhak;
• 1948 ,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ ,yq;ifah; gpupj;jhdpag;
Nguurpd; Njitapd; Ngupy; tu;j;jf tptrhag; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; epiyf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jdh;.
• ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTfis ntspehLfspy;
,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfSf;F %yg;nghUl;fis
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; epiyf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdh;.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; [PtNdhgha tptrhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
- tptrhaf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lk;.
- epyk; mw;NwhUf;F epyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jik.
- gpujhd Fsq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ePh; tpepNahfj; jpl;lk;.
• gyNehf;F mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; fy;Nyhahj; jpl;lk;.
• tptrhapfSf;fhd eyd;Gupj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• fkey Nritfs; rigapd; %yk; ney;Yf;F cj;juthj tpiyia
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
• ney; re;ijg;gLj;Jk; rigapd; nfhs;iffisr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
• ney; Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; Clhf Gjpa ney; ,dq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
yGJt
kfh ,Yg;gy;yk.
Nghk;Gty
`pq;Fuz;nfhl
- kfhtypj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cyh;tya mgptUj;jp cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
- cltsit kw;Wk; Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;
- ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy;
- fhzpfis kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy;
- fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
• fhzp Mizahsh; jpizf;fsk;
• czTj; jpizf;fsk;
• fkey Nritfs; jpizf;fsk;
- fld; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
• 1961 kf;fs; tq;fp epWtg;gly;.
• $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;
• ,yq;if tq;fp.
- tptrha eltbf;iffspd; ntw;wpf;fhf 1972 ,y; tptrha Muha;r;rpg;
gapw;rp epWtdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jpngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;nra;if mgptpUj;jp
• Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gh;> kw;Wk; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;fs;.
• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; kiy ehl;bYk; md;rkntsp jho;epyq;fspYk;
Nkyjpfg; gaph;fs; gapuplg;gl;ld.
• ,wf;Fkjp fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpdhy; Nkyjpfg; gaph;fspd; cw;gj;jp
tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
c+k;: tlf;F> kj;jpa> Cth khfhzq;fspy; cUisf; fpoq;Fg;
gaph;r;nra;if tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
63tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- cs;ehl;L tptrhak; NghJkhd msT ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy; Nfhg;gp>
nfhf;Nfh> fuhk;G> kpsF> rhjpf;fha;> Nghd;w gy gaph;fs;
tptrhaj;jpw;F gy;tifg; gaph;fisg; gapupLk; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf cyf
czT tptrha jhgdj;jpd; %yKk; I.eh. rigapd; mgptpUj;jp
Ntiyj;jpl;lk; %yKk; epjp cjtp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
• 1972 ,y; rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;fs; jpizf;fsk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
gaph;fis guty; milar; nra;Ak; Kfkhf rpW Vw;Wkjp Muha;r;rp
epWtdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. (c.k;) khj;jis rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gaph;
Muha;r;rp epiyak;
Fz;lrhiy> njy;gpl;ba ehuk;ky> Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; Muha;r;rp
epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
- tptrha cjtp Kiwfs;
• tptrha epyq;fspd; msit mjpfupg;gjd; Clhf cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
- mur mDruizAld; cukhdpak; kw;Wk; MNyhridfs; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.
- 1972 -1976 fhyj;jpw;fhd 5 Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gUj;jp> Nrhsk;>
#upa fhe;jp Kjypa gaph;fs; gapupl Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1972 ,y; fhzp rPu;j;jpUj;j Mizahsh; rig mikj;J jdpahh;
fhzpfspd; cupikf;F cr;r tuk;nghd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• jdp xUtUf;F cr;r mstpy; ney; tptrhak; nra;tjw;F 25 Vf;fh;
epyKk; NtW gaph;fs; gapupl 50 Vf;fh; epyKk; cupikahFk; epiy
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1975 fhzpr; rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Clhf ngUe;Njhl;lg; gaph;r;
nra;ifapy; <Lgl;bUe;j fk;gdpfSf;Fupa fhzpfs; kf;fs;
kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
- fhzpr; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf Xu; Gul;rpfu mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghlhf
jdpahh ; Jiwf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpfs; mur Jiwf;F
nrhe;jkhdjhf khw;wg;gl;ld.
- mur Jiwf;F cupikahd fhzpfs;
• mur ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
• kiyafj; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig.
• kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rig
Kjypa epWtdq;fs; %yk; Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
- 1970 -1976 ,d; ,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; nfhs;if fLikahfg;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;ljdhy; ghy; cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
- tpyq;Fts mgptpUj;jpapd; tsh;r;rpf; fhy fl;lkhFk;.
- Njrpa ghw; rig epWtg;gl;lJ.
- mk;Ngnty ghw;njhopw;rhiyAk; nghyd;dWitf; fl;bg;ghw;
njhopw ;rhiyAk; Muk;g pf ;fg ;gl ;ljd; %yk; ghy; cw;gj ;j p
mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
- cah; jukhd tpyq;FzT jahupg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if vz;za;f; nfhOg;Gf;
$l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- mur Kaw;rpapd; fPo; 1953 ,y; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jy; Nritfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
64tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nghf;Ftuj;J> JiwKfk; vd;gd kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL tq;fpfSk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. c+k; : kf;fs; tq;fp.
- 1956 ,d; gpd;dh; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; murhq;fk; <Lgl;lJ.
- 1959 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; vf;fiyapy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1958 - 1968 tiuapyhd 10 Mz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghupa ifj;njhopy;
rpW ifj;njhopy; Fbirf; ifj;njhopy; vd;gd mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld.
- ntspehl;L cjtpfs; %yk; gPq;fhd; Nfhg;ig> uah;> rPnke;J fljhrp>
rPdp> xl;Lg;gyif> cUf;F> Kjypa ghupa ifj;njhopy;fs; mur
Jiwahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
fy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tp
- Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;dh; fy;tpf;nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- Nguhrpupah; C.W.W. fd;dq;fuh mth;fspd; jiyikapy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
- vy;yh khzth;fSf;Fk; fy;tpapy; rktha;g;igf; nfhLg;gNjhL rfy
trjpfSk; mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
- ,uz;lhk; nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; fw;gJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
- Mrpupah; gapw;rpf;F tpNrl epWtdq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
- 1956 Mk; Mz;L Ml;rpf;F te;j kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp fy;tp
tsh;r;rpapy; tpNrl ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpaJ.
- fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhopapy; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ.
- ,ilapy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j kjpa czT toq;fiy kPz;Lk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s xOq;F nra;jJ.
- Vio khzth;fSf;F Gyikg;guprpy; toq;Ftij xOq;F Kiwahfr;
nraw;gLj;jpaJ.
- vy;yhg; ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; tpQ;Qhd Ma;T $lk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.
- cah;fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F 1958 ,y; tpj;jpNahja> tpj;jpahyq;fhu>
rh;tfyhrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld.
- tpj;jpNahja gy;fiyf; fofk; [ath;j;jd gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;Wk;
tpj;jpahyq;fhu> fsdpa gy;fiyf; fofk; vd;Wk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1962 Mk; Mz;L mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;w muR cjtp ngWk; ghlrhiyfis
mur cilikahf ;f paJ. Nguhjidg ;gy ;fiyf;fofj ;NjhL
,izf;fg;gl;bUe;j nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fiyg;gPlk; jdpahf
epWtg;gl;lJ.
- kjFUkhUf;Fj; jdpahd gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld.
- nfhOk;gpy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf; fofk; 1952 Nguhjidf;Ff;
nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.
- 1960 ,y; Nguhjidapy; itj;jpa gPlKk;> nghwpapy; gPlKk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1972 fl;Lgj;j gy;fiyf;fofk;> aho;g;ghzg;gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;gd
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJld; Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjd; gpd;dh; cah;fy;tpAk; tsh;r;rp
ngw;wJ.
65tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp1972 tiuahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapd; tsh;;r;rp
- 1948 ,y Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjd; gpd;dh; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J
tpyfpa v];. lg;ypA+. Mh;. B. gz;lhuehaf;fh mth;fs; 1951 Mk;
Mz;L = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpiaj; jhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
- mfpy ,yq;ifj; jkpoh; rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp v];. N[.tP. nry;tehafk;
mth;fspd; jiyikapd; fPo; 1749 rk\;bf; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik.
• 1956 kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;
• kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;.
• 1976 jkpoh; If;fpa Kd;dzp Njhw;wk;
• 1964 ,lJrhup If;fpa Kd;dzp Muk;gpf;fg;gly;.
- ,yq;if murpay; tuyhw;wpy; gyfl;rp Kiw nraw;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.
,Nj Kiwapy; epiyahd murhq;fk; xd;iw mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;FNghJkhd msT ngUk;ghd;ikj; njhFjpfisg; ngWtJ fbdkhf,Ue;jgbahy; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; gy fl;rpfs; $l;Lr Nrh;e;J $l;Lmurhq;fq;fis mikj;Js;sd.
- 1948 - 1972 tiuahd murpayikg;gpd; khw;wq;fs;.
gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;gioa ghuhSkd;wk;
66tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fSldhd KjyhtJ mikr;ruit (1947)
1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G1972 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G
- Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;Gk; ehl;by; 1946 Mk; Mz;bd; ,yq;if muR
fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPopUe;j Nrhy;gup ahg;Ng nraw;gl;lJ.- ,J 1972 Mk; Mz;L FbauR ahg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tiu
mKypy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;dh; rl;l Mf;fk;> rl;l eph;thfk;> epjpMfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; jiyaPL nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpamurhq;fj;jpw;Nf cupajhf ,Ue;jJ.
1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil ,yl;rzq;fs;.
• 1972 tiu ,yq;if vd miof;fg;gl;Lte;j vkJ ehL = yq;fh vd;w
ngaupy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• rpq;fs nkhop mur fUk nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
• kf;fs; ,iwik toq;fg;gl;lik.
• 1972 ,d; gpd;G ghuhSkd;wk; mt;tpiwikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.
,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;,iwik mjpfhuk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l topfs;
• rh;trd thf;Fupik
• kdpjdpd; mbg;gil cupikfs; murpay; ahg;G %yk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lik.
• kf;fspd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;.
• kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;;l mq;;fj;jth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa
muRg; Nguit %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.kf;fspd; epiwNtw;W (eph;thf) mjpfhuk;.
- kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfspy; ,Ue;J epakpf;fg;gLk;
gpujkupd; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitapd; %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- kf;fspd; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuk;.
- cah; ePjpkd;wk; cs;slq;fpa ePjpkd;wj;njhFjp %yk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
- kfh Njrhjpgjp / MSeh; ehafk; vd;w gjtpf;Fg; gjpyhf ngaustpyhd
[dhjpgjpg;gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
- Kbapd; mur jiyikj;Jtk; gjtp tfp;j;j fhyk; 1972 Mz;Lld;
KbTw;wJ.
- ,j;jiyikj;Jtk; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
67tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978),uz;lhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;G (1978)
- 1977 nghJj;Njh;jypy; $ba vz;zpf;ifahd njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp
ngw;w I.Nj.fl;rp ghuhSkd;w mjpfhuj;ij cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;lJ.
- 1972 KjyhtJ FbauR ahg;gpw;Fg; gjpyhf 1978 ,y; Gjpa murpay;
ahg;G xd;W Kd; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1978 ,d; FbauR ahg;gpy;mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpg;
gjtp KOikahd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l xU gjtpahFk;. murpay;
mikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 30 MtJ ruj;jpw;F mika [dhjpgjp ,yq;if
murpd; jiytuhthh;. eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; MAjg;gilfspd;
jiytUkhthh;.
- Neubahf kf;fs; thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whh;.
- gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fs;.
[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;[dhjpgjpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fSk; rYiffSk;
• epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;.
• ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy;.
• ghuhSkd;w Kjy; mkh;Tfspy; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F cupik ngWjy;.
• ghuhSkd;wf; $l;lj;njhlh;fis KbTWj;jy;> $l;Ljy;> ghuhSkd;wf;
$l;lq;fis xj;jpitj;jy;> fiyj;jy;> rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
• gy;NtW mikr;R eltbf;iffis xd;wpizj;jy;.
• ,ilf;fhy tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;
- mikr;ruitapd; jiytu;.
- mikr;rh;fis epakpj;jy;.
- gpujkiu epakpj;jy;.
- mikr;ruitapy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
- ve;j mikr;irAk; jdf;Ff; fPo; nfhz;L tUk; mjpfhuk;.
- mikr;ruitapd; nrayhsiuAk; mikr;rh;fspd; nrayhsh;fisAk;
[dhjpgjpNa epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;.
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
- gf;frhh;gw;w ePjpj;Jiwia epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhf ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;.
- mth;fis ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpf;F ,y;yhik.
- gpujk ePjpauriu epakpj;jy;.
- cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk;. ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd;
MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; njupT nra;ag;gLthh;.
- [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;aKbahik.
gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;(fgpndw;)
- mikr;ruit [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLk;.
- gpujkh; gjtp xU ngausTg; gjtpahFk;.
- gpujkh; cl;gl mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F $l;lhfg; nghWg;Gf;
$wf; flikg;gl;Ls;sdh;.
- mikr;ruitapd; jiyth; [dhjpgjpahthh;.
- jdf;Fupa epiwNtw;Wf; flikfis mikr;ruit %ykhfr;
nraw;gLj;Jthh;.
68tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;ghuhSkd;wk;• Njrpa muRg; Nguit vDk; rl;lthf;f rig ghuhSkd;wk; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ.• mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if 225 MFk;.• Njh;jy; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwapd; fPo; njupT nra;ag;gLth;.• ehl;L eph;thfj;ij ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd
rl;lq;fis Mf;Fjy; Kf;fpa flikahFk;.
nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.nghJ[d mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G.
• kf;fs; jk;Kila rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU
KiwahFk;.
ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;ePjpkd;wq;fs;• kP cah; ePjp kd;wk;• Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjp kd;wk;.• cah;ePjp kd;wk;.• khtl;l ePjp kd;wk;.• ePjthd; ePjp kd;wk;.
• Muk;g ePjp kd;wk;.
mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;mbg;gil cupikfs;- ,e;j ahg;gpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.- ghuhSkd;w Mizahsh; my;yJ xk;Gl;];kd; vDk; Gjpa tpjpia
cUthf;fp cupikfs; kPwg;gLk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mtw;iw epth;j;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;ljpl;lq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
khfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpkhfhz Ml;rpgpuNjr rigfs;khefu rigfs;efu rigfs;
69tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1
• 1972 ahg;gpy; ,Ue;J Nrhu;gup ahg;G Kiwapyhd NtWghLfis xg;gpl;L
Muha;jy;.
• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• khztu;fs; jfty;fs; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpDs; jfty;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
• fzpg;gPLfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.
• kjpg;gPl;bd; Kbtpy; gyk;> gytPdq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;b FiwghLfis eptu;j;jp
nra;f.
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;Ds;s ,yq;ifapy; tptrhaj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp vDk; jiyg;gpy;
ghlrhiy rQ;rpiff;F fl;Liunahd;iw mikj;jy;.
• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• khztu;fs; jfty;fs; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• fl;Liu mikg;G gw;wp khztu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.
• rpwg;ghf njupT nra;j fl;Liunahd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;Ff.
• Fiw epiwfis Rl;;bf;fhl;b mwpTiufis toq;Ff.
70tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW,e;jpa tuyhW
70tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 06myF 06myF 06myF 06myF 06
nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;nksupag; Nguurpd; KbT Kjy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Muk;gk;
tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.tiuahd ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> fyhrhu tuyhW.
Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :- kj;jpa eph;thfj;jpd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;
gykilAk; tpjj;ij ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpD}lhf tpsf;Fthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-
6.1 tlNky; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;J nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ,dj;ijg;
gw;wpa tpguq;fisj; njhFg;ghh;.
6.2 kj;jpa eph;thfj;jpd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa gpuhe;jpa muRfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fisj; jpul;Lth;.
ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20ghlNtisfs; :- 20
fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-
• njhy; nghUs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;J>
fpNuf;fh;> rhfuh;> F\hzu;> Rq;fh;> rhjthfzh; gw;wpa tpguq;fis
mwpjy;.
• nksupag;NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; murpay; xUikg;ghL ,y;yhj
fhuzj;jhy; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd vd;gjidg;
Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh; ,e;jpahtpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa gpuNjrq;fis
,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;.
• Nkw;gb ,dj;jth; ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;> nghUshju> fyhrhuj; Jiwapy;
Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fg; gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngWjy;.
mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-
,e;jpahtpy; kpfg; ghupa epyg;gug;gpy; gue;J fhzg;gl;l nksupag; NguuR
tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; cs;ehl;by; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; RakhfNt
gykile;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlNkw;fpy; mike;jpUe;j fztha;fs; Clhf
ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpj;jdh;. Njrpa uPjpapy; Rq;fh;
kw;Wk; rhjthfzh; gykile;jJld; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fSs; ,e;J
fpNuf;f kw;Wk; rhfuh;fis tplTk; F\hzh; gykile;J tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy;
jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpdh;. Nkw;gb ,dj;jth; ,e;jpah kPJ nrYj;jpa nry;thf;if
mwpe;J nfhs;tNj ,t;Tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
71tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;ifgu; fztha;
Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;Nghyd; fztha;
72tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :
Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:Rq;fh;fs;:
• Rq;f mur tk;rk; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;FjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;
%yhjhuq;fs;.
ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- `u;\ rupjk;> khstpfhfpdpkpj;jpu> kfhgh];a GUfjh;j;jid
nfhiy nra;J G];akpj;jpu Rq;fd; kfjj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf;
ifg;gw;wpaik. G];akpj;u Rq;fdpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpNyw;gl;l
tpNrl epfo;Tfs;.
ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- (I) jf;fzg; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
(II) fpNuf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis vjph;nfhz;lik.
(III) m];tNkjahfk; ,uz;il Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• G];akpj;jpu Rq;fDf;Fg; gpd;dh; mf;fpdkpj;jpu> R[T];j> tRkpj;jpu>
ghfgj;jpu> t[;[p> ghfkpj;jpu> NjtG+jp Mfpa Rq;ftk;r Ml;rpahsh;fs;
Ml;rp gPlk; Vwpaik.
• NjtG+jp kd;didf; nfhiy nra;J fd;t tk;rj;ijr; Nrh;e;j thRNjtd;
vd;gtd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL Rq;fAfk; KbTf;F te;jJ.
,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-,e;J fpNuf;fh; :-
• ,e;J fpNuf;fiug; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;
%yhjhuq;fs;.
ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- mtjhdfy ;gyjhNtjk ; > kfhgh] ;a> AfGuhzk ; >
khstpfhfpdpkpj;jpu fhfpdpkpj;jpu> kpype;jgQ;`fhrp kw;Wk;
fy;ntl;Lfs;.
• nksupaUf;Fg; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; epytpa Fog;gfukhd murpay;
epiy fhuzkhf fpNuf;fh;fshy; ,yFthf ,e;jpahitf; ifg;gw;w
Kbe;jik.
• A+jp;lk];> bkj;jpupa]; vDk; Ml;rpahsh;fspd; fPo; tlNky; ,e;jpahtpy;
fpNuf;fh; Ml;rp gutyile;jik.
• kpndd;lh; kd;ddpd; murpay; ntw;wp.
• ,e;J fpNuf;fupd; fyhrhur; nry;thf;F.
• ,e;jpahTf;Fk; fpNuf;fj;Jf;FkpilNa fyhrhuj; njhlh;Gfs;
tsh;r;rpaile;jik.
• ,e;jpaf; fiykugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;F Vw;gl;ld.
• fhe;jhu fiy kugpd; Muk;gk;.
fhfhfhfhfhe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;Fe;jhu fiy kugpy; fpNuf;fr; nry;thf;F
73tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;kpndd;lu; kd;ddpd; ehzak;
rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:rhfuh;fs;:
• rhfuh; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;FjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;.
ccccc + k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: fpNuf;f Nuhk %yhjhuq;fs;> ,e;jpa mwpf;iffs;>
fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;.
• gy topfshYk; ,e;jpahtpDs; gpuNtrpj;j rhfuh; tlNky; ,e;jpahtpYk;
tl ,e;jpahtpYk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;bdh;.
• e`ghz> r];ld> Uj;uhjhkd;> KjypNahh; Kf;fpakhd rhfu
Ml;rpahsh;fshth;.
• Uj;uhjhkdpd; gpd;dh; rhfuh; Ml;rp tPo;r;rpaile;jJld; ghh;j;jpah;fs;
Ml;rpf;F te;jdh;.
F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-F\hzh;fs; :-
• F\hz Ml;rpahsh; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;
%yhjhuq;fs;.
ccccc + k;:k;:k;:k;:k;: F\hz kd;dh;fs; ntspapl;Ls;s ehzaq;fs;> rPd
mwpf;iffs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> njhy;nghUs; mfo;Tfs;>
ngWkjpAs;s rpijTfs;.
• A+ - V - rPapdupd; ,e;jpa tUif
• F[{y nfl;igr];> gPk; nfl;igr];> fdp\;f> thrp];f> `{tp];f>
thRNjt Mfpa F\hz tk;r kd;du;fs; Ml;rpNaw;wik.
• fdp\;f kd;dd; F\hz Afj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd Ml;rpahsdhthd;.
• F\hz Afj;jpy; fyhrhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;lik.
F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;F\hd ehzaq;fs;
74tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• fdp\;f kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Gj;j rhrdj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F mur
MjuT fpilj;jJ.
• ehd;fhk; ngsj;jg;Nguit elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
• kfhahd ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpAk; guk;gYk;.
(,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehLfspYk;)
• kJuh kw;Wk; fhe;jhu fiy kuGfs; tsh;r;rp fz;ld.
• ,yf;fpak; tsh;r;rp fz;lJ.
F\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lF\hdu; fhyj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l
Muk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;WMuk;g Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; xd;W
fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;fhe;jhu fiy kugpd;
Nghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiy
kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;kJuh fiy kugpd;
Nghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiyNghjprj;Jtu; rpiy
75tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:rhjthfdu;:
• rhjthfdu; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; njhy;nghUs;
%yhjuq;fs;.
ccccc+k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :-k; :- Guhz fpue;jq;fs;> ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> njhykpapd;
mwpf;if> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> ehzaq;fs;.
• rpKf> fpU\;z> Kjyhk; rhjfh;zP> nfsjkpGj;jpu rhjfh;zP> thrp];l
Gj;jpuGykha;> aQ;QrpwPrhjfh;zP MfpNahh; rhjthfd Ml;rpahsu;fshtu;.
• jf;rpdh gFjpapy; gyk;tha;e;j Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;gpaikahYk;
fyhrhu> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp fhuzkhfTk; rhjthfdu;fspd; Ml;rp
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.
• rpKf kd;dd; Rq;fupd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;J kfhuh\;buh
gFjpapy; Ml;rpaikj;jhd;.
• nfsjkp Gj;jpu rhjfh;zP kd;dd; rhjthfdupd; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gutyilar; nra;J mt;tur tk;rj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.
• thrp];l Gj;jpu GYkha; kw;Wk; aQ;QrpwPrhjfh;zP vDk; rhjthfd
Ml;rpahsupd; nraw;ghLfs;.
• rhjthfdupd; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;.
- Gj;j rhrd tsh;r;rp
- fl;llf; fiy kw;Wk; fiyfspd; tsh;r;rp
- mkuhtjp fiy kugpd; tsh;r;rp
- ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rp
- ,e;jpaitj; jhz;b fyhrhuk; tpuptile;jik.
jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l mur fhjzp
mku mku mku mku mkuhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuGhtjp fiy kuG
76tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;fp.gp.150 mstpy;
,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpahmDkhd vy;iy
F\hd NguuR
Nkw;F rj;ugu;fs;
Me;jpu ,uhr;rpak;ghz;ba
u;
Nruu;
Nrhou;
fpof;Ff; fly;Nkw;Ff; fly;mk
uhtjp
fypq;fk;
M e; jp u
,uhr ; r pak ;
Rg;ghufk;
gpujP];jhd (ig];jhd;)
[{d$Ntheu;kjh
rhQ;rp
ghUfr;ir
fr;ir
rpe;j;
Nkw;F rj;ugu;fs;
cNjdp
mtd;jp
jgp
gpuahf fhrp
rhu;ehj;aKid
kJiu fq;if
kfj
ghlyp Gj;jpuk;
,e;jpu gpu];;jh
kPuhj;
rpe;J
Ra; tp`hu;RJ
j;U
kpad;
mutdp
mrpf;;dptp
d];jh
fgpajf;\pyhGU
\Gu
Nrhlhd;
ahu;rd;b
fh\;fu;
fh\;kPu;fe;jhuk;
77tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;
- rpq;f kw;Wk; ghdh;[papd; ,e;jpa tuyhW gFjp (I)
- jhgh; nuhkpyh - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW
- fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk; ,e;jpa tuyhW (Guhjd fhyk; Kjy;
fp.gp.1206 tiu)
fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1
• nksupa Afj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa muRfspd; guk;giy
,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngaupLjy;.
• FOr; nraw;ghL :- tFg;G khzth;fis Ie;J FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
xU FOTf;F xU mur tk;rk; vd;w uPjpapy; toq;Ff.
FO 1 - Rq;fu;
FO 2 - ,e;J fpNuf;fu;
FO 3 - rhfuu;
FO 4 - F\hzu;
FO 5 - rhjthfzh;
• ,e;jpag; GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; jkf;Fupa mur tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpg; gug;ig
Fwpf;FkhW $Wf.
• Njitahd GwTUtg;glq;fs; tiuglg;Gj;jfq;fs;> epwg; ngd;rpy;fs;
vd;gtw;iw toq;Ff.
• FOr; nraw;ghl;il mtjhdpf;Ff.
• nra;J Kbj;j tiuglj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
• Ie;J GwTUtg; glq;fisAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J xU GwTUtg;glj;ij
Mf;FkhW mwpTiu toq;fTk;.
nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2
• nksupa Afj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; cUthd muRfs; gw;wp khztupd; mwpit
tsh;f;Fk; Kfkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw elhj;JtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;
%yk; vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
- ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
- tFg;giw khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J
xt;nthU FOTf;F xt;nthU jiyg;ig toq;Ff.
FO 1 - Rq;fu;
FO 2 - ,e;J fpNuf;fu;
FO 3 - rhfuu;
FO 4 - F\hzu;
FO 5 - rhjthfzh;
- xt;nthU jiyg;igAk; gw;wp fye;JiuahLk; NghJ jiyg;ig> gy
cg jiyg;Gfshfg; gpupj;J khzth; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F
top nra;f.
- jfty; jpul;lf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khztUf;F mwpT+l;lTk;.
- jpul;ba tuyhw;Wj; juTfis cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
- fye;Jiuahly; epfo;it Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwapy; elhj;Jtjw;F
khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
- jiyg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; fye;Jiuahba gpd;dh; mtw;wpd; gyk;>
gytPdk; vd;gtw;iwr; Rl;bf; fhl;b nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.
78tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7myF - 7
Fg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuRFg;jg; NguuR
Njh;r;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:-Njh;r ;rp:- ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; guk;giyAk; gw;wpf; fw;gJld;
mjd; %yk; fPioj;Njak; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ngWkjp tha;e;j
tplaq;fis Fg;jg; Nguurpd; Clhf tpsf;Fth;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
7.1 ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; Fg;jg; Nguurpd; gq;fspg;G gw;wpa
tpguq;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
7.2 Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njhFg;ghh;.
ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;:ghl Ntisfs;: 2 42 42 42 42 4
fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:fw;wy; tpisTfs;:
• Fg;jg; Nguurpd; guk;giyg; GwTUg;glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjd; %yk; mwpe;J
nfhs;thh;.
• rKj;jpu Fg;j kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; re;jpu Fg;jd; Mfpa NguuRfSf;F
mth;fsJ Kd;Ndhupl;l gyk; tha;e;j Muk;gKk; tPujPu nraw;ghLfSk;
ngupJk; JizGupe;Js;snjd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;th;.
• Fg;j Afk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; nghw;fhyk; vd;gij me;j Afj;jpd;
fiy> fyhrhu mk;rq;fisf; fw;gjd; %yk; tpsq;Fth;.
• gyk; tha;e;j NguuR xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fr; nraw;wpwd; kpf;f
Kd;khjpupahd jiyikj;Jtk; fhzg;gLtJld; me;jg; Nguuir
ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd ,uz;lhk; epiyj;
jiyikj;Jtk; cUthf;fk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fg;jg;
Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp %yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jth;.
• Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapD}lhf munrhd;wp;d; tPo;r;rp;f;fhd fhuzq;fis
mwp;e;J nfhs;th;.
mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :
nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Fog;gfukhd
murpay; epiyikapypUe;J ehl;il kPl;L ,uz;lhtJ jlitahfg; NguuR xd;iw
fl;bnaOg;gpdu; Fg;j Ml;rpapy; =Fg;jd; %yk; Muk;gkhFk;. fNlhj;ftFg;jd;>
];fe;jFg;jd;> Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jd;> rKj;jpuFg;jd;> ,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;>
FkhuFg;jd;> ];fe;jFg;jd; Mfpa murh;fs; Kiwg;gbahf Fg;jg; Nguuir Ml;rp
nra;jdh;. Fg;j Afj;jpd; Muk;gfhy Ml;rpahsh;fspd; Kiwahd eph;thfk;
fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fiyfs; vd;gd tl
,e;jpahtpNy ngUk; tsh;r;rp fz;ld. ,g;Nguurpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Ml;rp gPlNkwpa
gytPdkhd kd;dh;fspd; nraw;ghL fhuzkhfg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jNjhL
ghJfhg;Gk; gytPdkile;j fhuzj;jhy; ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fshd
`_dh;fspd; gilnaLg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,f;fhuzj;jhy; Fg;jg; NguuR
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
79tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:
Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:Fg;jg;NguuR:
Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:Fg;jh; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;:
– fy;ntl;Lf;fs;:- myfhghj;> cjafpup> nk`uTyp> [dhfl;> gPj
fy;ntl;L> Nghd;w fy;ntl;Lf;fs;.
– ehzaq;fs;
– ,yf;fpaq;fs;
– NjrrQ;rhupfspd; mwpf;iffs;
– njhy;nghUs; rpijTfs;
Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;Fg;j ehzak;
Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;Fg;j mur tk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;
– Muk;gk; gw;wp re;Njfq;fs; cs;sik.
– mjhtJ = Fg;j kw;Wk; fNlhj;jt Fg;j vDk; Muk;g Ml;rpahsh;fs;
,UtUk; ahjhapDnkhU Nguurpd; fPo; FWepy kd;dh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;
vd;gjhFk;.
– fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; ehshe;j Kj;jpiu vd;gtw;wpd;gb Fg;j mur
guk;giuapd; gbKiw tUkhW:
80tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
=Fg;jd;
fNlhj;ftFg;jd;
Kjyhk;re;jpuFg;jd; + FkhuNjtp
rKj;jpuFg;jd; + jj;jhNjtp
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jd;
FkhuFg;jd; + mde;jNjtp
];fe;jFg;jd; + GUFg;jd;
GjFg;jd; eurpq;fFg;jd;
Kjyhk; FkhuFg;jd;
tp\;ZFg;jd;
];fe;j Fg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; te;j kd;dh;fs; gw;wpf; fpilf;Fk; juTfspd;
njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf murh;fspd; ngah;g ;gl;baiy xOq;FgLj;jy;
rpukkhfTs;sJ.
Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;
• fp.gp.320 ,y; Ml;rpgPlNkWjy;> ~kfh uh[hjpuh[h| vDk; gl;lj;ij
#bf;nfhz;lik.
• jpUkz cwT %yk; NguuRf;fhd mj;jpthuk; ,lg;gl;lik.
rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;
• my`ghj; Mtzj;jpd;gb rKj;jpuFg;j kd;dd; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;
mjpfkhdit ntspg;gLfpd;wik.
• Ml;rpgPlNkWjYk; Ml;rpf;fhyKk;
• rKj;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; Aj;;j ntw;wpfs; ed;F njspthfj; njupfpd;wd.
– Mupath;j;jdd; ntw;wp
– ml;ltpf ,uhr;rpa ntw;wp
– jf;fpzgj ntw;wp
– ,e;jpa vy;iyf;F ntspNa cs;s ,uhr;rpa ntw;wp
• rKj;jpuFg;j kd;dd; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa vy;iyg;gpuNjr ehLfSld;
81tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G: ,yq;if> rhfuh;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> fhe;jhu
gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;> F\h murh;fs;.
• ntspehl ;L Ml ;r pahsh ;fs pd ; mj pfhuj ;ij KOikahf
,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;F Kbahkw;Nghdik.
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;j kd;ddpd; nraw;ghLfs;
• Ml;rpf;F te;j tpjk;.
• Ml;rpf; fhyKk; gad;gLj;jpa gl;lg;ngah;fSk; : NjtFg;j> Njtuh[>
Njt=
• Fg;jg; Nguuir NkYk; tpupTgLj;jpaik.
• jpUkzj; njhlh;Gfs;: ehf tk;rk;> thfhl;l tk;rk;.
• rhfuiu ntw;wpnfhz;L fjpathh; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.
• f pof ;F > Nkw ;F > tlNky ; > g p uNjrq ;fs py ; mj pfhuj ;ij
epiyehl;Ltjw;fhfg; Nghuply;.
• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukp;g;Gf;fis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J Nguurpd;
mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.
82tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fh\;kPu;GU\Guk;
jpngj;
tpj];dh
Neghsk;
fq;fh
ejp
aKdh ejp
fhrp
mu;[{du;fs;rpe;J
re;jpughF
Rg;ghufk;
eu;kjh
kfhejp
fpU\;zd;
gy;yt
u;
fhQ;rpfhNtup
Nrhou;Nruu;
ghz;ba
u;
gy;ytu;
2Mk; re;jpuFg;jdpd; fPOs;s mDkhd vy;iy
rKj;jpuFg;jdpd; tlf;F Aj;j tpahghuk;
Jq;fgj;uh
thfhl;ltu;
Iuhtjp
fu;j;jpupGuk;
kj;utu;fs;
rhj;uu;fs;aFNjtu;fs;
,e;jpugpu];jh
fdhT[;
it\hyprhk;ghy;
khstu;fs;
kfhNfhriy
mgpuh]u;
ke;j#uu;
cNjdp
rhUth
fuu;Ru];ju;
thydp
rhQ;rp
gputhfu;fs;
Ge;jfu;
ghlypGj;jpuu;rk;gh
fu;zhRtu;zh
Gj;jfahrd;
jhkuypg;jp
ehd;fhk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;
Fg;jg; NguuR
83tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;Kjyhk; Fkhu Fg;j kd;dd;
• Ml;rpgPlNkwYk; Ml;rpf; fhyKk;.
• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jik.
• ,Wjpf;fhyg;gFjpapy; NguuR gy rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neh;e;jik:-
G];;]kpj;u Nfhj;jpuf; fpsh;r;rp> `{dupd; Mf;fpukpg;G.
];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;];fe;jFg;j kd;dd;
• Kjyhk; FkhuFg;j kd;ddpd; ,Wjpf; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,sturdhf
,Ue;jNghJ vjpupfspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis Kwpabg;gjw;fhfr;
nraw;gl;lik
• rpk;khrd cupik njhlh;gpy; cz;lhd fpsh;r;rp.
• Fg;jg;Nguurpd; mjpfhuj;ij ntw;wpfukhfg; ghJfhj;jik.
• Fg;jg;Nguurpd; ,Wjp; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j kd;ddhf ,Ue;jik.
];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy];fe;jFg;jdpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; epiy
• ];fe;jFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; Fg;j tk;r kd;dh;fspd; ngah;fs; njhlh;gpy;
njsptpd;ik fhuzkhf gpd;dh; te;j Fg;j kd;dh;fspd; ngah;g;gl;baiyj;
jahupg;gjpy; rpukNkw;gl;Ls;sik. (c+k;) : it\;ztFg;jd;> %d;whk;
FkhuFg;jd;.
• GjFg;j kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; NguuR ,sturh;fspilNa gpupe;J nrd;wik.
• GjFg;j kd;ddpd; gpd;dh; NguuR gpsTglYk; {dh;fspd; gilnaLg;Gk;.
Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;Fg;jupd; eph;thfk;
• mur eph;thfj;jpd; jiytd; murdhthd;.
• murh;fs; gl;lg;ngah;fisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
• mur eph;thfj;jpd; cjtpf;fhf 'ke;jpup gh;\j;" vDk; mikr;ruit
nraw;gl;lik.
• mur eph;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l mjpfhupfs; :-
ghyhjp $h;jh;> kfhjz;lehaf> kfhgpujpfhu> mq;fhuf;\f>
(ghJfhg;gjp;fhup) kfhgpYgjp> re;jptpf;u`pf
• kj;jpa eph;thfk;:- ,sturh;fs;> MAf;jh;fs;
gpuNjr eph;thfk;:- Gf;jp> tp\a> fpuhkk;.
• ifg;gw;wpa ehLfspy; miu Rahl;rp elj;jpaik.
rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;rl;lKk; ePjp kd;wq;fSk;
ePjpia epiyehl;Lk; cah;ePjp kd;wk; ~rgh| vDk; ngaupy;
miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; murd;> ePjpgjp> mikr;rh;fs;> GNuhfpjh;fs;>
vd;Nghh; mq;fk; tfpj;jdh;. ePjp kd;wj; jPh;g;Gfspd;NghJ jh;kk;> rl;lk;>
kuG> murhtzk;> vd;gd mbg;gilahff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJld;
jz;lidfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.
84tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiynghUshjhu epiy
tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-tptrhak;:-
• tptrhaj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
• tptrhak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpjk;> gapupdq;fs;> ePh;g;ghrd Kiw>
tupKiw.
c+k;: tufhukpfpuupd; GU`j;rq;`pjht> uFtk;rk;> mkuNfhrk;>
Kjypa E}y;fspy; fpilf;Fk; jfty;fs;.
ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;ifj;njhopy;
• Vw;Wkjpf;fhfTk; cs;ehl;Lg; ghtidf;fhfTk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fs;:- gl;L> k];ypd;> fk;gsp Jzp tiffs;> rPdp> cNyhf
cw;gj;jp> fg;gw;nwhopy;fs;.
cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L th;j;jfk;
• cs;ehl;L th;j;jfk; :- cw;gj;;jpAk; tpepNahfKk; FO mbg;gilapy;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
• cs;ehl;L th;j;jfg; ghijfs;
• th;j;jf efuq;fs;
• th;j;jfg;nghUl;fs;
fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-fyhrhuk;:-
• rkaj; jj;Jtq;fs;: gpujhdkhf %d;W rkaq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik.
• ,e;J rkak;
• gpuhkz rkak; ,e;J rkakhfg; gupzkpj;jJ.
• irt kw;Wk; it\;zt ek;gpf;iffs; gpugykile;jik.
• rf;jp topghL.
• ,e;J rkaj;jpy; jrhtjhuf; nfhs;if gpugykile;jik.
• ngsj;j rkak;
• ,e;J rka nry;thf;Ff; fhuzkhf Gj;j rhrdk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
• kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; tsh;r;rp:- tRge;J> jpd;dhf> Fkhu[Pt vDk;
rka FUkhh; kfhahd ngsj;j jh;kj;ijg; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;rkz rkak;
RNtjhk;gu> jpfk;gu> vDk; ,U gpuTfspd; mbggilapy; ,r;rkak;; cUthfpaJ.
nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-
• nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-nkhop ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpf;f VJthd fhuzq;fs;:-
• rk];fpUj nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp.
• fy;tp tsh;r;rp
• mur mDruiz
fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-fy;tp:-
• ehye;jh> tpf;fpukrPyh> ty`p gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;.
• ghlj;jpl;lk; tpuptile;jik> rJh;Ntjk;> tuyhW> nkhop> rkak;> vd;gd
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lik.
85tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• fy;tp tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf fy;tpkhd;fs; gyh; cUthfpdh;. c.k;
fhspjhrh;> gtG+jp> Mupag;gl;lh;> tprhfjj;j> jz;bd;> jpd;dhf> etuj;d.
ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;ehye;jh gy;fiyf;fofk;
,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;
• myfghj; fy;ntl;L> #j;jpu fpue;jk;> Nfhr fpue;jk;
• JU];a fhtpak;> kfhfhtpak;> MNhridf;fhtpak;> myq;fhu; fpue;jk;>
jj;Jt E}y;fs;> jh;krh];j;jpu E}y;fs;> fpuf Nrhjpl E}y;fs; Kjypad.
fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-fl;llf; fiy:-
• Fg;jh; Afj;Jf;Fupa fl;llf;fiy vr;rq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• Fiffs;> tpfhiur;rhiyfs;> rq;fhuhk> Njthyak;.
• Fif eph;khzq;fs; cr;rstpy; fhzg;gl;ld.
• fl;llf; fiyapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk;.
• gyk; tha;e;j J}z; eph;khzq;fs;.
• by;yp cNyhfj; J}z;
• nk`uTypj; J}z;
m[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fifm[e;jh Fif
86tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-rpw;gf;fiy :-
• rpiyfs;
• rpw;gf;fiyapd; tpNrl mk;rq;fs;:
• ntspehl;Lr; nry;thf;fpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;bUj;jy;.
• rpiyfspd; %yk; cs;Szh;Tfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
• cilfs; clYld; xl;bajhfr; rpiyfis tbj;jy;.
• jiykaph; kbg;Gf;fsf; nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUj;jy;.
• Gj;jh; rpiyapd; xsp tl;lk; nrJf;fy; fiyak;rkhf mikjy;.
• Gj;jh; rpiyfSk; nja;tr; rpiyfSk; gy;NtW Kj;jpiufspy;
tbf;fg;gly;.
Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;Gj;ju; rpiyfs;
Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-
• ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy;; Xtpaf;fiy gw;wp vOjg;gl;bUe;jik.
• m[e;jh Xtpak;> gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jth;> mtNyhfpNj];tu Nghjprj;jth;
rpiy> kuzj;jUthapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,sturpapd; rpj;jpuk;.
• vy;Nyhuh kw;Wk; ghf; Kjypa Fif Xtpaq;fs;.
• gjhkp Xtpak;> rptd; ghh;tjp rpj;jpuk;.
87tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; m[e;jh gbnahd;wpd; Xtpaq;fs; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu; gj;kghzp Nghjprj;Jtu;
Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp :-
• ];fe;j Fg;jdpd; gpd;dh; gytPdkhd kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpgPlNkwpaik.
• murFLk;g ,sturupilNaahd rpk;khrd cupikg; Nghuhl;lk;.
• gpuNjr Ml;rpahsh;fs; Rje;jpukile;jik.
c+k; - khs;thtpy; gukhuh;> tyh`papy; ikj;jpupah;> fNdh[j;jpy;
nksfupfh;> jhNd];tuj;jpy; G];aG+j;jpah;.
• ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;:- thfhlfu;fs;> `_du;fs;.
Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs; (rpq;fsk;)
• Fg;jg; NguuR - gQ;Qhrpj;jp Njuh;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhW - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;.
• ,e;jpa tuyhW - vk;.uP. g];ehaf;f.
88tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
Fg;jg; Nguurpd; jiyrpwe;j kd;dd; rKj;jpu Fg;jdh my;yJ ,uz;lhk; re;jpu
Fg;jdh vDk; jiyg;gpy; tpthjnkhd;iw elj;Jf.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• tFg;giwia ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J nghUj;jkhd jiyth;fis
epakpf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• jfty; jpul;lf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khztiu mwpT+l;Lf.
• tpthjj;jpw;Fupa ehisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• FOr; nraw;ghl;il Nkw;ghh;it nra;f.
• tpthjnkhd;wpd; NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tpjpfisg; NgZf.
• tpthj Kbtpy; gyk; gytPdk; vd;gdtw;iwr; Rl;bf;fhl;b FiwghLfis
epth;j;jpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Fg;jg; Nguurpd; eph;thf Kiw vDk; jiyg;gpy; xg;gilnahd;iw jahupf;Ff.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• khzth; jfty; jpul;lf; $ba E}y;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• jh;f;f uPjpahd tpsf;fq;fis Kd;itf;FkhW MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;il xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• xg;gilia kjpg;gPL nra;f.
89tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF - 8myF - 8myF - 8myF - 8myF - 8
gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;gy;ytupd; murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;
Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :-Njh;r;rp :- njd;dhrpa tyaj;jpy; gy;ytupd; murpay;> fyhrhu eltbf;iffs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-
8.1 gy;ytupd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.
8.2 gy;yt fyhrhuk; gw;wpa jfy;fis tpsf;Fth;.
8.3 gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwTfs; gw;wpAk; me;ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l gy;yt
nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wpAk; tpgupg;gh;.
ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- 12
fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-fw;wy; tpisTfs; :-
• gy;ytupd; tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;F cjTk; ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fisAk;
njhy;nghUs; %yhjhuq;fisAk; ,dk; fhz;gh;.
• gy;ytupd ;murpay; guk;giy GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjd; %yk;
mwpe;J nfhs;th;.
• gy;ytupd; eltbf;iffs; ntspehLfspy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s nry;thf;if
,yq;ififa mbg;gilahf itj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;th;.
• gy;ytupd; fyhrhu tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpkh;rd uPjpahfTk; Muha;tu;.
mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-mwpKfk; :-
Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpAld; fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; jf;fzj;jpYk;
mjd; njw;fpYk; RahjPd ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gy cUthfpd. mtw;Ws; fhQ;rpia
jiyefuhff; nfhz;L cUthd gy;yt ,uhr;rpak; gyk; ngWtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gutyile;j gy;yt fyhrhuk; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;gplk;
ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. mr;nry;thf;F njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfSf;Fg; gutpr;
nrd;wikia me;ehLfspy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> njhy; nghUl;fs;
%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,e;J rkak; kWkyh;r;rp fz;lJ. fhQ;rpGuj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;L gy;yt fl;llf; fiyAl;gl tsu;r;rp ngw;w Vida fiyfs; kw;Wk;
nkhop> ,yf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpiaAk; fw;gNj ,t;tyfpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
90tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b :-
gy;yt tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;fhd ,yf;fpa> njhy; nghUs; %yhjhuq;fs;:
• jz;bapd; jrFkhur; rupjk;> fhtpa juprdk;
• kNfe;jpurh;kdpd; kj;jtpyhr gpuge;ek;
• gjQ;rypapd; - ,yf;fz E}y;
• `pAd;rhdpd; mwpf;if
• my`hghj; fy;ntl;L
• ma;N`hy; fy;ntl;L
• jkpo; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; VLfSk;.
• rpijTfs; - Fiffs;> Njthyaq;fs;> J}z;fs;.
gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-gy;ytupd; mjpfhug; guty; :-
• fp.gp. 4 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 9Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gy;ytuhl;rp
epiyj;jik.
• tlf;Nf fpU\;zh ejp Kjy; njw;Nf fhNtup ejp tiu gy;ytuhl;rpapd;
vy;iyfshFk;.
• fhQ;rp efuNk gy;ytupd; jiyefukhFk;.
• rkfhy njd;dpe;jpa muRfSldhd Nghh;fs;.
• fpU\;zh> Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpfSf;fpilg;gll gpuNjrj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
mg;gpuNjrk; ePz;l fhy mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;bUe;j tpjKk;.
gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-gy;yt kd;dh;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfspd; RUf;fk; :-
- rpq;f tp\;Z kd;dd; (f.gp. 575 -600) Nrho> Nru> ghz;ba kd;dh;fis
Njhw;fbj;J fhNtup ejp tiu gy;yt mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;baik.
- kNfe;jpu th;k kd;dd; (f.gp. 600 - 630) gy;ytupd; vOr;rp.
- gy;yt - rhSf;fpa mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Muk;gk;> rhSf;fpa
kd;ddhd ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp fhQ;rp efiu mopj;jik.
- Kjyhk; eurpq;th;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 630 - 668) ,uz;lhk; GypNfrpapd;
Mf;fpukpg;ig Kwpabj;jik> rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik>
ghz;ba Njrj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik> ,yq;ifapy; khdtk;k kd;dDld;
nfhz;bUe;j njhlh;G.
- Kjyhk; guNk];tuth;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 670 - 695) gy;ytu; kw;Wk;
rhSf;fpau;fSld; Nghu; elj;jpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; eurpq;ftu;kd; (fp.gp. 695 - 722) kPz;Lk; mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ,yq;ifAw;gl Vida Mrpa ehLfSld; njhlh;ig
Vw;gLj;jpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; gy;ytky;y kd;dd; (fp.gp. 731 - 765) ghz;bah;
kw;Wk; NrhoUld; elhj;jpa Nghh;fs;> ,uh];bu$l mur tk;rj;Jld;
jpUkzj; njhlh;Gfis vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
- %d;whk; ee;jptu;k kd;dd; (fp.gp. 844 - 866) ghz;ba ,uhr;rpaj;Jld;
Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;> Nrhoh;> ,uh];bu $lUld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
el;gwTld; ghz;baiu ntw;wp nfhz;lik.
91tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-gy;yt fyhrhuk; :-
• fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-fl;llf;fiy :-
Fiff; Nfhapy;> NfhGuf;Nfhapy;> ,ujf;Nfhapy;> kz;lgk; vd;gtw;wpd;
tpN\l ,yl;rzq;fs;.
• Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-Xtpaf;fiy :-
RtNuhtpak;> $iu Xtpak; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpN\l gz;Gfs;.
• rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.rpw;gf;fiyAk; nrJf;fy;fiyAk;.
rptd;> tp\;Z> Jh;f;if rpiyfSk; mtw;wpd; tpN\l ,yl;rzq;fSk;.
kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;kfh ty;ypGu Njthyak;
gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-gy;ytupd; ntspehl;LwT :-
- gy;yth; ntspehl;Lwitg; Ngzpa ehLfs; :- ,yq;if> gh;kh> rPak;>
Rkhj;jpuh> [hth> fk;G+r;rpah> rPdh.
- Mrpa ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l th;j;jfj; njhlh;Gfs;.
ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:ntspehLfspy; gy;yth; nry;thf;F:
- ntspehLfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l rpwg;ghd th;j;jfk; fhuzkhf gy;yt
fyhrhuk; me;ehLfsp;y; gutpaJ.
- gy;yt nry;thf;fpw;Fl;gl;l ntspehl;Lf; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;:
c+k; :- ehye;j rpiy kid
jpupahatl;l jhJkid
,RWKdpa kdpjDk; FjpiuAk; (nrJf;fy;)
92tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1
gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.gy;ytuhl;rp gutyile;j gpuNjrq;fis GwTUtg;glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;jy;.
• ,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• FOf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; Njrg;glk; gw;wp khztiu
mwpT+l;Lf.
• tiuglj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
• gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtJld; nghUj;jkhd epajpfSld; kjpg;gPL nra;f.
nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2
gy;ytupd; ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs; gw;wp gj;jpupiff;F Mf;fk; xd;W vOJf.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• Xg;gilf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fs; jpul;lf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp
khztUf;F mwpT+l;Lf.
• xg;gilia toq;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• xt;Nthh; xg;gilahf kjpg;gPL nra;J gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.
Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:Nkyjpf thrpg;G:
E}y;fs; - ,e;jpa tuyhW
nlhl;nty; vk;. vk;. - Nfk;gpup[; RUf;f tuyhW
93tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9
Fg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;GFg;j Afj;jpd; ,WjpapypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G
tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;Wtiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;W
jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;jpUg;gq;fs;
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp> mjd; guty; njhlh;ghf Muha;e;J
mit %yk; fPioj;Nja cyFf;F fpilj;j ed;nfhilfs; gw;wp
tpsf;Fth;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-
9.1 Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd
fhyj;Js; ,lk;ngw;w tl ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;
njhlh;ghd jfty;fis tpsf;Fth;.
9.2 ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpy; K];ypk; gilnaLg;Gf;fs; gutyhd khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.
fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:
• `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fNdh[; typikaile;j tpjk; gw;wp njspit
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
• `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; jpf;tp[a Nghuhl;lj;ij glk; Fwpj;jy; %yk;
,dq;fz;L nfhs;sy;.
• fNdh[; Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;fhf $h;[u-gphPjp`hu> ghy> uh];bu$l Mfpa
%d;W gphptpdUk; gq;fspg;G nra;j tpjk; gw;wpa njspitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
• tl ,e;jpa murpay;> fyhrhu tsh;r;rpf;fhf ghy kd;dh;fs; Mw;wpa
Nritfis tpsf;Fjy;.
ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - ghlNtis - 22
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
Fg;j NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jNjhL tl,e;jpa murpaypy; Fog;gfukhdnjhU #o;epiy
cUthapw;W. gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fs; gy cUthdNjhL> mitfspilNa jhNd];tu
G+];aG+jp murtk;rKk; fq;if ejpaUfpyhd fNdh[; nksfhp mur tk;rKk;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wf;$baitfshf mike;jd. ,e;j mur tk;rq;fs; ,uz;Lk;
xd;wpizej;jhy; tl ,e;jpahtpNy murpay; hPjpahf cWjpahdnjhU NguuR
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ. `h;\th;jddpd; gpd;dh; tl ,e;jpahtpNy fhNdh[pd;
Mjpgj;jpaj;ij epiy ehl;bf;nfhs;s %d;W rf;jpfs; Nghhpl;ld. $h;[u-g;ujp`hu>
uh\;bu $l kw;Wk; ghy Mfpa mur tk;rq;fspilNa %tk;rg; Nghuhl;lk;
Vw;gl;lJ. rrq;fdpd; gpd; tq;fhsj;jpy; Vw;gl;l murpay; gytPdk; fhuzkhf
ghy mur tk;rk; typikaile;j tpjj;ijAk; mth;fsJ Nritfspd; kjpg;G
94tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTf;F Vw;gl;l muhgpa> JUf;fp K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G fhuzkhf
,e;jpahtpNyw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghfNt ,t;tyfpd; %yk; Muhag;gLk;.
ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b:
Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;Fg;j Afj;jpd; KbtpypUe;J K];ypk;fspd; gilnaLg;G tiuapyhd fhyj;Js;
tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.tl ,e;jpah tuyhw;wpNyw;gl;l Kf;fpa jpUg;gq;fs;.
`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp`h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fhNdh[pd; vOr;rp
- Fg;jg; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd; tl ,e;jpah gy gpupTfshf
gpsTw;wik.
- tygpia kj;jpa];jhdkhf;fpf; nfhz;l ikj;ufh;fs;.
- fNdhi[ ikag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nksfhP murtk;rk;.
- nfsl Njrk;-rrq;f kd;dd; (tq;fhs gpuNjrk;)
- jhNd];tuj;ij kj;jpa epiyakhf;fpf; nfhz;l G+\;aG+jp.
- G+\;aG+jp murtk;rk; - gpughfuth;jdd;.
- <]hdth;kdpd; fPo; typikngw;w nksfhP mur tk;rj;jpw;Fk; G+\;aG+jp
murtk;rj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gl;l tpthf njhlh;ghy; Vw;gl;l murpay;
njhlh;G.
- jhNd];tuKk;> fNdh[{k; ,izjy;.
- khy;thTf;Fk; (Njrk;) nfsl Njrj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjy;.
- jhNd\;tuj;ij kj;jpa epiyakhff; nfhz;l G+\;aG+jp mur tk;rj;jpd;
vOr;rpAk; typikailjYk;.
- `h;\th;jd kd;ddpd; fPo; fNdh[pd; vOr;rp.
- tygp> $h;[u kd;dh;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;.
- rpe;J gpuNjrj;Jldhd Nkhjy;.
- fpof;fpe;jpa kfj> nfsl> mTj; kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh ,uhr;rpaq;fSld;
Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;.
- `h;\th;jd kd;dd; gpuNjrq;fs; gytw;iwak; tlf;Nf gP hh;> tq;fhsk;>
mTj; Nfhy;nfhe;jh kw;Wk; xhp];]h cl;gl fpof;fpe;jpa gpuNjrq;fspy;
jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gutr; nra;jik.
- Ml;rp Kiw
- `h;\dpd; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; -rPdhTldhd njhlh;Gk; - rka
rk;NksdKk;.
- Fg;jg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd; tl ,e;jpa murpaypy; xUikg;ghl;il
Vw;gLj;Jjypy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
95tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp`h;\ kd;ddpd; NguuRg; glh;r;rp
fpfpfpfpfp g pg pg pg pg p
,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpahmDkhd vy;iy
ghz;ba
u;Nruu;
Nrhou;
fhNtup fhQ;rpgy;ytu;Jq
;fgj;jpuh
fpU\;zh
rhSf;fpau;
Nfhjhtupfy
pq;fk;
kfhejp
2k; GypNfrpapd;
fPo;
thy`pthy`pthy`pthy`pthy`p
cNjdpcNjdpcNjdpcNjdpcNjdpfr;irfr;irfr;irfr;irfr;ir`u;r NguuR`u;r NguuR`u;r NguuR`u;r NguuR`u;r NguuR
jhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jpjhkuypg;jp
rkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jrkjj;jnfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;nfhd;lu;kf
jk;
kfjk
;
kfjk
;
kfjk
;
kfjk
; fu;zfu;zfu;zfu;zfu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;zRtu;z
Ge;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhGe;j;uhtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jdtu ;j ;jd
fhk&
gk;
fhk&
gk;
fhk&
gk;
fhk&
gk;
fhk&
gk;Neghsk;
Neghsk;Neghsk;Neghsk;Neghsk;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;fNdh[;
aKdh
aKdh
aKdh
aKdh
aKdh
fq;if
fq;if
fq;if
fq;if
fq;if
jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;jpngj;
,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh,e;jpu gpu];jh
[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh[ye;juh
$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;$u;[u;fs;
rpe;J ejp
rpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;Jrpe ;J
Iuhtjp
fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;fh\;kPu ;
fhrpfhrpfhrpfhrpfhrpitrhyp
eu;kjh
thjhgp
IN`hy;
fpof;Fr;
fpof;Fr;
fpof;Fr;
fpof;Fr;
fpof;Fr;
rhSf;fpau ;fs;
rhSf;fpau ;fs;
rhSf;fpau ;fs;
rhSf;fpau ;fs;
rhSf;fpau ;fs;
nfhd;Nfhl
gpuahfau; Gj;;jfah
ghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuhghlypGj;jpuh
rj&f
;fs;
re;jpughfu;
GU\Guk;
NeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhupNeNerhup
tpd];jh
96tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.fNdh[py; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.
- `h;\dpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd;Dk; fNdh[; tl,e;jpahtpNy gykhd kj;jpa
epiyakhf 10 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; tpsq;fpaik.
- `h;\dpd; kiwtpd; gpd;dh; fNdh[pd; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf %d;W rf;jpfs;
jiyaPL nra;jik.
- Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; uh[Gj;jhdhtpd; $h;[u gpujp`huh;fs;.
- fpof;Nf fq;iff; fiuapd; ghy mur tk;rk;.
- Nkw;F jf;fzj;jpd; ,uh\;bu$lh;fs;.
- Kg;gphpT Nghuhl;lj;jpy; $h;[u - gpujp`h;fspd; gq;F.
- Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj;jpYk;> uh[Gj;jhdj;jpYk; typikailjy;.
- Muk;gfh;j;jh `hp\;re;jpu gpuhkzd;
- Kjyhk; ehfgl;l
- tj;ruh[ - tq;fhs jh;kghy kd;dDldhd Nkhjy;.
- uh\;bu$l Ml;rpahsd; l;NutTldhd Nkhjy;.
- ,uz;lhk; ehfgl;l - jh;kghy kd;dDld; Nghuhb fNdhi[
ifg;gw ;w paikAk; k Pz ;Lk ; uh\ ;bu$l Nfhtpe ;j %yk ;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;likAk;.
- Kjyhk; Ngh[ (kp`puNgh[) fNdhi[ jd;dbikg;gLj;jpaik.
- kNfe;jpughy
- k`Pghy - tl ,e;jpahitAk; jf;fzj;ijAk; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; kNfe;jpu ghy - ,uz;lhk; k`Pghy tp[aghy Mfpa
kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; gpujP`huh;fspd; mjpfhuk; fNdhi[ Rw;wpa
gpuNjrq;fSf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gly;.
- ,Wjp gpujp`hu kd;dd; jphpNyhr;rd ghyd; f[;dp K`kJtpd;
Mf;fpukpg;G cl;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf gpujp`huh;fspd; gyk;
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
- gpujp`huh;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
- xU E}w;whz;lsthd fhyg;gFjpapy; tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpaiy
];jpug;gLj;jpapUe;jik.
- 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diuf; $w;wpy; K];ypk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fsplk;
,Ue;J tl ,e;jpahitg; ghJfhj;jik.
- Kg;gphptpdhpilahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,uh\;bu$lh;fspd; gq;F.
- Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; je;jpJh;f.
- 8Mk; E}w ;whz;bd; eLf ;$w ;w py ; rhSf;f pah ;fsplkpUe ;J
k`huh\;buj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mq;F uh\;bu$l gyj;ij tpahgpj;jik.
- fhQ;rp> fypq;fk;> njd;Nfhriy> khy;th kw;Wk; yhl Mfpa
gpuNjrq;fspy; Mjpf;fj;ij gug;gpaik.
- l;Nutpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; - gpujp`hu kd;ddhd tj;ruh[itAk;
tq;fhsj;jpd; jh;kghyitAk; Njhw;fbj;J fNdhi[f; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- %d;whk; Nfhtpe;j - gpujp`huh;fSf;Fk; ghyh;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf
Nghupl;lik.
97tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
----- gpujp`hu kd;ddhd ehfgl;litAk; mtdJ FWepy kd;ddhftpUe;J
fNdhi[ Mz;l ,e;uhAjitAk; Njhw;fbj;J fNdhi[ ,uh\;bu
$l Ml;rpapd; fPo; mbikg;gLj;jpdhYk; kPz;Lk; mJ ifeOtpaik.
- ,uz;lhtJ Kiw fNdhi[ Mf;fpukpj;j Nfhtpe;jd; fq;if> aKid
Mfpa ,UgFjpfisAk; KOikahf ifg;gw;wpaik.
- %d;whk; ,e;u - k`Pghy vDk; ghytk;r muridj; Njhw;fbj;J
fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaik - kPz;Lk; k`Pghy typik ngw;wik.
- %d;whk; fpU\;zd; - k`Pghyit Njhw;fbj;J fNdh[pd; xU
gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- ,uh\;bu$lh;fspd; tPo;r;rp - ,Wjp kd;dd; IV Mk; mNkhfth;\.
- Kg;gphptpdhpilapyhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghy kd;dh;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; -
ghy kd;dh;fspd; murpay; fyhrhu NritfSk;.
- rrq;f kd;ddpd; kuzj;NjhL tq;fhs murpay; gytPdkile;jik.
- ghy murtk;rk;; Nfhghy kd;dDld; njhlq;fpaik.
- jh;kghy kd;ddpd; murpay; gq;fspg;G.
- jh;kghyDf;Fk; - gpujp`hu tj;ruh[Df;Fkpilapyhd Nghhpy;
jh;kghydpd; Njhy;tp
- gpujp`hu - ,uh\;bu$l Nghuhl;lk; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; jh;kghyu;
gykile;jik.
- fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaikAk; mij rf;uhAj vDk; FWepy kd;dDf;F
Ml;rp nghWg;gspj;jikAk;.
- Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa gQ;rhg;> jhNd\;th;> n[a;g;G+h;> khy;th>
rpe;J ejpf;fiuapd; xU gFjpAk; jh;kghydpd; Mjpgj;jpaj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lik.
- tq;fhsKk;> gP`hUk; jh;kghydpd; Neub fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo;
itf;fg;gl;lik.
- NeghsKk; mtdJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gl;lik.
- jh;kghyDf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; ehfgl;lTf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjypy; fNdh[;
gpujp`huh;fSf;Fl;gl;lik> %d;whk; Nfhtpe;j vDk; ,uh\;bu$l
Ml;rpahsd; gpujp`huu; ttypikia tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jikahy;
jh;kghy kPz;Lk; typik ngw;wik.
- ,uh\;bu $l tk;r ,sturpia jpUzk; nra;jjd; %yk; jdJ
typikia NkYk; cWjpgLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
Njtghy - NkYk; Nguurpd; vy;iyfis tp];jhpj;jik Nkw;Nf fhk;Ngh[k;> njw;Nf
tpe;jpa kiytiuAk; xup];]h> mrhk; tiuapy; mjpfhuj;ij
gutyilar; nra;jik.
gpujp`huh;fSlDk; ,uh\;bu $lh;fSlDk; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;fs;.
- gpujp`hu Njtgl;l fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpaik.
- FWfpa fhyj;Js; kPz;Lk; Njtghy fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
- gpujp`huNgh[ kd;dDld; Nghh; nra;jik.
- ghz;ba = khw = ty;ygDld; Nghu; nra;jik.
- Njtghyhtpd; gpd;dh; ghy kd;dh;fsJk; ghy mur tk;rj;jpdJk;
tPo;r;rp.
- Kjyhk; tahf;fpughy - ehuhad;ghy
- ,uh\;bu$l Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r kd;dd; ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;jik.
98tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- gpuj;jp`hu Ngh[Dk; kNfe;jpu ghy kd;dDk; ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;J njw;F gP hh; tlf;F tq;fhsk; Mfpatw;iw ifg;gw;wpaik.
- mrhk;> xup];]h Ml;rpahsh;fs; RahjPdkile;jik.
- %d;whk; fpU\;zd; ,uh\;bu$l kd;ddhd ghy ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;J nfsj Njrj;ij ifg;gw;wpaik.
- tpthf njhlh;ghy; ,uh\;bu $lh;fSk; ghyh;fSk; xw;Wikg;gl;ljd;
tpisthf ehuhaz;ghy kd;ddpd; ,Wjp Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;
tq;fhsj;jpYk;> gP`hhpYk; mjpfhuj;ij ghJfhf;f Kbe;jik.
- uh[;[paghy> ,uz;lhk; Nfhghy> ,uz;lhk; tahf;fpughy kd;dh;fspd;
fhyq;fspy; ghy ,uhr;rpak; gytPdkile;jJ.
- Kjyhk; k`Pghy - ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; %yk;Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lik
ghy ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Kbthf mike;jJ.
- ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.ghy ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fyhrhu tpUj;jp.
- jh;kghyh - Gj;jrhrdj;jpd; rpNu\;l Mjuthsdhf tpsq;fpaik.
- tpf;uk\Pyh fy;tp kj;jpa epiyak; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
- ngsj;j jh;kj;ij fw;gjw;fhf Ik;gjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fy;tp epiyaq;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;lik.
- kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; jpngj;jpYk; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpYk;
gpugy;akile;jikAk;.
- fyhrhu eltbf;iffspy; rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaq;fspd; tpUj;jp.
- ghtNjtgl;l> [pKj;jth`d Nghd;w mwpQh;fspd; Nrit.
- tq;fhs nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp
- ghy nrJf;fy; fiy El;gk;> Neghsk;> jpngj;> gh;kh> ,e;J> rPdh>
,e;NjhdP\pa fiyfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaik.
ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;ghy nrJf;fy; rpw;gk;
tpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyhtpf;ukrPyh
99tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fh\;kPu;
jpngf;
mrhk;
gpuk;k Gj;uh ejp
gpuk;k Gj;uh ej
p
\h p];
Neghsk;
g`hu;Guk;kd;fpu;
ghyu;fs;
gune];
Ky;jhd;
muhgpau;
,e;J ejp
kd;Ruh`p
muhgpau;
fhu;dy;
,e;jpug; gpu];jh
9Mk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpapy;
,e;jpah
fypq;fk;
kfh e
jp
cj;fyh
fpof;F
rhSf;fpau;fs
;;
Nrhou;fhNtup ejp
Nruu;
ghz;bau;
N[yk; ejp
N\dhg; ejp
uhtp ejp
rj;Ny[; ejp gpa]; ejp
aKdh e
jp
fdhT[;
fq;if ejp Gkpjp ejp
Nfhf;uh ejpejp
ghlg; fq;if
cNjdp
gukhu;fs;
eu;kjh ejp
j;gjp ejp
Nfhjhthup ejp
fpU\;z ejp
ejp
Jq;fGj;uh
fl hay
N[hj;G+u;
,uh\;l $lu;fs;
rk;gy;;
mDkhd vy;iy
100tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
muhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;Gmuhgpa JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;G
- K`k;kJ egpapd; gpd;dh; ,];yhk; rkaj;jpdJk; K];ypk; NguurpdJk;
ghJfhg;ghsh;fshf tpsq;fpa fyPghf;fspd; fPo; rphpah> <uhf;> kp];h;>
ghur Pfk ; > Fuhrd;> vdNlhypah tiu K];ypk ;fspd; gyk;
tpahgpjkile;jNjhL vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L KbtilAk; fl;lj;jpy; tl
Mgphpf;fh> ];ghdpah> JUf;fp tiuapYk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; kj;jpa Mrpah
tiuf;Fk; gutp tprhy Nguurhf cUntLj;jJ.
- vl;lhk; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; muhgpah;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpah;fSf;filapYk;
,lk;ngw;w th;j;jfk; %ykhd rkhjhdj; njhlh;Gfs;.
- K];ypk;fspd; murpay; rka eltbf;iffspd; nghWg;G fyPghf;fspd;
iffSf;F khwpaNjhL rkhjhd cwTfspy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rp.
- fp.gp 636 njhlf;fk; 664 tiu Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; JiwKf gpuNjrq;fspd;
kPJ Vw;gl;l muhgpa nfhs;isf;fhuh;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;G.
fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;fp.gp.700fspd; gpd;dh; ,e;jpahTf;nfjpuhd muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs;
- gYfp];jhd; gpuNjrKk; kf;uhd; fzthAk; muhgpau;fSf;Fl;gl;lik
<uhf; gpuNjr jsgjp `[;[h[; ,g;D A+]{g; %yk; ,e;jpah %d;W
Kiw Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F cl;gl;lik.
- mg;Nghija rpe;J gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhd jh`piu Njhw;fbj;J
mg;gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- fp.gp. 715 ,y; Ky;jhidf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- rpe;J Ky;jhd; cl;gl;l Nkw;fpe;jpa gpuNjrk; KOtJk; Rkhh; xd;wiu
E}w;whz;Lfs; fyPghf;fspd; fPo; fhzg;gl;lik.
- ,e;jpah;fspd; gpsT> kd;dh;fspd; nghWg;gw;w jd;ik> K];ypk;fs;
KOf;ftdj;NjhL Nghuhbaik Nghd;w fhuzq;fNs Nkw;F ,e;jpahit
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s VJthf mike;jd.
- K`k;kJ ,g;D fh]pkpd; gpd;dh; mNugpa ghydj;jpd; tPo;r;rp.
muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;muhgpa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; tpisTfs;
- ,];yhk; rkaj;jpd; guty;.
- muhgpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu mk;rq;fspd; nry;thf;F
,e;jpahTf;F fpilj;jik.
- ,e;jpaf; fyhrhuk; muhgpa gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutpaik.
JUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;GJUf;fp Mf;fpukpg;G
- 11Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; tl ,e;jpah murpay; hPjpahf tPo;;r;rpAw;wpUe;jik.
- gy rpW ,uhr;rpaq;fshf gpsTw;wUe;jik (`pe;Jrh`p ,uhr;rpak;>
fh\;kPh;> fNdh[; (gpupjp`huh;fs;) ghy ,uhr;rpak;>re;njy;y> gukhw>
rhSf;fpa> uh[Gj;jpu Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; rpythFk;)
- 10 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpastpy; fyPghf;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
tpLgl;l K];ypk; Ml;rpahsu;fs; Rje;jpu muRfisj; jhgpj;jik.
101tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Fj; jpiraUNf mike;jpUe;j gpuNjrkhd
Mg;fhdp];jhdpd; JUf;fp K];ypk; ghydnkhd;W nraw;gl;lik.
- Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; 'f];dpia" ikakhff; nfhz;L mypGj;jPd; - vd;gth;
K];ypk; ,uhrjhdpnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jpaik.
- mypGj;jPdpd; gpd;dh; rGUj;jPd; NkYk; K];ypk;fspd; gyj;ij
tpahgpj;jik - fp.gp.990 mstpy; Nkw;Fj; jpirA+lhf ,e;jpahTf;Fs;
EioAk; gpujhd fztha; khh;f;fq;fs; gytw;iwAk; Rw;wpAs;s
gpuNjrq;fisAk; K];ypk;fs; jkf;F fPo; nfhz;L te;jik.
- f];dp K`kJ
- 17 jlit ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.
- fjpathh;> rpe;J> Ky;jhd;> gQ;rhg; gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ij
gutyilar; nra;jik.
- K`kjpd; eltbf;iffs; tl ,e;jpahtpd; ,e;J ghydj;ij
gytPdkilar; nra;jJ.
102tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR
f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR
f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR
f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR
f[;dp Kfk;kjpd; NguuR
fpyhd;
f\;tpd;
nj
uhd;
`kjhd
;
f\jhd;
,];gh`
hd;
gh];
g+gPu;
ghurPff; Flh
Xkhd; Flh
kf;uhd;
\puh]; fpu;khd
;
fpu;khd
;
na];jp
,];gh`
hd;
f\hd;
Nua;
jgup];jhd
;
f];gpad; fly;jp
p];jhd
;
[{u;[hd;
fp\hG+u;
Jp];jhd
;
f\; ghiytdk;
ikU
Gfhuh
l;uhd;]; xf;rpahdh
rku;fz
;Lrpu;ju;ah
muGf;fly;
F];jhu;
D];fp
rp];jhd;
rkpd;jthu;
rGyp];jhd
;
#u;
mKju;ah
gy;gp
[{\
;[jd;
rhup];jhd;
fhG+y; ejpfgpup];jhd
;fhG+y;
r];dh
fe;j`
hu;
f;Ntl;lh
k];Jd;f;
f];jp
F];jhu;rpe;J ejp
Ky;jhd
;%y;jhd
;;
jhu; ghiytdk; ;
n[hj;#u;
cijg;G+u;;
md;fpy;thu;
rhY
f;fpam[;Nku;;
cNjdp
n[a;g;G+u;
kJiu
by;yp
yh$u;
fh\
;kPu;
G+dk;;
fq;if
aKid
fyG+up
gukhu
gpuk;kGj;jpuh
Nrhkehj;
103tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;
fhNtupejp
Nrhog;
NguuR
Jq;f gj;uhejp
f p U \ ; z
ejp
thuq;fy;ntq;fp
rhSf;fpau;
fypq;fk;Nfhjhtup
ejp
jpNahfPu;
jg;jp ejpNrhk;ehj;
eu;kjh ejp
cNjdp
kfh e
jprhSf;fpau;
(nrhyd;;fP]
;)
mepy; tu
Rk;uu;fs;
,e;J ejp
nrs`d;fs; Kj;juh
fhy#upfs;
re;jdu; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
gudh];
fr;rfu;fs;aKdh e
jp
guku;fs;
Njhkuu;fs;
gpuk;kGj;uhej
p
gpupahf;
by;yp
f];dp
Kfk;kJ NguuR
fh\;kPu;
fq;fh ejp
1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;1030 ,y;
,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah
gpuk;kGj;uhejp
104tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ$h;K`kJ
- f] ;d p K`kj pd ; g p wF f] ;d p Njrj ; j pd ; Ml ; r p $h ;
Ml;rpahsh;fSf;Fl;gl;lJ.
- $h; Ml;rpahsd; K`kjpd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G
- 1175,y; Nghyhd; fzthA+lhf Nkw;nfhz;l gilnaLg;G
- 1192 mstpy; rpe;J> Ky;jhd;> gQ;rhg; tiuapy; gutp jiud; Aj;jj;jpy;
<Lgll;lik.
- tl ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiy ehl;Ltjpy; $h;K`kjpd;
eltbf;iffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
- tl ,e;jpa ,e;J ,uhr;rpaq;fis ifg;gw;wp Nkw;fpe;jpa vy;iyfspy;
ghJfhg;guz;fis epWtpaik.
FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;FJGj;jPd;-Igf;
- ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F FJGj;jPd; Igf;if Ml;rpahsdhf
epakpj;jik.
- jpy;ypia kj;jpa epiyakhf;fpf; nfhz;l FJGj;jPd; Igf;Fld; Muk;gkhd
mbik mur tk;rj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpah K];ypk; Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;F
cl;gl;lik.
- K];ypk;fpspd; Mjpgj;jpak; mJ tiuapUe;j ,e;jpa ehfhPfj;jpy;
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaik.
Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;
� fUzhjh] g;spA.vk; - kj;jpafhy ,e;jpah (rpq;fsk;)
� jhgh;> nuhkpyh - ,e;jpa tuyhW (rpq;fsk;)
� k[{k;jhh; - ,e;jpa tuyhW (jkpo;)
105tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1
Kf;Nfhz Nghuhl;lk; njhlh;ghd ml;ltiznahd;iw jahhpj;jy;.
Kf;Nfhz Aj;jj;jpy; murh;fs; Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs; Aj;jj;jpy;
<Lgl;l mur tk;rq;fs; <Lgl;l
re;ju;g;gq;fs;
,jd;gb Kf;Nfhz Nghhpy; njhlh;Ggl;l mur tk;rq;fs;> kd;dh;fs;>
Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghhpw;fhd fhuzk; my;yJ re;jh;g;gk;
njhlh;ghf NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tifapyhd ml;ltiz jahhpj;jy;
,q;F vjph;ghhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
� ,jpy; FOr; nraw;ghlhf khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
� jfty; jpul;Ltjw;fhf xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jiyg;Gfis toq;Ff.
1. FO - Kf;Nfhz Aj;jj;jpy; njhlh;Gw;w mur tk;rq;fSk;>
kd;dh;fSk;
2. FO - Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs;.
3. FO - <Lgl;l re;jh;g;gq;fs;.
� ml;ltiznahd;iw tFg;giwf;F njhpAk; tpjkhf fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jj;jkJ nraw;ghLfis G+uzg;gLj;j re;jh;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
� khztu; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpg;gjD}lhf gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
FOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghLFOr;nraw;ghL
� tFg;G khzth;fis FOf;fshfg; gphpj;J xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; gpd;tUk;
jiyg;Gfspy; xt;nthd;iw toq;Ff.
1. FO - K`kJ ,g;D fh]pk;
2. FO - rGUj;jPd;
3. FO - f];dp K`kJ
4. FO - $h; K`kJ
� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; jkf;F fpilj;j jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g jfty; Nrfhpf;f
cjTf.
� jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;L vOj;J my;yJ Ngr;R %yk; jkJ
jiyg;gpd; fPo; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f ,lkspf;Ff.
� khzth;fspd; Kd;itj;jiy mtjhdpj;J gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.
106tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10
rhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;frhSf;fpa> ,uh\;bu$l> ghz;ba tk;rq;fspd; RUf;f
murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.murpay; tuyhW.
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : jf;fpz Njrj;jpd; Kf;fpa gpuNjr ,uhr;rpaq;fspd; tuyhw;iw
tpsf;Fth;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
10.1 ,e;jpa jf;fpzj;Jf;nfjpuhd rhSf;fpah;fspd; eltbf;iffis Muha;th;.
10.2 ,uh\;bu$lh;fspdJk; ghz;bah;fspdJk; murpay; nraw;ghLfs;
njhlh;ghf ghprPyid nra;th;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 20
fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :
• thjhgp (gjhkp) rhSf;fpah;fspd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fth;.
• ntq;fpia ikakhff; nfhz;L fpof;Nf rhSf;fpah;fspd; mjpfhuk;
gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
• ghz;ba murpd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fth;.
• mjpfhukpf;Nfhh; gytPdkhdth;fis Njhy;tpailar; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij
,uh\;bu $lh;fspd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;jpD}lhf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;th;.
mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:
,uz;L E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf mjpfhuj;jpypUe;j ,uh\;bu$lh;fs; jf;fzj;jpy;
gykhd Nguunrhd;iw tpahgpf;f Kaw;rpj;jdh;. tl ,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpj;J
ghy mur tk;rj;NjhLk; Nghh;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. tpe;jpa kiyf;F njw;Nf
rhSf;fpah;fisAk; Njhy;tpailar; nra;J jf;fzj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wdh;.
rhSf;fpah;fs; fpof;F> Nkw;F vd ,uz;L tk;rq;fspd; fPo; gutyile;jdh;.
thjhgp my;yJ gjhkpia jiyefuhf;fpf; nfhz;l Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fSk;
ntq;fpia jiyefuhf;fpf; nfhz;l fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fSk; xt;nthU
Ml ;r pahshh ;fs pd ; f Po ; vOr ;r paile ;jNjhL g pw ;fhyj ;j py ; Nkw ;F
rhSf;fpah;fsplkpUe;J gpupe;j ijy vd;gtd; fy;ahzp vDk; gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;L fy;ahzp murtk;rj;ij Muk;gpj;jhd;. Nrhouhjpf;fk; vOr;rpaile;jNjhL
rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs; tPo;r;rpaile;jd.
ghz;ba NguuR gpujhdkhf ,uz;L fhy fl;lq;fspy; tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. Kjyhk;
ghz;ba NguuR (fp.gp. 670 - 920) ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba NguuR (fp.gp. 1216 - 1310)
tiuapy; gutyile;jJ. Nrhoh;fs; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gyk; ngw;wNjhL Kjy;
ghz;ba NguuR gytPdkile;jJ. ,e;j mur tk;rq;fs; %d;Wk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;
mbf;fb mjpfhuj;ij gug;gpa tpjj;ij ghprPypj;J ghh;g;gNj ,e;j myif
Muha;tjD}lhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
107tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghltplaq;fis dctpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;rhSf;fpah;fs;
- rhSf;fpa murtk;rk; Nkw;F> fpof;F vd ,uz;L tk;rq;fspd; fPo;
tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa guk;giuapy; te;j
,uz;lhk; ijy vd;gtd; %yk; fy;ahzp gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff;
nfhz;l fy;ahzp murtk;rk; Muk;gkhdJ.
Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;Nkw;F rhSf;fpah;fs;
Nkw;F jf;fzj;jpy; thjhgp (gjhkp) efuj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L gpujhd
rhSf;fpa murtk;rk; Muk;gkhfpaik mjd; Mjpf;fk; gutyile;j tpjKk;.
- rhSf;fpa murtk;rj;jpd; Kjy; Ml;rpahsd; [arpq;f vd;gtdhthd;.
vdpDk; mjd; Kjy; RahjPd Ml;rpahsd; [arpq;ftpd; Gjy;tdhd
uzuhf vd;gtdpd; kfdhd Kjyhk; GypNfrpahFk;.
- Kjyhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; - fpof;Fj; jf;fzj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wik.
,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp
- rhSf;fpa Nguurpd; murdhjy;.
- ntspehl;Lg; gilnaLg;Gfis Kwpabj;jik.
- fjk;g> MYg> fq;if Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- [{hp jPitf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- tl ,e;jpa `h;\th;jd kd;dd; Nkw;nfhz;l F[uhj;> khy;th
gpuNjrq;fs; kPjhd gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;J mtdJ jpf;tp[a
Kaw;rpfis jLj;jik.
- fpof;Fj; jf;fzj;jpd; fypq;fk;> njd; Nfhryk;> fd;[k;> tprhfgl;bdk;>
ntq;fp> gp\;lGuk;> fhQ;rpia Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kd;ddpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp
- ghfj;jpy; eurpq;fth;kd; vDk; gy;yt kd;dd; %yk; Njhy;tpf;Fs;shjYk;
ntq;fp gy;ytuhl;rpf;Fl;glYk;.
- ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp ghurPfj;Jld; th;j;jfj; J}J njhlh;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;> Nkw;F MrpahTld; th;j;jf njhlh;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- ,uz;lhk; GypNfrp kuzkile;j gpd; 10tUlq;fs; muh[f epiyf;Fl;gly;>
cWjpaw;wpUe;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Rahl;rp Njhd;Wjy;. Gjy;th;fspilNa
mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngwy;.
tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;tpf;fpukhjpj;a kd;dd;
- gy;yth;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J kPz;Lk; rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij
typikailar; nra;jik.
tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tpdahjpj;jpa kd;dd;
- gy;yt> Nrho> ghz;ba> Nfus ig`a khy;th ,uhr;rpaq;fisj;
Njhw;fbj;jik.
108tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,,,,,
e;e ;e ;e ;e ;
JJJJJ rrrrr
KKKKK
j;j;j;j;j;
j pj pj pj pj p
uuuuu
k;k ;k ;k ;k ;
ghz;baNrukJiutQ;rpGu
NrhojQ;rhT+u;
fq;if nfhz;l Nrho Guk;
fhNtupg;gl;bdk;
fq;ifau; ik#u;j;thutjp
NtY}u;
fhQ;rpGuk;
khky;yGuk;
fhyf];jpgy;ytu;
ney;Y}u;
fjk;gu;fs;
it[ye;jp
nfhfu;zP
fhdutp[a efu;
cjafpup
Me;jpugl;lzk;
mkuhtjp
tp[athbntq;fp
= iryk;
ehfu;[{dpnfhz;il[f;fa;ahN[lh
uh[ kNfe;jputhuk;
gp\;lGuk;
tuhq;fy;tprhfgl;lzk;
fypq;fk;nfhj;J}u;
kNfe;jpufpup fQ;rk;
xup]h
cj;fyh
tq;fk;
nfhilau;fs;;
` u; \ Ng u u R
khy;th
c[;i[dpF[uhj;Jthuif
nrsuh\;buh
fpupjhu;Nrhk;ehj ;
etrhupkfhuh\;buh mkuhtjp
gu;`hd;G+u;
\e;Njhu;ehrpf;
Njtfpupfy;ahzp
nksupau;G+ehfk; (G+dh)
nfhq;fzk;fy;ahzp
kj;aNfj
nfhy;`G+u;
thjhgp
jf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpakjf;fpzg; gpuNjr rhSf;fpauhr;rpak ;; ;; ;
rhSf;fpad; fl;bnaOg;gpa
kfh ,uhr;rpak;
rhSf;fpaDf;F mbikg;gl;L Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk;
`u;\ ,uhr;rpaKk; RthjPd ,uhr;rpak;
109tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;tp[ahjpj;jpa kd;dd;
- thjhgp rhSf;fpah;fspd; ePz;l fhy ,uhr;rpakhf tpsf;fpaikAk;.
- nropg;Gk; mikjpAk; epytpaik.
,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;,uz;lhk; tpf;ukhjpj;a kd;dd;
- gy;yt gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;jik.
- muhgpa gilnaLg;ig Kwpabj;jik.
,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jp th;kd;
- thjhgpapd; ,Wjp gykpf;f rhSf;fpa kd;ddhf tpsq;fpaik.
fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs;
- ntq;fp gpuNjrj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L fpof;F rhSf;fpa murtk;rk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lNjhL mjd; Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhf Kjyhk;
tp\;Zth;jdd; tpsq;fpdhd;.
- mijaLj;J eNue;jpu KUfuh[; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jhd;.
gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;gPkd;
- ,uh\;bu $lh;fSldhd Nghh;.
- gPkdpd; gpd; Ml;rpf;fhd Nghuhl;lk; Vw;gl;lik.
- 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;ghfkstpy; fpof;F rhSf;fpa ,uhrjhdp Nrho
Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fl;gl;lJ.
fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;fy;ahzp rhSf;fpah;fs;
- gj;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp ghfj;jpy; Nkw;F rhSf;fpa tk;rj;jpw;Fupa
ijy vd;gtd; %yk; fy;ahzpia ikakhff; nfhz;L kPz;Lk;
rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lNjhL mJ fy;ahzp
rhSf;fpa ,uhr;rpak; vd toq;fg;gl;lJ.
- Kjyhk; ijy> ,uz;lhk; ijy> Kjyhk; NrhNk\;tu tpf;ukhjpj;jpa
Mfpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; Ml;rp nra;jhu;fs;.
- 12Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; ghfj;jpd; NghJ fy;ahzp rhSf;fpa
murtk;rk; KbTw;wJ.
,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;,uh\;bu$lh;fs;
- ,U E}w;whz;Lfs; msT jf;fzj;jpy; epiy ngw;wpUe;j ,uh\;bu$l
Ml;rp ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa fhyfl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;,uh\;bu$l murtk;rj;jpd; Muk;gk;
- je;jpJh;f - Muk;g Ml;rpahsdhdik.
- kfhuh[hjpuh[> guNk];tu> gukgj;jhuf Nghd;w tpUJfisg;
ghtpj;jik.
- rhSf;fpah;fspd; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhftpUe;j ,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd;
rhSf;fpa kd;dd; Ml;rp nra;j kfhuh\;buj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp ,uh\;bu
$lh;fspd; Njhy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;lik.
- vy;Nyhuh gpuNjrj;ij ifg;gw;wpaik.
- khy;thtpd; Nfhriy> fypq;fk;> fpof;F F[uhj; kw;Wk; gy;ytp
gpuNjrq;fis ifg;gw;wpaik.
110tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- tpthfj; njhlh;G %yk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpaik. (,uz;lhk;
ee;jpth;kDf;F jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;tpj;jik)
- nguhh; gpuNjrj;jpy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij tp];jhpj;jik.
Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;Kjyhk; fpU\;zd;
- rhSf;fpa mjpfhuj;ij mopj;jik (,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; Njhy;tpaile;jik)
kw;Wk; fq;fhthjp (fq;ifah;fspd; ,uhr;rpak;) njd; nfhq;fhzk;> ntq;fpapd;
fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fs; mopf;fg;gl;lik.
,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;,uz;lhk; Nfhtpe;jd;
- gytPd Ml;rpahsdhf tpsq;fpaik.
- jdJ rNfhjud ; NjTf ;F nghWg ;gs pj ;J t pl ;L t pNehjkhf
fhyq;flj;jpaikahy; Njt Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w Kide;jikAk;
mth;fSf;fpilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b Vw;gl;likAk;.
,
e;
J
r Kj;
jp
u
k;
ghz;baNru
thQ;rpGuk;ghz;ba
it[ae;jp fq;ifau;
jQ;refu;Nrho
fhQ;rpGuk;khky;yGuk;ik#u;
J}u; rKj;jpuk;tdthrp
fjk;gu;tdthrp
gy;ytu;
nehyk;gthbrpj;jnfsuh
fz;lfiryk;uh[kNfe;jpuGuk;
gPj;j Guk;
fypq;fk;tf;ufhl
fQ;rk;
NfhyhG+u;
F[uhj;
,uh\;bu $l NguuR
,e;J Afk;
jf;fd uh\;bu$l Ml;rp
RahjPd Ml;rp gpuNjrq;fs;
cWjpaw;w cj;Njr ,uhr;rpa
vy;iy
`py;rh
, uh b u $l
, uh r; rp a k;
je;jpGu
mtyGuk;
kfh,uh\;buk;
G+Nd fy;ahzpye;jy
fe;jhu
111tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;Njt kd;dd;
- fhNthp ejpapd; vy;iy tiu Nguurpd; vy;iyia tp];jhpj;jik.
- fNdhi[ ifg;gw;wy;> Kf;Nfhz Nghhpy; jiyapl;lik.
- mtd; rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;F fq;if aKid ,Ugf;fj;Jf;fpilg;gl;l
gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- gy;yt> ntq;fp Ml;rpahsh;fis gzpar; nra;jik.
%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)%d;whk; Nfhtpe;jd; ([fJq;f)
- rNfhjuh;fs; %yk; Vw;gl;l rthy;fis Kwpabj;jik.
- fhQ;rpapy; gy;yth;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;jpaik.
- fNdh[pypUe;J Fkhp Kid tiuAk; thuzhrpapypUe;J ghUfr;r
tiuapYk; ,uh\;bu$l mjpfhuj;ij tp];jhpj;J mij ,uh\;buh$l
mjpfhu tp];jhpg;gpd; cr;rf; fl;lkhfr; nra;jik.
Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)Kjyhk; mNkhfth;r (rh;t)
- ,uh\bu $l mjpfhuk; XusT gytPdkile;jik.
- jiyefiu i`juhghj;jpd; khdpaNfjtpw;F khw;wpaik.
,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;,uz;lhk; fpU\;zd;
- mq;fk;> kfjk;> fhypq;f gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;%d;whk; ,e;jpud;
- fNdhi[f; ifg;gw;wpaik.
%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;%d;whk; fpU\;zd;
- ,Wjp gykpf;f Ml;rpahsdhf tpsq;fpdhd;.
- fhQ;rp> jQ;rhT+iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.
- Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F cupik Nfhhpa ,uh[hjpj;a ,sturid
nfhd;whd;.
,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp,uh\;bu$l ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp
- gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsh;fs; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jik.
- kj;jpa ghydk; gytPdkile;jik.
- gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsh;fs; Rahl;rpaile;jik.
- gukuhadpd; gilnaLg;G
,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl,uh\ ;bu$l ghyd fhy rka> ,yf ;f pa > fiy kw ;Wk ; fl ;bl
fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.fiyj;Jiwfspd; tsh;r;rp.
ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;ghz;bah;fs;
- Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;ghfj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; gpugy ,uhr;rpakhf
khwpaik.
- ghz;ba tuyhW ,uz;L fhyfl;lq;fSilaJ
Kjyhk; ghz;bag; NguuR (670 - 920)
,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR (1216 - 1310)
112tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
KjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuRKjyhtJ ghz;bag; NguuR- Muk;g Ml;rpahsd; fe;Jd;Nfhd;- khuth;kd; mtdp #yhkzp- Nre;jd;- mhpNfrhp khwth;kd;- nfhr;rilad;- Kjyhk; ,uh[rpq;f khwth;kd;- Kjyhk; tuFz k`huh[h ([jpy guhe;jfd;)- ghz;ba muir NguuR epiyf;F nfhz;Ltu tpj;jpl;lik.- ,uhr;rpak; jQ;rhT+h; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gpuNjrq;fSf;F gutpaik.
= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;= khw = ty;ytd;- njd;dpe;jpahTf;F ntspNa mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G- ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jik.- gy;yth;fSldhd Nkhjy;
,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;,uz;lhk; tuFz th;kd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUtjw;fhf ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhk;Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.Nrd kd;ddpd; cjtpiag; ngwy;> Nrhoh;fSldhd Nkhjy;.
guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.guhe;jf tPuehuhazd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F tUjy;.- ghz;bah;fspd; gyk; Fd;wp Nrhohfspd; gyk; epiyngw;wJ. ,uz;lhk;
,uh[rpq;f khwth;kd; gy;yt> Nrho> fq;if Mfpad xd;wpize;JNkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjypy; Nrhoh;fs; %yk; Njhy;tpaile;jik.
- mur Mguzq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ,yq;iff;Fj; jg;gpNahbaik.ghz;ba Njrk; 10Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;ghfkstpy; Nrhouhjpf;fj;Jf;Fcl;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR- Nrhog; Nguurpd; rpk;khrdj;Jf;fhf Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;ij VJthff;
nfhz;L cUthfpa gytPdk; fhuzkhf 12Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy;vOr;rpAw;w ghz;ba mjpfhuKk; mjd; NguuR tsu;r;rpAk;.
[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik[lhth;kd; FyNrfud; - ghz;ba mjpfhuj;ij kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gpaik
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;bad;- Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik.- [lhth;kd Re;ju ghz;bad;
- ,uz;lhk; ghz;ba Nguurpd; typikahd Ml;rpahsd;- n`ha;rhy> Nfus kw;Wk; Nrhoh;fis Kwpabj;jik.
- fhQ;rpapy; gy;yth;fis Kwpabj;jy;- Kjyhk; khwth;kd; FyNrfud;- jpf;tp[af; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpaik.
,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;- Kjyhk; kwth;kd; FyNrfudpd; gpd; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;L Nghh;fs;.- jpy;yp Ry;jhdpa murpd; Njhw;wk;- tp[aefug; Nguurpd; vOr;rp
113tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;Gf;fhd E}y;fs;• ePyfz;l rh];jphp - njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW• jhgh; - nuhkpyh - ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1nraw;ghL - 1
,uh\;bu$l mjpfhu tp];jhpg;Gf;fhf mth;fs; %yk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
ve;jsTf;F rhj;jpakhdnjd;gJ njhlh;ghd tpkh;rdf; fl;Liunahd;iw vOJtNj
,jd; %yk; vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,ij jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.
• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjuhq;fs; njhlh;ghf khzth;fSf;F
mwpT+l;Lf.
• tpkh;rdhPjpahd fUj;Jf;fis fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F khzth;fis
Cf;Ftpf;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;ilf; ifaspf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; $Wf.
• kpfr;rpwg;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liunahd;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f
re;jh;g;gkspf;Ff.
• Fiw epiwfis Rl;bf;fhl;b Muha;T kdg;ghq;if tsh;g;gjw;fhd
mwpTiufis toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2
ghz;bag; Nguurpd; gutiy ,e;jpa tiuglnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nraw;ghL
,jD}lhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,ij FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;s top nra;f.
• tFg;G khzth;fis 3 FOf;fshfg; gph pj ;J nghUj;jkhd
jiytnuhUtiu njhpT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F re;jh;g;gkspf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FO %yKk; Kd;itf;f Ntz;ba tiu glk; njhlh;ghd
jiyg;Gf;fis gphpj;J toq;Ff.
FO 1 - Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghz;bah;fspd; mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G
FO 2 - ghz;ba ,uhr;rpak; NguuR tiu gutyile;j tpjk;
FO 3 - ghz;bag; NguuR tPo;r;rpf;Fs;shFk; NghJ mjpfhu tp];jhpg;G
fhzg;gl;l epiy
• glk; Fwpj;jYf;F Njitahd tiug;glk;> fyh; ngd;rpy;fs; vd;gdtw;iw
toq;Ff.
• khzth;fis rhpahf glk; Fwpj;jYf;F topfhl;Lf.
• tiuglk; Fwpj;jiy G+uzgLj;j Ntz;ba jpdj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
• khzth; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fl;gLj;Jf.
• tiuglj;ij tFg;Gf;F njhpAkhW Rthpy; khl;Lf.
114tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF-11myF-11myF-11myF-11myF-11
Nrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuRNrhog; NguuR
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpag; gz;ghl;bd;
nry;thf;if tpsf;Fthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :-
11.1 Nrho rhk;uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp> gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
11.2 Nrhog;NguuR ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa gutyile;j tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.
11.3 Nrhog; NguuR cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjj;ijg; guprPypg;ghh;.
11.4 Nrhoh;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu jfty;fisj; jpul;Lthh;.
glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- glNtisfs; :- 20
fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:
• Nrhog; NguuR gw;wpf; fw;gjw;fhd E}y;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
• Nrhog; NguuR ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNa gutpa tpjj;ij ,yq;ifA+lhfj;
njupe;J nfhs;sy;.
• gytPdkhd Ml;rpapd;NghJ NtW gykhd mur tk;rq;fs; vOr;rpAw;w
tpjj;ij Nrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpapD}lhf Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.
• Nrhoh; fhy r%f> nghUshjhu> kw;Wk; fyhrhu ,yl;rzq;fs;
njhlh;ghd mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
ghz;baUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;l Ml;rpahsndhUtdpd; fPopUe;j jQ;rhT+iu gy;yt
murpd; FWepy kd;ddhd tp[ahyad; %yk; ifg;gw;wpaNjhL Nrho ,uhr;rpak;
cUthdJ. Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa %yk; Nrho ,uhr;rpak; gykhd murhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh; Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; MfpNahh;
Ml;rpf;F te;jdh;. mj;NjhL Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Mfpa
kd;dh;fspd; fhyq;fspy; Nrho Mjpgj;jpak; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspapYk; gutpaJ.
Nrhouhl;rp Kiw kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu jfty;fis Muha;tJ
,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-Nrho murpd; Muk;gKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:-
• gy;yt murpd; FWepy kd;ddhd tp[ahyad; %yk; Ml;rp
Muk;gkhdik.
• Nrhog; Nguurpd; tsh;r;rpAk; gutYk; Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa> Kjyhk;
guhe;jfd;> ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;> Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> Kjyhk;
,uh[hjpuh[d;> FNyhj;Jq;fd; Mfpa kd;dh;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
tsu;r;rp.
115tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• ghz;bah;fSf;Fk; gy;yth;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l = Guk;gpak;
Nghupy; gy;ytupd; ntw;wpf;F cjtpa Kjyhk; Mjpj;jpa kd;dDf;F
gy;yth;fs; %yk; jQ;rhT+iur; #oTs;s gpuNjrq;fs; ifaspf;fg;gly;.
• Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; fqif> Nfusk; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; jiyth;fspd;
cjtpNahL Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpaik.
• ghz;bah;fspd; mur Mguzq;fis (Kb#l;Lk; nghUl;fis) ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;jik.
• jf;Nfhyk; Nghupy; Nrhoh;fspd; mjpfhu tsh;r;rp jw;fhypfkhfj;
jilg;gl;lik.
• Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; Nrhoh;fspd; gyk; vOr;rpAw;wik.
– jpUNte;jk; Nghupy; Nfusj;ij ntw;wpngw;wik.
– kJuhit ntw;wp nfhz;lik.
– cjf kz;ly Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpaik.
– ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;J mDujGuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
– fq;if ghyd gpuNjrk; %d;iw mbikg;gLj;jpaik.
– tpthf njhlh;Gfs; %yk; fpof;F rhSf;fpah;fis ez;gh;fshf;fpf;
nfhz;lik.
– fypq;fj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jdJ je;ij ifg;gw;wpa ,uhr;rpaq;fis
ghJfhj;J jpf;tp[ag; Nghuhl;lk; xd;iw nfhz;L nrd;wik.
• ,e;J rKj;jpu tya ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
• ,yq;ifapd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jidr; rpiwg;gpbj;J jPtpd; tlf;Fg; gFjpia
Kk;Kbr;Nrho kz;lyk; vdg; ngaupl;L fPo;g;gl;l ,uhr;rpakhf ghydk;
nra;jik.
• Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; Nrho rhSf;fpa Nghh;fspy; Nrhoh;fs;
gytPdkile;jik.
• ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud;> Kjyhk; tPu ,uhN[e;jpud; MfpNahh;
gytPdkhdth;fshff; fhzg;gl;likahy; mjpuhN[e;jpuNdhL tp[aghy
mur tk;rk; KbTw;wik.
• Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;JrKj;jpuj;ijaz;ba ehLfs;
Nrho ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;lik.
• ,f;fhyj;j py ; Kjyhk; tp[aghF kd;dd; ,yq;ifiaAk;
Nrhouhjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;jik.
• FNyhj;Jq;fd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Nrhoh;fSf;Fl;gl;bUe;j gpuNjrq;fs;
Fiwtile;J fhNtup ejpf;fiuapd; Guhjd Nrho gpuNjrq;fSld;
khj;jpuk; Nrhoh;fsJ mjpfhuk; vy;iyg;gl;lik.
Nrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiwNrhoh; Ml;rpKiw
– xw;iwf; Filapd; fPohd Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Ml;rpnahd;iw Kjyhk;
,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; Vw;gLj;jpaik.
– kd;duhl;rpKiw
– mikr;rh; kz;lyk;
116tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,e;J Afk;Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR Nrhog;NguuR I
^fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp.fp.gp. 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118& 871-1118&
guhe;jfdpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l
Nrhog; gpuNjrk;FNyhJq;fdpd; ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;l Nrhog; NguuR
etrhup
m[e;jhehrpf;
vy;Nyhuhfd;N`up
fhu;Nyvyp[d;lh
nt%ythjp
IN`hy;ghjhkp
gl;lf;fy; jpupGue;jfk ;
khy;Nfij
nfhy;ypg;gf;fy;
rf;fuNfhl;lk;
tprhfg; gl;lzk;
epu;tjpahg;Guk; uh[kNfe;jputhuk;jf;\uhk;
nfhz;lrhyhnahdhJ}u; iuT+u;
fk;gpspghf;G+u;cu;tf;F
gPlGuk;
Nfhyhu ;jyf;fhL
fUtd;igf;fyk;nfhLk;ghyu;
nty;Y}u;
jpUtde;jk;
Fkhup
Nej;jpuk;
kJiu
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;
fhNtupg;gl;lzk;
cj;juNk&u;
jf;Nfhyk;khky;yGuk;
fhy `];jp
ney;Y}u;
117tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;gpuNjr gupghydk;
– Ml;rpg; gpupTfs;
– kz;lyk;> tsehL> ehL> Fh;uhk;> [drig> vd;gtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
– ePjp xOq;fikg;G
• gQ;rhaj;J Kiw
• kd;dh;r; rl;lk;
• rhl;rpakspf;Fk; Kiw
• jz;lid toq;fy; Kiw
• tuptpjpj;jy; Kiw
Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.Nrhoh;fspd; r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyik.
– kd;dh; cl;gl;l gpuGf;fs; r%fk;.
– khspiffspd; md;whl eltbf;iffs;.
– Fy Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f mikg;nghd;W Vw;gl;lhYk;
Aj;j> rptpy; Nrit cl;gl;ltw;wpy; jkf;F tpUk;gpa njhopiyr;
nratjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gl;lik.
– gpuhkzh;fs; r%fj;jpd; cah;e;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jik.
– gy;NtW Fyq;fSf;Fupa kf;fs; jkf;F xJf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;
tho;e;jNjhL jkf;NfAupa rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhz;lik.
– gilnaLg;G> th;j;jfk;> Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; tUifje;j kf;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; gygpuptpdh; cUthdik (muhgpah;> A+jh;>
rPdh;> ghurPfh;)
fy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tpfy;tp
• rk];fpUjk; jkpo; vd;gd fy;tpnkhopahdik.
• rk];fpUj nkhop gpuhkzh;fspdJ cupik nkhopahdik.
• njhopy;> fy;tp vd;gd je;ij kfd; vd;w guk;giuabg;gilapy; njhlUk;
jdpg;gl;l eltbf;ifahf mike;jik.
• fy;tpapd; gpujhd ghlq;fs;hf jj;Jtk;> murpay;> Ntjk;> nghUspay;>
tpQ;Qhdk;> vd;gd fhzg;gl;lik.
nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;
• khdpa Kiwapy; tptrhak; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wik.
• ePh;g;ghrdKk;> tptrha eltbf;iffSk;.
• gynjhopy;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. (cNyhfk;> khzpf;fk;> Nghd;wd)
• ntspehl;L tpahghuk;
• fyhrhuj;Jf;Fg; NghyNt nghUshjhuj;Jf;Fk; kj;jpa epiyakhf
Nfhtpy; tpsq;fpaik.
• Rq;ftup> tPl;Ltup> cw;rt tup> JiwKf tup> flit tup> epytup>
cg;gsk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW njhopy;fs; %yKk; muRf;F Mjhak;
fpilj;jik.
118tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:Nrho fyhrhuk;:
rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;rkak;
– Nrhoh;fs; fLikahd irt gf;jpahsu;fshf tpsq;fpaNjhL irt
rkaj;Jf;Fk; mDruiz toq;fpaik.
– ngsj;jk;> i[dk; vd;gd rpwpjstpy; fhzg;gl;lik.
nkhopnkhopnkhopnkhopnkhop
– rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; vd;gd tof;fpy; ,Ue;jik.
– fd;dlk;> jpuhtplk;> njYq;F nkhopfs;.
,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;,yf;fpak;
– jpuhtpl nkhopapy; E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;lik.
fl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiyfl;llf;fiy
– NguuR KOtJk; Nrho rk;;gpujhaj;jpd;gb mikf;fg;gl;l Njthyaq;fs;
gy fhzg;gl;lik.
– ,uh[uhN[];tup Njthyak;.
– fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; Njthyak;.
– Nfhuq;fehj Njthyak;.
– cj;ju ifyhr Njthyak;.
fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGu Njthyak;
jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;jQ;rhT+u;f; Nfhapy;
119tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
rpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiyrpw;gff; fiy
– ,yl;Rkp rpiy
– eluh[u; rpiy
– nrJf;fy; J}z;fs;
– cNyhfr; rpiyfs;
– NfhGuq;fs;
eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy eluh[u; rpiy nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;nrJf;fy; J}z;
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dpd; ntw;wpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; rpj;jpuk;
120tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rpNrhouhl;rpapd; tPo;r;rp
– ,e;jpahTf;Fs;Sk; ,e;jpahTf;F ntspNaAkhd gpuNjrq;fSld;
Nkw;nfhz;l ePz;l fhyg; Nghh;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;lnryTfs; Nrhog;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik.
– Nrhoh;fSf;nfjpuhf ghz;ba> rhSf;fpa> Nfus> fhypq;f kw;Wk;
gy;yth;fspd; vOr;rp.
– gytPdkhd kd;dh;fs; Ml;rpf;F tUjy;.
Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;fhd E}y;fs;
– ePyfz;l rh];jpup - ,e;jpa tuyhW
– jhgh;-nuhkpyh - njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW
121tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL - 01nraw;ghL - 01nraw;ghL - 01nraw;ghL - 01nraw;ghL - 01
Nrhog;Nguurpd; fyhrhu mk;rq;fs; njhlh;ghd tuyhw;W jfty;fslq;fpa rpwpa
ife;E}y; xd;iwj; jahupj;jy; ,r;nraw;ghL %yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;il xU FOr;nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpf;fTk;
• tFg;G khzth;fis 4 FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J jiyg;Gf;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;Ff.
FO 01 - rkak;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;.
FO 02 - fl;llf;fiy
FO 03 - rpw;gf; fiy
FO 04 - rpj;jpuf; fiy
• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yhjhuq;fis khzth;fSf;F
mwpTWj;Jf.
• ,jDld; njhlh;G gLj;jf; $ba glq;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> vd;gtw;iwg;
ngwf;$ba E}y;fs;.
• ,J jtpu fzpdp gad;gLj;jf; KbAkhd khzth;fSf;F ,izak;
njhlh;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.
• nrawhghl;ilg; G+uzg;gLj;j Ntz;ba jpdj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; jahuf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lg; gFjpfis xd;wpizj;J
ife;E}nyhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.
• khzth; nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gPL nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Nrhoh; Ml;rpf; fhyk; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpa nry;thf;Fj; njhlh;ghd
xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,ij xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.
• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.
• kpfr;rpwg;ghf xg;giliaj; jahupf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• khzth; xg;gilia kjpg;gPL nra;f
122tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
INuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhWINuhg;gpa tuyhW
122tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9myF - 9
tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : kdpj ehfupf tsh;r;rpapy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;F
mikf;fg;gl;l mikg;Gf;fs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
9.1 tpad;dh khehL nraw;gLtJ gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
9.2 gpe;jpa fhyq;fspy; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; tpad;dh khehl;bd;
gq;fsp;g;ig Muha;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :fw;ww; NgW :
• cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wpa nrad;Kiwfs; gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; gpe;jpa fhyj;jpy;
tpad;dh khehl;il Kd;Djhuzkhff; nfhz;likia tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sy;.
• rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;F khehl;L Kiwapd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp gw;wp
tpkh;rd uPjpahf tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
1815 ,y; Nthl;lh;Y} Nghupy; neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; Njhy;tpaile;J rpiwg;gLj;jg;
gl;ljd; gpd; gpuhd;rpy; neg;Nghypad; fhyk; Kbtile;jJ. gy;NtW gilnaLg;Gf;fs;
%yk; neg;Nghypadhy; rpf;fyhf;fg;gl;bUe;j INuhg;ghitr; rupahd epiyg;ghl;bw;Ff;
nfhz;LtUtijAk;> mq;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtijAk;
Fwp;f;Nfhshff; nfhz;L gyk; nghUe;jpa ehLfspd; jiyth;fs; fp.gp. 1815 k;
Mz;by; M];jpupahtpd; jiyefuhd tpad;dhtpy; xd;W $bdh;.
tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;Fj; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> mjpy;
fye;J nfhz;l Kf;fpa ehLfs;> INuhg;ghtpy; rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;l
khehl;lhsh;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;Wld;
tpad;dh khehl;bd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp Nghd;w fhuzpfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
,t;tyfpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
ghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b
• gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapdhYk;> neg;Nghypadpd; gilnaLg;Gf;fshYk; gw;wp
vupe;J nfhz;bUe;j INuhg;ghtpd; gyk; tha;e;j ehLfspd; jiyth;fs;
M];jpupahtpd; tpad;dh efupy; xd;W $b INuhg;ghTf;Fr; rkhjhdj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; mt;thW ngw;Wf; nfhz;l rkhjhdj;ijg;
NgzTk; Njitahd eilKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf eilngw;w
khehL tpad;dh khehL vdg;gLk;.
123tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfs;:
M];jpuah> gpurpah> u\;ah> ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;R
tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :tpad;dh khehl;ilf; $l;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; :
- INuhg;ghtpy; Aj;jj;ij KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;.
- rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jTk; mjidg; NgzTk;.
- gpuhd;rpd; kPnsOr;rpiaj; jLj;jy;.
- gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp kw;Wk; neg;Nghypadpd; gilnaLg;Gf;fs; vd;gd
fhuzkhf rpf;fyile;jpUe;j INuhg;ghit kPz;Lk; cupa epiyg;ghl;by;
cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;tpad;dh khehl;lth;fs; vjph;nfhz;l gpur;rpidfs;
- neg;Nghypadpd; eltbf;iffshy; rpf;fyhf;fg;gl;bUe;j INuhg;ghit
Kd;dh; ,Ue;j epiyikf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy; gw;wpa gpur;rpid.
- gpuhd;]; kPz;Lk; gykiltijj;jLg;gjw;F vLf;f Ntz;ba
eltbf;iffisj; jPh;khdpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik.
- gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F
gutf;$ba topfis milf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lik.
- INuhg;ghtpy; cs;s ehLfs; ahtw;wpYk; cWjpahd Ml;rpia mikf;f
Kad;wik.
tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;tpad;dh khehL gpd;gw;wpa eilKiwfs;
- gpuhd;rpy; kPz;Lk; kd;duhl;rpia Vw;gLj;jy;. mjd;gb Y}apapd;
guk;giuapy; 18 Mk; Y}ap kd;duhf Kb #l;lg;gl;lik.
- gpuhd;Rf;F cupikahd rpy gpuNjrq;fis NtW ehLfSf;Fg;
gfph;e;jspj;jik.
- gpuhd;Rf;F mbgzpe;jpUe;j Nke;fpe;jpaj; jPTfspd; xU gFjp - Nkhy;lh
jPT
- Nfg; Kidia - gpupj;jhdpahTf;F xg;gilj;jik.
tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;tpad;dh rk;Nksdk;
124tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- gpuhd;R muir 1792 ,y; ,Ue;j vy;iyf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
gpuhd;rpd; may;ehLfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;.
c.k;: • xy;yhe;Jf;F ngy;[paj;ijf; ifaspj;J xy;yhe;ijg;
gyk; nghUe;jpa ehlhf;fy;.
• ntdprpah> nyhk;ghb Nghd;w ,j;jhypa gpuNjrq;fis
M];jpupahTf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
• gpurpahitg; gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F gpurpahTf;Fg; Gjpa gpuNjrq;fis;
ifaspj;jy;. nrf;n]dpapd; xU gFjp> nt];lNytpah kw;Wk; iwd;
ejpf;fiug; gpuNjrq;fs; rpy mt;thW xg;gilf;fg;gl;l ehLfshFk;.
• gpuhd;Rf;Fupa jz;lidfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
c+k;: 500 ,yl;rk; gpuhq;Ffs; nrYj;j Ntz;btuy;.
05 tUlq;fs; tiu ntspehl;Lg; gil xd;iwg; gpuhd;rpy; jq;f
itj;jy;.
tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;tpad;dh khehl;bd; NgWfs;
- INuhg;gpa gpur;rpidfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;skhehl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jpaik. c+k;: I-yh rg;ngy;iygf;.ntNuhdh> l;NuhNgh khehLfs;.
- Njhy;tpAw;w gFjpapdUf;Ff; fLikhd jz;lidfis Vw;gLj;jhik.- gpurpah gykile;jik.- mbik tpahghuk; jilnra;ag;gl;lik.- fye;J nfhz;l ehLfspy; epytpa tpNuhjkhd fUj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf
vjph;ghh;j;j NgWfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhik.- ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; rpWghd;ikapdh; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lik.- ypguy; Nghf;Fila fUj;Jf;fs; kiwf;fg;gl;lik. (c+k;) M];jpupah- Njrpa czh;T tpUj;jpaila topgpwe;jik. (c+k;) ,j;jhyp- INuhg;gpa rkhjhdk; 40 tUlq;fs; tiu Ngzg;gl;likAk; gpd;du;
,dq;fSf;fpilNaahd gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;jypy; Kd;DjhuzkhfvLf;fg;gl;lik. khehl;L Kiw 1917 ,y; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;Fk; 1815,y; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl; ;l khehl;L Kiw Kd;Djhuzkhff;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.)
125tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -
1815
tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -
1815
tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -
1815
tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -
1815
tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd; INuhg;gh -
1815
mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;
yp]
;gd;
kl;upl;
Nghu;j;J
f;Nfa
muR
];ghdpa muR
mau;y
he;J
lg;spd;
];nfhl;yhe;J
vbd;gNuh
ngupa gpupj;jhd
pah
gu;kpq;hk;
,q;fpyhe;J
yz;ld; gup];
yf;\;kgu;
gpuhd;rpa m
uR
kpyhd
;
ghu;rpNyhd
h
ngNyupf; jPTfs;
kjjpa jiuf; fly;
tlfly;
mk;];lu;
lhk;
ru;;Bdpa muR
nyhiud;
nyhk;ghb
Y}fh
Nuhk;
Negpy;];
ngNyu;Nkh ,
ulil rprpyp muR
ghg; m
uRx];upahg; NguuR
kpAdpr;
ngNyupah tpad;dh
nry;];tpf;
n`
hy;];bd;
nld;khuf; m
uR
n`k;gu;f;
gp
Nu
rpy;
Nfhg;gNefd;
Nehu;NtAk; RtPlDk;
gu;ypd;
Nghy;bf; fly
;
Nghy
e;J
`q;Nfup
Glhng];l;
fpuNfht
; FbauR
u\;a ty;yuR
Nkhy;Nltpah
kNyrpah
nfhd;];jhe;J Nehgpy;
xl;Nlhkd; NguuR
l];fdp
ntdp];
neju;yhe;J
muR
126tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1nraw;ghL 1
rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; khehl;L Kiwapd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tpj; jd;ikfis
tpad;dh khehl;L thapyhf njspthf tpsf;fp Xh; Ma;T mwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;jy;.
,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.
Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:Njitahd nghUl;fs;:
Gj;jfq;fs;> ntspaPLfs;> fhfpjhjpfs;> vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s MNyhrid
toq;Ff.
• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s top fhl;Lf.
• nraw;ghl;il xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F Neuj;ij toq;Ff.
• khzth; Mf;fj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;J Fiwepiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2nraw;ghL - 2
• INuhg;gpa Njrg;glj;jpy;> tpad;dh khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l ehLfisf;
Fwpf;f.
• 1815 ,d; tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd;dh; mikf;fg;gl;l INuhg;ghtpd;
tiuglj;ij tiuf.
• ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;tpf;Ff.
• ,U INuhg;gpa Njrg;glq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
• Njrg;glq;fis mikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs; gw;wpa mwpit
toq;Ff.
• khzth; Mf;fj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
127tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10
fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;fp.gp 1815 ,d; gpd;dh; jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk;
Njrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jpNjrpa thjf;nfhs;iffspdJ tpUj;jp
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyf tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j murpay;
vOr;rp gw;wp ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; N[h;kd; ehLfspD}lhf xg;gPl;L tpsf;fk;
mspg;ghh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
10.1 jhuhz;ik thj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj nfhs;iffspd; tpUj;jp cyf
tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahf mike;j rf;jpfs; gw;wp
Muha;thh;.
10.2 ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;> kw;Wk; N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
jhuhz;ik kw;Wk; Njrpathjk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfisg;
guprPypg;ghh;.
ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : ghlNtisfs; : 27
fw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgWfw;ww; NgW
- INuhg ;ghtpy; Vw;gl ;l murpay;vOr;r pfs; cyf tuyhw;iw
cUthf;Ftjpy; jhf;fk; tpistpj;jJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
- 1815 ,d; tpad;dh khehl;bd; gpd;dh; Gul;rpf; Nfhl;ghLfisj; Njhw;fbf;f
vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;> jhuhz;ik thjk;> Njrpa thjk; Mfpa vOr;rpfspd;
tpUj;jpapd; %yk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l Kiw gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.
- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jhuhz;ik> Njrpathjk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lij tpsq;fy;.
mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpAk; neg;NghypadJ gilnaLg;Gk; fhuzkhf INuhg;ghtpy;
jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj ,af;fq;fs; Gj;Japh; ngw;wd. vdpDk; gioik
tha;e;j nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wk; tpad;dh khehl;Lf; FOtpdUf;F mt;ntOr;rp
,af;fq;fis Nknyo tplhJ jLg;gNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; 1815 ,d;
gpd;dh; mt;thwhd Kd;Ndw;wfukhd ,af;fq;fis eRf;Ftjw;F tpad;dh khehl;Lf;
FOtpdh; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffspdhy; mth;fs; vjph;ghh;j;j NgWfisg;
ngwKbahkw; NghdJld; vjph;ghuhj mstpy; Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; tYg;ngw;wd.
1815 - 1848 fhy fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; gy ehLfspy; me;epiyik ,Ue;jJld;
1848 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gh KOikAk; Njrpa thjg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; epfo;e;j
tUlkhFk;. mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; INuhg;ghTk; juhz;ik ,af;fk; tpUj;jpaile;j
Kiwiag; guprPypg;gJ ,t;tyfpd; Xh; vjph;ghh;g;ghFk;.
128tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b.
jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.jhuhz;ik thjk; kw;Wk; Njrpa thjk; vd;gtw;wpd; mwpKfk;.
- Njrpaj;jd;ik vd;gJ Gtpapaw; gpuNjrnkhd;wpy; nghJthd ,d> nkhop>
kj> ghuk;gupa> kw;Wk; ew;gof;ftof;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; xUq;fpize;j
nghJthd nghUshjhuj; Njitfspd; kPJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Xh; vz;zf;fUthFk;.
jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;jhuhz;ik vd;gJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> rkak; vDk; mk;rq;fspy;
Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;.
- ypguy; thj kw;Wk; Njrpa thj ,af;fq;fspd; tpUj;jp (1815 - 1848)
- 1820 ];ghdpahtpy; murUf;F vjpuhd kf;fs; vOr;rp.
- 1820 -21 fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,j;jhypa Negy;]; kw;Wk; gPl;nkhz;l
,uhr;rpaq;fspy; jhuhz;ik ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
- 1827 ,y; fpNuf;fk;> JUf;fpa Mjpgj;jpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw
vOe;jik.
- 1830 ,y; 10 MtJ rhs;]_f;F vjpuhf gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa thj jhuhz;ikf;
FOf;fspd; vOr;rpapd; ngWNgwhf [{yp Ml;rp (Y}ap gpypg;gpd; fPo;)
xu;ypad;]; murhl;rpia epakpj;jik.
- mjDld; rk fhyj;jpy; NtW INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Njrpathjg;Gul;rpfs;
eilngw;wik. (Xye;J> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> N[h;kd;)
- 1848 ,y; kPz;Lk; gpuhd;rpy; Njrpa kw;Wk; jhuhz;ikthj ,af;fq;fspd;
vOr;rpAk; Y}ap neg;Nghypad; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;jikAk;.
,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
- ,j;jhyp If;fpakhtjw;F Kd;dh; ,j;jhypapd; epiyik.
- ,j;jhypapy; ,Ue;j murpay; gpsTfs;.
NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;NtWghLfs;
1. Negps;]; kw;Wk; rprpypj; jPTfs; gpuhd;rpd; G+h;nghd; mur guk;giuapdupd;
epUthfj;jpy; ,Ue;jik.
2. cNuhk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,j;jhyp ghg;ghz;ltupd; gupghydj;jpy; ,Ue;jik.
3. gh;kh> nkhnlah; M];jpupa mur guk;giuapdupd; fPo; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lik.
4. ntdp];> nyhk;ghh;b> vDk; gpuNjrq;fs; M];jpupa Nguurpd; fPo;
gupghypf;fg;gl;lik.
5. gPl;nkhz;l kw;Wk; rhh;bdpah cs;spl;l gpuNjrq;fs; ,j;jhypa mur
guk;giuapdupd; fPo; gupghypf;fg;gl;lik.
6. neg;Nghypadpd; gupghydj;jpd; ngWNgwhf ,j;jhypa kf;fsplk; If;fpak;
gw;wpa Xh; czh;T Vw;gl;lik.
7. ,duPjpahd czh;Tfs; tpUj;jpaile;jik.
129tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;j vLj;j Kaw;rpfSk;> mjDld; njhlh;Gila,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.,af;fq;fSk;.
- ,j;jhypa Njrpathjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.- fhnghdup ,af;fk;.- fhnghdup ,af;fj;jpd; topelhj;jypy; 1820
,y; M];jpupa Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdRje;jpug; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- krpdpapd; ,j;jhyp ,isa ,af;fk;.- [pNahghl;bapd; jiyikapy; Gjpa FNty;g;
,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.- xd;gjhk; gpA+g; ghg; Mz;lif mth;fs;
jhuhz;ik murpay; jpl;l kPs; tpUj;jpiaKd;itj;jy;.
- 1848 ,j;jhypa tpLjiy vOr;rpfs;.- vjph ;g ;Gr ; rf ;j pfs ; jiynaLj;jYk;
,af;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpAk;.
,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.,j;jhypia xw;Wikg;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs;;.- fTz;l; nfT+h;> gPl;kz;l; murpy; gpujkh;
gjtpNaw;wik.- ,j;jhypia nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy; tpUj;jp
nra;jik.- jhuhz;ikthjpfspd; cjtpAld; ,j;jhypia
kPs; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;jik.- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpd;
jiyik gPl;nkhz;l muRf;Ff;fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.
- fpupkpad; Aj;jj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lik.- ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;Jtjpy; gpupj;jhdpah
tpdJk; gpuhd;r pdJk; cjtpiag;ngwKbe;jik.
- fTz;l; fTh; kw;Wk; gpuhd;R III MtJneg;Nghypad; Gnyhk;gpau;fs; xg;ge;jk;ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lik.
`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b- ,j;jhyp kf;fSs; Njrpa czh;it tpUj;jp nra;jik.- `upNghy;bapd; nrQ;rl;ilg; gilapduhy; njd; ,j;jhypapd; gpuNjrq;fs;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;L gPl;kz;l; muRf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;lik.- cNuhikj; jtpu ghg; Mz;lifapd; murpd; gpuNjrq;fs; ahTk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik.- 1866 ,y; ntdpirr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- 1870 ,y; cNuhikr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;ljhy; ,j;jhypapd; If;fpag;gLj;jy;
G+uzkhfpaik.
N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
N[h;kd; If;fpag;gLtjw;F Kd; mq;fpUe;j murpay; epiyikfs;.
k]pdpk]pdpk]pdpk]pdpk]pdp
fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;fTz;l; fT+u;
`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b`upNghy;b
130tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
x];;jpupahRtpl;]u;yhe;J
nrNtha;
ru;Bdpa
muR
gpuhd;R
nyhk;ghu;l;kpyhd;
ntdp];
1815 ,y; tpad;dh khehl;L
fhyj;jpy; rhu;Bia muR
1859 - 1860 fhyg;gFjpapy;ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;
1860 - 1870 f;F ,ilg;gl;lfhyj;jpy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lgpuNjrq;fs;g
Pl;ke;J
gu;khbAupd;
nkhNld
h[pNdhth
Y}fh
ntdpR
nghnyhQ;Qh
nuhnkhQ;Qhg;Nshud;];
Mu;id
l];fdp
Nfhu;rpf;fh
mj;jpyhe;jpf; fly;
,k;g;upah
ilgu;
Nghg;ghz;ltu; muR
Nuhk;
Neg;gpy;];
rhu;BdpahmuR ilNudpad; fly;
rp
rp
yp
m
u
R
kj;jpa jiuf; fly;
ngnyu;Nkh
rprpyp
,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jy;
131tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;gp];khu;f;
- 1648 ,y; nt];l; Ngypah xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf N[h;kd; gy
,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lik.
- neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; N[h;kdpia Mf;fpukpj;J wapd; rq;fj;ij
cUthfpaik.
- tpad ;dh khehl ;bd ; g pd ;dh ; neg ;Nghypadpd ; Kaw ;r pfs ;
eph;%ykhf;fg;gl;lik.
- Nrhy;twapd; rq;fj;jpy; nghUshjhu ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;gl;lik.
- M];jpupahtpd; rhd;ryh;(mjpgh;) nklh;dpf; vd;gtuhy; jhuhz;ikthjf;
fUj;Jf;fs; xLf;fg;gl;lik. (c+k;) rhy;];ghh; Miz
- 1830 kw;Wk; 1848 Nghuhl;lk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Njhy;tpAk;.
- 1848 gpuhq;f;Ngh;l; ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; 1848 Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tp.
N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;GN[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jypy; gp];khh;f;fpd; gq;fspg;G
- xl;NlhNthd; gp];khh;f; gw;wpa mwpKfk;.
- N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpw;F jiyik tfpf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; gpurpahitg; nghUshjhu> murpay;> uPjpahfr;
rf;jp tha;e;jjhf;Ftjw;Fr; nraw;gl;l Kiwfs;.
- gp];khh;f;fpd; ',uj;jKk; ,Uk;Gk; nfhs;if" vDk; ,uh[je;jpu
eilKiw gpurpa gilia tYTs;sjhf;fpaik.
- ];nytpf; N`hy;];ild; gpur;rpid - ];ny];tpf;if Nrh;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- 1866 Aj;jj;jpy; M];jpupah Njhy;tpailjik.
- 1871 gpuhd;irj; Njhy;tpailar; nra;jjhy; gpurpahtpd; jiyikapy;
N[h;kd; If;fpag;gl;lik.
132tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;
N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jjy;
tl fly;
Nfhgj;N`fd; RtPld;
Nghy;bf; fly;
nknky;
epkd;;;; fq;if
u\;a
Nghyhe;J
Nthu;Nrh
,uhr;rpak;Nyhl;];
x];upa
,uhr;rpak;
tpad;dh
x];upah
`q;Nfupah
ntdp];mj;jpyhe;jpf;
rKj;jpuk;Ngh fq;if
,j;jhyp
kpyhd;
gpuhd;];
xy;Kb];
nld;khu;f;
n`hy;];la;d;
neju;yhe;J
ngy;[pak;
yf;\k;Ngu;f;
Nyhud;
Rtpu;]u;yhe;j;
ngNtupah
gu;d;; Rup\;
bNuhy;
nkhNutpah
kpAdpr;
nldpA+g; fq;i
f
epAnuk;gu;f;
ngh pkpah
g;uhf;
Tlk;ggu;f;
];Lk;fhu;l;fhu;y;];&
];Nuh];gu;f;my;N]];
ned;rpKy;;
tu;ld;;
nrld; 1870
nkb]; ngyl;nel;
nkd;];n`] nkd; fq;if
ngu;d;f;gu;l;yf;\k;Ngu;f;
ua;d; gpuNjrk;
nghd;
nfhnyhd;
ua;d; fq;if
nt];upNgypahmd;bru;g;
mk;];lu;nlk;
xy;ld;gu;f;
[ny];tpf;
fPy;
Yngf;
n`k;gu;f;
n`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\un`Ndh\u;
fpuPkd;
n`Ndh\u;
vy;g; fq
;if
nkf;yd;gu;f;
[ntupd;
Jupd;[pad;
,uhr;rpak;
ta;khu;
n]f;]dp
l;nud;ld;
ypg;]pf;
nrNlhth
gpnu\;Nyh
ra;nyrpah
xlu; fq;if
ngd;ud;gu;f;
gu;ypd;
NghkNudpah
];nlbd;
nld;rpf;
Nk.gpNurpy;
fp.gpNurpy;
nfhdp];gu;f;
nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;nghnrd ;
nghnrd;
tp]Lyh fq;if
nfNfhr;
l;up];l;
Aj;jg;gpuNjrk;; ;; ;
Kfhk;
1815 gpu\;ah
gpu\;rpau; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;
1763 ,y; x];upah
1772> 1793> 1795 Mfpa
tUlq;fspy; Nghye;jpd; gpupT
1866 gpu\;rpau; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;
1877 gpu\;rpaupd; fPo; ,ize;j gpuNjrq;fs;
1871 N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; fPo; ,ize;j gpuNjrq;fs;
1871 gpuhd;]; ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrk;
N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; Njr vy;iy
tl N[u;kdpa gpuNjrj;jpd; Njr vy;iy
133tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;iffw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nra;if
nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1nraw;ghL -1
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• khztiu ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J FOj;jiyth;fisj; njupT nra;f.
FO -1 ,j;jhypia If;fpag;gLj;jYf;F Kd;Ds;s Njrg;glk;.
FO -2 ,j;jhypia If;fpag; gLj;jYf;Fg; gpd;Ds;s Njrg;glk;.
• Njrg;glq;fis tiutjw;F Ntz;ba nghUl;fisr; Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;s
MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F Fwpg;gpl;l ehisAk; fhy mtfhrj;ijAk; njupT
nra;Ak; gb khztiu mwpTWj;Jf.
• jkJ Mf;fq;fisr; rkh;g;gpf;fr; re;jh;g;gj;ij mspf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOtpdJk; gyk;> gytPdk; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fz;L
gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
N[h;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;jpa ngUik jdpNa gp];khh;f;fpw;F cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;
/ mt;thwy;y.
• tpthjj;jpw;F khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
• mf;FOf;fspy; Ngr;rhw;wy; cs;sth;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J tpthjj;jpw;F
Maj;jg;gLjJf.
• tpthjj;jpd; tpjp Kiwfisf; $Wf.
• jfty;fisr;Nrfupf;ff; $ba %yq;fisg; gw;wp mwpT+l;Lf.
• tpthjj;jpd; NghJ Gs;sptoq;Fk; epakq;fis xOq;FgLj;Jf.
• cupa jpdj;jpy; tpthjj;ij Muk;gpf;Ff.
134tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghupd; gaq;fuj;jd;ikiaAk; rkhjhdj;jpd;
fUj;ijAk; xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; guprPypg;ghh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
11.1 KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh; kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; Nghf;fpw;Fj; jilahf
,Ue;jik gw;wp Muha;e;J Nghh;r;#oypy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L tho;tjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
11.2 cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; xU Kaw;rpahf rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd;
nraw;ghl;il xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; guprPypg;ghh;.
ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :fw;ww;NgW :
• KjyhtJ cyfg; NghUf;fhd fhuzpfisAk;> Nghupd; tpisTfisg;
gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; ngwy;.
• ru;tNjr rq;fk; kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; rkhjhd epiyg;ghl;bw;F vLj;j
eltbf;iffis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; Nghf;fpw;F cyfg; Nghupdhy; Vw;gl;l
jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.
• Kuz;ghL ePf;fYf;F fye;Jiuahly; xU ey;y jPh;thFk; vd;gij
tpsq;fpf; nfs;sy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
1871 ,y; N[h;kd; xU If;fpa ehlhf khwpaik INuhg;ghtpy; mJtiu ,Ue;jrkepiy mjpfhu khw;wj;jpw;F ce;Jjyhf mike;jJ. 1871 ,d; gpd;dh; N[h;kdpf;Fk;gpuhd;Rf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;b epiyik cUthdJ. gpuhd;ir KbAkhdtiuINuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;J jdpg;gLj;jp itf;Fk; nfhs;ifia N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;jik,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.
kWGwk; n[u;kdp Vida gykpf;f INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; el;GwT NgZk;nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,g;gpd;dzpA+Nl 1909 mstpy; INuhg;gh ,U Nghu;g;ghriwfisAk; cUthf;fpapUe;jik cyf Aj;jj;Jf;fhd Vw;ghlhf mike;jJ.,e;jf; fhuzpfs;> Nghupd; Nghf;Ffs;> tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp Muha;tijNa,t;tyF Nehf;fhff; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
135tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b
KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg; Nghh;
Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:Kjyhk; cyfg; NghUf;Fupa fhuzpfs;:
ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:ePz;l fhyf; fhuzpfs;:- FbNaw;w ehLfis mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lk;.- tzpf Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Gjpa re;ijfis
ngWtjw;F vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;.- gpupj;jhdpahtpYk; N[h;khdpapYk; Vw;gl;l NguuRg; Nghuhl;lk;.- Nghy;fd; neUf;fb.
FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :FWq;fhyf; fhuzpfs; :
- Gjpa NguuR thjj;jpd; tpUj;jpapD}lhf Gjpa ty;yuRfs; cUthdik.(N[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp)
- gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;F N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;j nray;Kiwfs;.- INuhg;ghtpy; ,U mjpfhuf; FOf;fs; cUthdik.- MAjg; Nghl;bAk; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidfSk;.- rhtNjr Clfq;fs; xU Nghh; kdg;ghq;if cUthf;fpaik.- Nghy;fd; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; INuhg;gh nfhjpg;giljy;.
cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :cldbf;fhuzpfs; :- M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturh; Ngh;bdz;Lk; mtuJ ghupahUk;
ruNahNth efupy; nfhy;yg;gl;lik.
gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;gpuhd;rp]; Ngbdd;l; ,sturDk; mtuJ kidtpAk;
136tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;KjyhtJ cyfg;Nghh;
Aj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;ifAj;j eltbf;if
- Aj;j Muk;gk;.
- Nkw;F Kd;dzp.
- fpof;F Kd;dzp.
- njd;fpof;F INuh;g;gpa Kd;dzp.
- flw;Nghu;.
- mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPL
cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;
- caph;> kw;Wk; nrhj;J ,og;Gfs;.
- Coy; epiwe;j rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpKiw xope;jik.
- Gjpa muRfs; cUthdik.
- N[h;kd; mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- mnkupf;fhTk;> gpupj;jhdpahTk; cyfg; gyk;tha;e;j ehLfshf
vOr;rpAw;wik.
- cyff; Fog;gq;fisj; jtph;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F rh;tNjrr; rq;fnkhd;iw
epWTtjw;fhd Mh;tk; Vw;gl;lik.
rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;rh;tNjrr;rq;fk;
Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;Fwpf;NfhSk; Muk;gKk;
- rh;tNjrthjg; gpujpthjq;fisr; rkhjhdkhfj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
- rpwpa ehLfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk;> Rahjpgj;jpaj;ijAk; Ngzy;.
- ehLfspd; vy;iyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;J itj;jy;.
- th;nry;]; cld;gbf;ifAk; rh;tNjrr;rq;fKk;.
- rq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;Njhh;.
- rhrdk;.
Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;Ngbdd;l; jk;gjpaiu nfhiy nra;jtid gpbj;Jr; nry;yy;
137tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;ru;tNjrr;rq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;
mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;mD$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;
- rh;tNjr ,af;f vz;zf;fU cUthdik.
- rh;tNjr rq;fk; cUthdik. (ePjpj;Jiw> njhopyhsh;> Rfhjhuk;)
- rh;tNjr Kuz;ghL ePf;fg;gl;lik.
- kdpj cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;jpaik. (mbik tpahghuk;> mfjpfs;
Gdh;tho;T> kJ tpw;gidj; jil vd;gd)
gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.gpujp$ykhd ,ay;Gfs;.
- gyk; tha;e;j ehLfs; tpyfpaik.
- Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shik
- cyf rkhjhdj;ij epiyepWj;jpr; nry;Yk; Fwpf;Nfhs; xope;jik.
- epge;jidfs; kPwg;gl;lNghJ mjw;nfjpuhfr; nraw;gl Kbahik.
- rh;tNjrg; gilnahd;W ,y;yhik.
nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;nfk&dpy; ghy;a (rpWtu;) njhopyhsu;fs;
138tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
• cyf Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l ,UgpuptpdUf;Fk; cupj;jhd ehLfis INuhg;gpaNjrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jy;.
- ,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f
- cupa ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gJld; ,J gw;wp khztiu mwpTWj;Jf.- ,lg;ngaUk; ,lKk; rupahff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjh vdg; guprPypf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
• gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;F N[h;kd; filg;gpbj;j nrad;KiwahdJ
KjyhtJ cyf Aj;jk; tiu INuhg;ghit ,l;Lr; nry;yyhdJ>
,f;$w;iwg; guprPypj;J xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupf;f.
- ,jid xU jdpahs; xg;gilahff; nfhs;sTk;.
- jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Kiwfs; gw;wp khztiu
mwpTWj;Jf.
- xg;gilia epiwT nra;J ifaspf;f Ntz;ba jpfjp gw;wp
khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
- khzth; xg;gilfis xU kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jpg; gpd;D}l;liy
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03naw;ghL 03
• KjyhtJ cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,j;jhypf;Fk; N[h;kdpf;Fk; [dehafk;
nghUe;jhik ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; Njhd;Wtjw;F topNfhypaJ.
,f;$w;Wf;Fr; rhh;ghfTk; vjpuhfTk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J> Rth;g;
gj;jpupifnahd;Wf;F mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.
- ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
- ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jj; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
FO 1 : rhh;ghd jfty;fs;
FO 2 : vjpuhd jfty;fs;
- jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
- gyk;/ gytPdk; vd;gd gw;wp Rl;bf; fhl;b khztuJ nraw;ghl;il
kjpg;gpLf.
139tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
1jk
f,dal
ix.
%duh -
ms,a fn§u
1jk
f,dal
ix.
%duh -
ms,a fn§u
1jk
f,dal
ix.
%duh -
ms,a fn§u
1jk
f,dal
ix.
%duh -
ms,a fn§u
1jk
f,dal
ix.
%duh -
ms,a fn§u
Mgpupf;fh
gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;
,e;J rKj;jpuk;
f d lh
mnkupf;f
If;fpa ,uhr;rpak;
gpNurpy;
mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;
gpuhd
;]; ,j;jhypN[u;kd;
M];jpupah
`q;Nfupah
JUf;fp
u \; ah
,e;jpah
rPdh
gRgpf; rKj;jpuk;
epA+rpyhe;J
mT];jpNuy
pah
kj;jpa Ml;rp
fyg;G Ml;rp
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; - vy;iyg; gpupg;G
140tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; INuhg;gh
mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;
tl fly;
gpuhd
;];
Mgpupf;fh
];nfhl;yhe;J
N[u;kd;
;
,j;jhyp
RtPld;
Nghye;J
&Nkdpah
Nrhtpaj; Njrk;
Nehu;Nt
`q;Nfup
gpd;yhe;J
nld;khu;f;
ANfh]
;yht
pah
fpuP];
gy;Nfupah
JUf;fpfUq; fly;
Nghu;j
;Jf;fy
;
];ghdpah
kj;jpa jiuf; fly;
fhu;bdpah
ngy;[pak;
Mgpupf;fhf; fly;
my;njdpah
nrf;Nfh]
;yht
pahfl
y;
,q;fpy
he;J
mau;yhe;J
141tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12
u\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rpu\;ag; Gul;rp
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld; njhlh;Gila Gul;rpfukhd
rf;jpfs; gw;wp Muha;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
12.1 u\;a Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzk; kw;Wk; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Kiw gw;wpAk;
tpsf;Fthh;.
12.2 cyf ehfupfj;jpw;F u\;ag; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;ij
Muha;thh;.
ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15ghlNtisfs; : 15
fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:fw;ww;NgW:
• rkTilik thjj;ijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L Vw;gl;l u\;a Gul;rp
gw;wpajhd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlh;ghd xU Kf;fpa jpUg;GKidahf u\;ag;
Gul;rp ,dq;fhl;lg;glyhk;. u\;ahtpy; ,Ue;j Coy; epiwe;j rh;thjpfhu ]hh;
kd;duhl;rp fhuzkhf u\;a kf;fs; kpfTk; neUf;fy;fSf;F cl;gl;bUe;jdh;.
]hh; kd;dh;fs; nja;t tuk; ngw;wth;fs; vDk; vz;zf;fUitg; gad;gLj;jp
rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpia elhj;jp te;jJld; gpuGj;Jt mjpfhuj;jpd; %yKk; kf;fs;
neUf;Fjy;fSf;F cl;gl;ldh;. tptrhapfSf;F epy cupik ,d;wp ,Ue;jJk;>
njhopyhsupd; rpukk; Ruz;lg;gl;ljhYk; ]hh; kd;duhl;rpapd; gf;fk; kf;fsJ
ntWg;G mjpfupj;jJ. u\;a [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; u\;a Njhy;tpAw;wJk; epiyik
Nkhrkile;jJ. ,jd;gb czT> fhzp> rkhjhdk; vDk; Nghuhl;lj;jiyg;Gf;fspy;
xd;wpize;j u];a kf;fs; 1917 ,y; ,uz;lhk; epf;fy]; ]hh; kd;dupd; muirf;
ftpo;j;J xopj;J tpl;L nghJTilik munrhd;iw mikj;jdh;. ,t;thW
mikf;fg;gl;l Nghy;nrtpf; Gul;rpapD}lhf cyfpd; KjyhtJ nghJTlik muR
cUthfpaJ. cyf murpaypy; Kf;fpa fhuzpahd u\;a gul;rp gw;wpf; fw;gNj
,t;tjjpahaj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;ghFk;.
ghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;bghltplaj;ij tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;b
u\;a Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;• nghJTilikr; rpe;jidapd; tpUj;jp.
- rkTilik vd;why; vd;d?- jh]; fg;gpl;ly; (Kjyhspj;Jtk;) vDk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fspd;
mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;.- nfhkpA+dpr thjj;ij Nghjpj;j rpe;jidfs;- nfhkpA+dpr ntspaPLfs;.- gup]; nfhkpA+d;.
• nghJTilikf; fl;rpfspd; tpUj;jp.• Gul;rpf;F mz;kpj;j fhyj;jpy; u\;ahtpy; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f epiyik.
142tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.murpay; fhuzpfs;.- Coy; epiwe;j kd;duhl;rp.- 1905 ,d; Ntiy epWj;jk;.- 1905 u\;a [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpYk; kw;Wk; 1914 cyf Aj;jj;jpYk; u\;ah
mile;j Njhy;tpfs;.
ghupa Ntiy epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk;
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;:
- ghuk;gupa epykhdpag; nghUshjhu Kiw
- rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G> njhopypd;ik kw;Wk; tWik.
- Aj;jq;fspy; fye;Jnfhs;tjhy; vw;gl;l nghUshjhu vjph; tpisTfs;.
- ifj;njhopy; gw;wp gpuhd;R> N[h;kdp> mnkupf;fh> KjyPl;lhsh;fs;
Cf;fnkLj;jikAk; rpukr; Ruz;liy Nkw;nfhz;likAk;.
- tptrhaj; njhopyhsh;> eLj;ju tFg;gpdh; mNdfh; neUf;Fjy;fSf;F
cs;shfpaik.
- u\;a jpiwNrup eyptile;jik.
r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:r%ff;fhuzpfs;:
- gyk; tha;e;j kj;jpaju tFg;G ,y;yhjpUe;jik.
- jj;Jttpayhsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; u\;a r%fj;jpy; gpugykile;jik.
- Nghy;];tpf; fl;rp cUthdik.
u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;u\;ag; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l tpjk;
- Nkd;Nrtpf; Ml;rp Njhy;tpAw;wik.
- nfud;];fp Ml;rp ftpo;e;jikAk; Nghy;rtpf;fpdh; ntw;wpngw;wikAk;.
- 1818 Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FOtpdUf;F cjhuzkhf tpsq;fpaik.
u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
- cyfpy; Kjy; r%fTilik ehlhf ekTilik Kfhkpw;F
Kd;khjpupia toq;fpaik.
- nry;tkw;w tFg;gpdupd; ntw;wp
- jpl;lkplg;gl;l nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaik
143tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gilnrQ;rl;ilg; gil
Gul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jhGul;rpapd; fhuzfu;j;jh
144tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:nraw;ghL 01:
• u\;a Gul;rp gw;wp xU jfty; Nfhitiaj; jahupj;jy;.
• murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhuk; vDk; vy;yhj;JiwfspYKs;s
NjitfSk;> u\;a Gul;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jik gw;;wpa
jfty;fslq;fpa jfty; Nfhitnahd;iw mikg;gJ ,q;F
Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.
FO 1 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l murpaw; fhuzpfs;.
FO 2 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;l nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;.
FO 3 - Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;;l r%ff; fhuzpfs;.
• xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; mth;fSf;Fupa jiyg;ig toq;Ff.
• jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• xt;nthU FOTk; Nrfupj;j jfty;fisr; rkh;g;gpg;gjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
• Mrpupaupd; cjtpAld; Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xU jfty;Nfhitahf
mikf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
• Gul;rpapd; %yk; cUthd u\;a nghJTilik muR cyf tuyhw;wpy;
xU ngupa jhf;fj;ij tpistpj;jJ. ,f;$w;wpd;gb u\;ag; Gul;rpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp mwpf;if xd;;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhff; nfhs;f.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
• rpwg;ghd Mf;fq;fis Vida khzth;fSk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sr; re;jh;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
145tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13
ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;ghrprKk; ehrprKk;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyf tuyhw;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; mbg;gilahf mike;j murpay;
rf;jpfs; njhlh;ghf ghrprk;> ehrprk; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
rkepiyahd tpsf;fk; ngWth;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
13.1 ghrprKk;> ehrprKk; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij Muha;thh;.
13.2 ghrprthjj;jpw;Fk; ehrpr thjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;Gfis
tpsf;Fthh;.
ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15ghl Ntisfs; :15
fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :fw;wy; tpisT :
• ghrprk; kw;Wk; ehrprk; njhlh;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWthh;.
• ghrpr> ehrpr rf;jpfs; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa
tpjk; gw;wpj; NjLthh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;Fk; Njhy;tpaile;j
N[h;kdpf;Fk; ,ilapy; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l 'th;nra;y;];" cld;gbf;if %yk;
N[h;kdpf;F mjpf jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
`pl;yiug; Nghd;w ehrpr rh;thjpfhu Ml;rpahsDf;F N[h;kdpapy; mjpfhuk;
ngWtjw;F ,e;epiyikfNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd. mNj Nghd;W Kjyhk;
cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ,j;jhyp mjpf ed;ikfisg; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; Ner
ehLfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; Nghh; Kbtile;j gpd;dh; ,j;jhypapd;
vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fs; epiwNtwhJ NghdJld; cyfg; nghUshjhu mOj;jq;fspd;
fhuzkhf ,j;jhypapYk; gy;NtW nghUshjhu> r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wp;d.
,e;epiyikapdhy; gadile;j ngdpNlh KNrhypdp ghrpr nfhs;iffs; Clhf
nry;thf;Fs;s xUtuhf khwpdhh;.
ghrpr> ehrpr rf;jpfspd; ,ay;G> mjd;%yk;cyf tuyhw;wpy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; vd;gd
njhlhghff; fw;gjw;F ,t;tyF xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.ghltplaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b.
,j;jhypapy; ghrprk;.
- ghrprj;jpd; ,ay;G.
- r%fTilikf;F vjpuhd xU topKiwahff; fhzg;gLjy;.
- r%fTilikf; nfhs;iffSk; Kjyhspj;JtKk; fye;jjhff;
fhzg;gLjy;.
- mjpfhu Mizaply; jd;ikAila murpay; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;ljhff;
fhzg;gLjy;.
146tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:ghrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd fhuzpfs;:- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; ,j;jhypapd; vjph;ghh;g;Gfs; epiwNtwhJ
Nghdik.- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd; Njhd;wpa r%f> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;.
• njhopy; gpur;rpid.• ifj;njhopy;> th;j;jfk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik.• xOf;fk; rPh;Fiye;jik.• ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaik.• Ntiy epWj;jk;.
- Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,e;epiyia Ml;rp nra;a KbahJNghdik.
- ,r;#o;epiyapy; KNrhypdp ghrprf;fl;rpia cUthf;fpaik.
ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :ghrprj;jpd; tpisTfs; :
- gyKs;s murhq;fk; xd;iw mikf;f Kbe;jik.
- ,j;jhypapDs; r%f> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik.
- gy;tif Coy;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- rkag;gpur;rpidfs; jPh;f;fg;gl;lik. (ntl;lud; cld;gbf;if)
- KNrhypdpapd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;iffSk; mjd; Njhy;tpAk;.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F toptFj;jik.
N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :N[h;kdpapy; ehrprj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; :
- ,dthjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; Kiwnahd;W
Njhd;Wjy;.
- N[h;kdpa ,dk; cyfpy; rpNu\;lkhd Xh; ,dk; vdf; fUjg;gl;lik.
- r%fTilikf;F vjpuhd xU nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jik.
- r%fTilik> Kjyhspj;Jt fUj;Jf;fs; fye;jjhf ,Ue;jik.
- rh;thjpfhu MizapLk; murpay; ,ay;gpidf; nfhz;bUe;jik.
- muR Nkd;ikj; jd;ikAilaJ vdf; fUjg;gly;.
ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.ehrprj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F VJthd fhuzpfs;.
- Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd; N[h;kdpapy; cUthfpa epiyikfs;.
- 1930 ,d; cyfg;nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp.
- thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs;.
- N[h;kdpah;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l tuyhw;Wg; Nghh; gw;wpa mth.
- r%fTilik> fye;Jiuahly;> vd;gtw;iw ntWj;jik.
`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;`pl;yu;
147tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- ehrprf; nfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gl Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Kbahkw;
Nghdik.
- `pl;yupd; MSik.
ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;ehrprj;jpd; tpisTfs;
- N[h;kdpapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;;
• ifj;njhopy;.
• tptrhak;.
• njhopy; tha;g;Gg; gpur;rpidfs;
jPh;f;fg;gl;lik.
• Rfhjhu epiyikfspy;
Kd;Ndw;wk;.
• tpisahl;L eltbf;iffs;.
- A+jh;fSf;F vjpuhf fLikahd
,k;irfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
- njhopw; rq;fq;fs; jLf;fg;gl;lik.
njhopyhsh ;fSf;F vjpuhd
eltbf;iffs;.
- ehrpr N[h;kdpapd; ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;if.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F
toptFj;jik.
ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:ghrpr> ehrpr nfhs;iffSf;fpilNaahd njhlh;Gfs;:
- ,j;jhypapy; ghrprKk; N[h;kdpapy; ehrprKk;
tsh;r;rpailtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
gpd;dzpfspd; xj;j jd;ikfs;
• jiyikj;Jt ,ay;Gfs;.
• murpay; epiyikfs; nghUshjhug;
gpur;rpidfs;.
• nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;.
• r%f epiyikfs;
- ehrpfsJk;> ghrp];LfsJk; Vfhjpgj;jpa
eltbf;iffs;.
- `pl;yUf;Fk; KNrhypDf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gl;l xw;Wik/ el;G.
- ehrpfSk; ghrp];LfSk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;
NghUf;F top tFj;jik.
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;tsu;r;rpahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l cUthf;fg;gl;l Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;
`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;`pl;yu; - KNrhypdpapd;
el;Gel;Gel;Gel;Gel;G
148tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
ehrprk;> ghrprk; vd;gd gw;wp xU fl;Liu jahupj;jy;. ehrprj;jpdJk;> ghrprj;jpdJk;
,ay;Gfs;> Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp Mfpad njhlu;ghd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf
fl;Liu mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfj; jahh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• kpfTk; Mf;f G+h;tkhd fl;Liunahd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid
toq;Ff.
• kpfTk; rpwe;j Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy;cs;s midtUk; thrpf;ff; $bajhf
tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
ehrprj;jpdJk; ghrprj;jpdJk; nraw;ghLfs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F fhuzkhf
mike;jd. ,f;$w;Wf;fhd fhuzq;fis cs;slf;fp gj;jpupiff;fhd
mwpf;ifnahd;iwJ; jahh; nra;f.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfj; jahupf;Ff.
• cupa %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.
• kpfTk; jh;f;f uPjpahf tp;laq;fis Kd;itf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
149tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 14myF 14myF 14myF 14myF 14
,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;,uz;lhtJ cyf kfhAj;jk;
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gaq;fuk;> rkhjhdj;jpd; Njit gw;wpa
tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
14.1 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; kdpj Fyj;jpd; vjph;fhyg; gazj;jpw;Fj; jilahfmike;j tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;J Nghh; epiyfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr;nraw;gLthh;.
14.2 cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd xU khh;f;fkhf cUntLf;fg;gl;lIf;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; gw;wp tpsf;fk;.
ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis :ghlNtis : 15
fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:fw;ww; NgW:
• mopTr; #o;epiyfs; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;j;J cyf rkhjhdj;ijg;ghJfhj;jy;. ehLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij jpl;lkplypy; rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;gpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwy;.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;> mjd;tpisTfs; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;wy;.
• ehLfspd; vjph;fhy Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; xUrf;jpahf mike;Js;s tpjj;ijf; fw;wy;.
mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; tpisTfspy; ,Ue;Nj ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F topcz;lhdJ vd;gJ tpkh;rfh;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. th;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;if %yk;N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; fhuzkhf pl;yh; Nghd;w ehrprj; jiytd;xUtd; gpw;fhyj;jpy; N[h;kdpapd; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wf; $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.1933 ,y; N[h;kdpapd; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa `pl;yh; MW tUl fhyj;jpy;,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghiu Njhw;Wtpj;jhd;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; xU rpy fz;lq;fspy; khj;jpuk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;l epiyapy;,q;fpyhe;Jk; Nghupy; fye;Jnfhz;likahy; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fk; Nghh; gutpaJ.If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR> [g;ghdpy; `pNuhrpkh> ehfrhf;fp efuq;fspy;mZFz;il tPrp [g;ghidj; Njhw;fbj;jJ. mjd; %yk; ngUkstpyhd kdpjcaph;fisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; Aj;jk; fhT nfhz;l epiyapy; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; Kbtile;jJ.
,e;epiyik cyf ty;yuRfspd; ftdj;ij <h;j;jJld; 1945 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;fFbaurpd; nrd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpufldj;jpw;fika cyfrkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.md;W Kjy; mJ gy;NtW jilfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;l NghjpYk;cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mj;jhgdk; %yk; ngUk; NritMw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;Nghupd; ,ay;G tpisTfs; vd;gd gw;wp ,g;ghl myfpd; %yk; tpsf;fk; ngw;Wj;ju
Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
150tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,uz
;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz
;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01
,uz
;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz
;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01
,uz
;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz
;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01
,uz
;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz
;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01
,uz
;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F mz
;kpa fhy INuhg;gh - 1939 nrg;lk;gu; 01
I];yhe;J
NgNuh];
nrl;yhe;J
ng;iul;];
t. mau;yhe;J
ngy;g];l;
lg;spd;
mau;yhe;J
mj;jpyhe;jpf; rKj;jpuk;
Xu;fdp
tlfly;
vbd;gNuh
ngupa gpupj;jhdpahyz;ld;
Nghu;j;Jf;fy;
kl;upl;
yp];gd;e$]; ejp
];ghd
pah
my;nfrpuh];
gpNghy;lh
ePupiz
nkhNuhf;Nfh
(];ghz
pah)
nld;[Pupa];
nkNuhf;Nfh
(gpuhd
;];)
my;[Pupah
my;[pau;]
;
ngyu;f; jPTfs;
kj;jpajiuf; fly;
bA+dpr
pah
rhu;bdpah
nfhupah
ghu;rpNyhdh
ypNahd;
gpuhd;];
NghupNlh
gup];
kpyhd
;,j;jhy
p Nuhk;
nld;khu;f;
rprpyp
Nkhy
;l;lh
fpuPl; (fpNuf;fk;)
vjd;];
fpuP];
Negpy;];
];tpl;ru;yhe;J
vy;Ngdpah
ntdp]; ngy;fpNul;
`q;Nfup
Nfhg;gd; N`
fd;
Nghy;bf; fly;
gpd;yhe;J
nydpd; fpuhl;
n`y;rpd;f;
nyl;tpah
epgu; ejp
Nfhd
h];
ypJNtdpah
Xnl];]h
fUq;fly;
ghuNfht
;
nkh]
;Nfht
;Nthy;fh ejp
nghJTilikthj Nrhtpaj; FbauRfspd; xd;wpak;
];lhypd; fpuhl; f]
;gpad; fly;
<uhd
;
gf;jhj;
<uhf;
lk];f];
rpupah
JUf;fp
,];jhd; G+y;
md;fuh
151tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghltpaj;ijj; njspT gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;:
- N[h;kdpapy; itkhh; Fbaurpd; gytPdk;.
• nghUshjhu tPf;fk;.
• njhopypd;ik.
• czTg; gw;whf;Fiw.
thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:thh;nra;y;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gytPdq;fs;:
- N[h;kdpf;F epahakw;w Kiwapy; el;l <l;Lj; njhifnahd;W
mwtplg;gl;lik.
- ghrprj;jpdJk; ehrprj;jpdJk; vOr;rp.
• `pl;yUf;Fk; KNrhypDf;Fk; ,ilapyhd el;G.
• nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; xj;Jiog;Gfs;.
- `pl;yupd; cs;ehl;L ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifs;.
• ikd; fhk;g; (vdJ Nghuhl;lk;) vDk; Mf;fk; ntspaplg;gl;lik.
• Gjpa rhd;ryh; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lik.
• [dhjpgjpahf khwpaik.
• vjpuhdth;fs; xopf;fg;gl;lik.
• FbAupikfs; xopf;fg;gl;lik.
• fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk; xopf;fg;gl;lik.
• fy;tp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fisj; jd;dplk; itj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
• A+jh;fSf;Fj; vjpuhf fLikahd ,k;irfisg; Gupe;jik.
• njhopw; rq;fq;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;lik.
• gilg;gyg; ngUf;fk;.
• N[h;kd; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpaik.
• th;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if tpjpfis kPwp ehl;L vy;iyfis
tphpTgLj;jpaik.
- uapd;yhe;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
- RNlw;wd;yhe;ij kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik.
152tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;A+ju;fspd; filj; njhFjpfis mopj;njhopj;jy;
A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;A+jg;gLnfhiyfs;
vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy; vjpupfis mopj;jy;
153tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- M];jphpahit fth;e;J nfhz;lik.
- INuhg;ghtpy; %d;W Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpaikAk; mtw;Wf;fpilNa tsh;e;j
re;Njfq;fSk;.
• N[h;kd; - ,j;jhyp
• u\;ah
• gphpj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;]{k;
- [g;ghd; gyk; ngw;wik.
- ehrpr> fkpA+dpr rkhjhd xg;ge;jk;.
- fpl;ba fhuzp Nghyhe;J jhf;fg;gl;lik.
14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.14.2 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;.
1939 nrg;lk;gh; khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp `pl;yh; Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikAk;
mjw;F vjpuhf nrg;lk;gh; 3Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;]{k; N[h;kdpf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghh; gpufldk; nra;jikAk;.
- `pl;yh; etPd Aj;j cgha Kiwfisf; ifahz;lik.
• 'gpypl;]; fpwPf;" Kiw my;yJ cldbahfj; jhf;Fjy;.
• rf;jp tha;e;j Aj;j lhq;fpfspd; ghtid.
• Nghh; tpkhdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• jpwikahd xw;wh; Nrit.
- 1940,y; `pl;yh; Nehh;NtiaAk; RtPlidAk; Mf;fpukpj;jik.
- gpupj;jhdpahTf;F vjpuhf Nghhpl;lik.
- Nghy;fd; Aj;jk;.
- Nrhtpaj; ehl;il Mf;fpukpj;jik.
- mnkupf;fhTk; [g;ghDk; Aj;jj;jpy; Eioe;jik.
- N[h;kdpAk; [g;ghDk; mbgzpe;jik.
14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.14.3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.
- cyfk; KOtJk; kdpjd;> ngsjPf tsq;fs; mope;jik.
- Kjyhspj;Jtk;> nghJTilik vd ,uz;L Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpaik.
- INuhg;gh ngw;wpUe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; Nrhtpaj; ehl;Lf;Fk;
fpilj;jik.
- gphpj;jhdpa> gpuhd;rpa Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; tPo;r;rp.
- N[h;kdp KOikahf tPo;r;rpaile;jik.
- mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR rdehaj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf cUthf;fk;
ngw;wik.
- Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfis kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf If;fpa mnkupf;f
FbauR %yk; khh;tpy; jpl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.
- gphpj;jhdpahTf;Fk; gpuhd;Rf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd gy FbNaw;wq;fSf;F
Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jik.
14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.14.4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk;.
Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.Njhw;wKk; Nehf;fq;fSk;.
Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.Njhw;wk;.
- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpidtpl gykpf;f rh;tNjr jhgdk; xd;wpd; Njit
czug;gl;lik.
154tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- xt;nthUthpdJk; Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw kjpf;ff;$baJk;
mj;Jld; cyf rkhjhdj;Jf;fhfTk; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfTk; rh;tNjr
jhgdk; xd;W Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jk; Njhd;wpaik.
- 1941d; mj;jpyhe;jpf; gpufldk;.
• Nghhpy; mbgzpe;jth;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Fjy;.
• Rakhf jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; chpikia toq;Fjy;.
• MAjf;fisg;Gr; nra;jy;.
- 1945 xf;Nlhghpy; rd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh khehl;by; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd;
gpufldk; cj;jpNahf G+h;tkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLjy;.
- Muk;gj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; 50 khj;jpuNk.
Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.Nehf;fq;fs;.
• rh;tNjr rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G> xj;Jiog;G vd;gtw;iw epiyehl;Ljy;.
• epw> kj> nkhopapy; ghFghLfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shJ
kdpj chpikfis kjpj;J mtw;iw Cf;Ftpf;f eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
• Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ehLfspd; jiyikafkhf
nraw;gLjy;.
If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G Kf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJKf;fpa MW jhgdq;isf; nfhz;lJ
• nghJr; rig.
• ghJfhg;Gr; rig.
• ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig.
• nghUshjhu r%fr; rig.
• rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;.
• nrayfk;.
If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ,iz epWtdq;fs; (fl;likg;G> Nehf;fq;fs;> mq;fj;Jt
vz;zpf;if> nghWg;Gf;fs;> Kf;fpaj;Jtk;)
If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
- cyf rkhjhdj;Jf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs;.
- tpal;ehk; gpur;rpid.
,e;jpa - rPdg;gpur;rpid.
,e;jpa - ghfp];jhd; gpur;rpid.
<uhd; - <uhf; gpur;rpid.
Nghh;f;yd;l; gpur;rpid.
<uhd; - Fitl; gpur;rpid.
,];Nuy; - gy];jPdg; gpur;rpid.
- MAjf; Fiwg;G eltbf;if.
- rh;tNjrg; NguopTfspd; NghJ cjtp xj;jhir toq;Fjy;.
(nts;sk;> Gay;> #whtsp> Rdhkp)
- rh;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd eltbf;iffs;.
- ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpidfisf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd gpuaj;jdq;fs;.
- vjph;fhy re;jjpapdiu Aj;j fsq;fspy; ,Ue;J kPl;nlLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs;.
155tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.14.6 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; vjph; Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs;;.
- ehLfs; ty;yuR Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTz;lik.
- epiyahd gilnahd;W ,y;yhik.
- mZ MAjf;fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghf ntw;wpfukhd eil Kiwfs;
,y;yhik.
- epjp rhh;e;j trjpaPdq;fs;.
156tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tpdh tpilg;
Nghl;b elhj;Jjy;. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; eil ngw;wikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;> Nghh; gutyile;j tpjk;> mJ tsh;r;rpaile;j tpjk;>
tpisTfs; Mfpa midj;J tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,g;Nghl;b
eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• tFg;gpy; cs;s midj;J khzth;fspdJk; gq;fspg;Gld; tpdhf;fisj;
jahhpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;bf;F nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tFg;ig NtWgLj;jpf;
nfhs;f.
• midj;J khzth;fspdJk; gq;F gw;wYld; Nghl;bia elhj;Jf.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
cyf rkhjhdj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; nraw;gLk;
NghJ Njhd;wpa gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
mwpf;ifnahd;iw jahhpj;jy;.
• ,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• jfty;fisj; Njbf; nfhs;s %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
157tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15myF 15
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; cyfk;.
Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp :Njh;r;rp : cyfpy; jw;fhy murpay; mbg;gilfs; cUthtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpa mjpfhur; rf;jpfs; gw;wpr; rkepiyahf Ma;T nra;th;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
15.1 Nrhtpaj; ehLk; If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauRk; rkTlikthj>
Kjyhspj;Jtthj Kfhk;fshf vOr;rpaile;J cyf murpaypy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthh;.
15.2 gdpg;Nghh; fhyj;jpy; ty;yuR Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa rkhjhdj;ijg;
ghJfhf;f If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; Mw;wpa gq;fsp;g;ig kjpj;Jg; NgRth;.
ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 25
fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :fw;wy; tpisTfs; :
• jw;fhy cyfpd; murpay; epiyikfSf;F gpd;dzpahf mike;j
,we;jfhy epfo;Tfs; gw;wpAk; rf;jpfs; gw;wpAk; tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
• cyf ty;yuR Kfhk;fspilNa cUthfpa murpay; nghUshjhu
r%f Nghf;Ffs; njhlh;ghf tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• ty;yuR Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfis jPh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; <Lgl;l tpjj;ijf; fw;wy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
kdpj r%fj;Jf;F khngUk; mopitf; ifaspj;Jtpl;L ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh;
KbTw;wJ. Nghh; fhuzkhf Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfs; Nghd;Nw ntw;wpaile;j
ehLfSk; ngUk; mopTfSf;F cl;gl;bUe;jJld; jk; Ra gyj;jhy; kPz;nlsf;
$ba ehLfshf If;fpa mnkhpf;f ehLk; u\;ahTk; njd;gl;ld.
Nghhpdhy; mope;j Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; nghUshjhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g
If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauR khh;\y; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; nraw;gl;lJ mjd; fhuzkhf
If;fpa mnkhpf;f Fbaurpd; jiyikapy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F u\;ah cjtpajd; fhuzkhf Urpah jiyikapyhd
rkTilik Kfhk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. mt;tpU Kfhk;fSf;fpilNa cyf Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;Jf;fhf eilngw;w mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lk; gdpg;Nghh; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtJld;
Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Nel;Nlh mikg;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jk; r%fTilik Kfhk;
Nthh;Nrh mikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;Jk; jk; mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s
Kaw;rpj;jd. rkTilik ehlhd u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;jikapy; gdpg;Nghh;
Kbtile;J If;fpa mnkhpf;ff; FbauR cyf ty;yurhf khwpaJ. ,f;fhyg;
gFjpapy; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffspy; epiwfisg; NghyNt FiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mJ gw;wp
Muha;tNj ,e;j myfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
158tuyhW
Mrpupa
u; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; cyfpd; mjpfhu Kfhk;fs;
Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs;
rkTilikthj ehLfs;
mzpNruh ehLfs;
nkf;rpNfh
gpNurpy;
gpupj;jhdpah
gpuhd;];
Nghu;j;Jf;fy;
Mgpupf;fh
mT];jpNuypah
,e;NjhNdrpah
rPdh
u\;ah
ag;ghd;I. m. FbauR
159tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaj;ij njspTLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;b:
ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:ty;yuR Kfhk;:
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; KbTld; mJtiu fhzg;gl;l INuhg;gpa
Vfhjpgj;jpak; Kwptile;jJ.
- Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; mnkupf;fhTk; ,uz;L ty;yuRfshf vOr;rp
ngw;wik.
rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:rkTilik Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:
- jpwikahd Ml;rpahsh;fs; Njhd;wpaik. (tP.I. nydpd;> N[hrg;
];lhypd;> l;nuhl;];fp Nghd;wth;fs;)
• Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• epfpl;lh FUN\t; vd;gtupd; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f nghUshjhuj;
jpl;lq;fs;.
• fpuhkpa tho;f;if Kiwia vOr;rpngwr;nra;tjw;fhfg; gpd;gw;wpa
topKiwfs;.
• tpQ;Qdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> tpisahl;L Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l
Kd;Ndw;wk;.
- Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; jiyikapd; fPo; rkTilik Kfhk; typik ngw;wik.
- Nghye;J> q;Nfup> UNkdpah> N[h;kdp> rPdh> fpA+gh> Nghd;w ehLfSld;
Nrhtpaj; ehL murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu uPjpahf If;fpaj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lik.
- rPdg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; rkTilik rhh;e;j FOtpd; gyk; ngw;wik.
Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;:
Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:Kjyhspj;Jt ty;yuR Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp:
vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-vOr;rp ngw;w tpjk;:-
• %d;W E}w;wz;Lfs; nfhz;l If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; tuyhw;wpy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa mJ ntspehl;L eltbf;iffspy;
gq;F nfhz;lJ.
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfis Mjhukhff;
nfhz;Nl cyf epfo;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;wd. (INuhg;gpa ikak;)
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> Nghd;w INuhg;ghtpd;
gykpf;f ehLfis cs;slf;fpa Ner ehLfSld; If;fpa mnkupf;f
FbauRk; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ.
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupy; Ner ehLfs; ntw;wpaile;jijj; njhlh;e;J
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR njhlh;ghd rh;tNjr me;j];J NkYk;
cah;e;jJ.
• Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfr;
nraw;gl;l rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; vDk; jhgdj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; jpl;lj;ijAk;
Kd;nkhopitAk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauNr Kd;itj;;jik> mjd;
gyj;ij cau;tilar; nra;jJ.
• INuhg;gpa eltbf;iffspy; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR njhlh;G
gl;likf;F vjpuhfr; nrdl; rigapy; vjph;g;Gj; Njhd;wpaikahy;
mnkupf;ff; FbauR rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpy; Nrh;e;J nfhs;stpy;iy.
160tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; Njhy;tpAld; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUk;
Muk;gkhapw;W. mg;Nghupd; NghJ 1945 ,y; [g;ghdpa `pNuh\pkh>
ehfrhf;fp Mfpa efuq;fspy; mnkupf;ff; Fbaurhy; mZFz;L
Nghlg;gl;likahy; N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa mr;R ehLfs;
gyk; ngw;W vOr;rp ngWtjidj; jLf;f KbAkhf ,Ue;jJ.
• mjd; fhuzkhf If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR rh;tNjr uPjpahf gyk;
ngw;wJ.
• mNj Nghd;W 1945 [_iy khjj;jpy; nrd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; $ba
kh ehl;by; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; gpufldk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ>
mt;tplaj;jpYk; If;fpa mnkupf;fh kpfTk; nghWg;G tha;e;j gzpia
Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
• 1945 xf;Nlhgh; 24 Mk; jpfjp Kjy; If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk;
nraw;gLtJld; mjpy; gpuhd;R> gpupj;jhdpah> Nrhtpaj; ehL> rPdh>
mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR Mfpa ehLfSf;F epue;ju gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
fpilj;jd. me;ehLfs; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy;
tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; nfhz;l Ik;ngUk; ty;yuRfshf khwpd. mjpy;
Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; jiyikapy; cs;s rkTilik ,af;fj;jpd;
eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kd;dpiyapy;
ep;d;W cioj;jJ.
• tpd; nyh]; Nghuhl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; %ykhd rkTilik ty;yuR
ehLfSf;F mr;RWj;jy; Vw;glf;$ba epiyik Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• vz;gjhk; jrhg;jq;fspy; u\;ahtpy; epfo;e;j fpsh]; neh];l;
ngu];j;iuapfh rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpaile;j
gpd;dh; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauR> cyf eltbf;iffspy; ty;yurhf
khwpaJ.
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg;
ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.ngWjy;.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; cyf ty;yuRfspy; xd;whfg;
gbg;gbahf tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ.
• 1917 xf;Nuhgh; Gul;rpapd; gpd; rkTilik Nrhtpaj; ehL Njhd;wpaJ.
mjdhy;> rkTilik ehLfSf;Fr; rhh;ghd ehLfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mjd; fhuzkhf rPdh> fpA+gh>
fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vd;gd rkTilik KfhKf;Fr; rhh;ghf
,aq;fj; njhlq;fpd.
• If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;Gr; rig mq;fj;jth; vd;w tifapy;
rkTilik KfhKf;Fupa ehLfSf;F vjpuhd jPh;khdq;fspd; NghJ
tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nrhtpaj; Kfhik typikAs;sjhf;f
Nrhtpaj; ehL Kide;jJ.
• rkTilik ehLfSf ;F vj puhf Kjyhspj ;Jt Kfhk pd ;
jiyikj;Jtj;ij ngw;w mnkupf;ff; FauR> r%fTilik KfhikAk;>
mjd; nghUshjhuj;ijAk; fkpA+dpr Ml;rpiaAk; Kwpabj;J
Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuf;nfhs;if rdehaf
Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;iw gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLj;jJ.
• Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapd; jiytd; vd;w tifapy; Kjyhspj;Jt mzpia
gyk; ngwr; nra;tjw;fhf 1949 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd;
jiyikapy; tlmj;jpyhe;jpf; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; vDk; mikg;ig
(NATO) If;fpa mnkupf;fh Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
161tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• Nel;Nlh mikg;G Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ,j;jhyp> Nkw;F N[h;kd;> fpuPR>
nejh;yhe;J> cs;slq;fyhf 16 ehLfisf; nfhz;lJld; mitfSf;F
vjpuhf tl mnkupf;fhtpNyh INuhg;ghtpNyh MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; vJTk;
,lk; ngwpd; mJ midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfSf;Fk; vjpuhd jhf;Fjyhf
xg;ge;jj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
• Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfSf;F If;fpa mnkupf;fh cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.
cjhuzkhf 1948 ,y; tlnfhupah> njd;nfhupah vd nfhupa ehL
,uz;L gFjpfshfg; gpsTgl;l gpd; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F
rhh;ghd njd; nfhupah If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg; gl;lik.
1948 ,y; Ngh;ypd; gpsT gl;lNghJ If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Kjyhspj;Jtf;
nfhs;ifAila Nkw;F Ngh;ypDf;Fr; rhh;ghf ,Ue;jik vd;gtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• r%fTilik ehLfis tPo;j;Jtjw;Fk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR
eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf fpA+ghtpd; Gul;rpapd; NghJ
jg;gpr;nrd;w> mNj Nghd;W ehL flj;jg;gl;l fpA+gh ehl;lth;fisf;
nfhz;l gilnahd ;iw If ;f pa mnku pf ;fh cUthf ;f pg ;
gapw;rpaspj;Js;sJ. mg;gil 1969 ,y; gply; f];lNuhtpd; gilfSf;F
vjpuhf Aj;jk; nra;jJ. fpA+ghTf;F Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; cjtp
fpilj;jikahy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh mjpy; Njhy;tp milw;jJ.
[dehafj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gl;lJ vd;w Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Ngupy; kpad;khh;
(gh;kh) ,uhZt muRf;F If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; MjuT
fpilf;fhikAk; Kjyhsp;j;Jtj;ij tpUk;Gk; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZt
Ml;rpahsUf;F MjuT toq;Ffpd;wikAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;Fs;shFk;.
• ,t;thW Kjyhspj;Jtk;> rdehafk; vd;gtw;iw cyfpy; gpugy;akilar;
nra;Ak; jiyikj;Jtk; cyf ty;yurhff; fUjg;gLk; If;fpa
mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Nf fpiljJs;sJ.
mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;mzpNruh ehLfs;
- ty;yuRfspy; ,izahJ eLepiyahd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifnahd;iwj;
jahupj;jy;.
- ,e;jpag; gpujkh; = [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;if.
• rkhjhdr; rftho;T.
• gu];gug; gad;ghLfspy; rkj;Jtk;.
• ve;jnthU ehl;bdJk; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPL nra;ahik.
• ve;jnthU ehl;ilAk; Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;ahik.
• xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; ngsjpf ,Ug;Gf;Fk; RahjPdj; jd;ikf;Fk;
kjpg;gspj;jy;.
mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.
mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; %yk; cyf murpaYf;F Mw;wg;gl;l gzpfs;.
gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.gdpg;Nghh;.
• If;fpaehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; jiyaPl;bd; fhuzkhf MAj Nkhjy;fs;
jtph;j;j Afk; xd;W cUthdik.
• ty;yuRfs; ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa rkhjhdNkh Aj;jNkh fhzg;glhik.
162tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;:
• If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; jiytd; vd;w
Kiwapy; jkJ mzpia gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;
ghJfhg;G xg;ge;j mikg;ig mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
• rkTilik Kfhk; Nel;Nlh mikg;Gf;Fg; gjpyhf thh;Nrh mikg;ig
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lik.
• Nel;Nlh mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauRf;Fk;
thh;Nrh mikg;gpd; jiyikj;Jtk; Nrhtpaj; FbauRf;Fk; fpilj;jik.
• If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpidr; re;Njfpj;J Nrhtpaj; ehL fpA+ghtpy;
VTfizfis itj;jpUj;jy;. (cjhuzkhf Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd;
cjtpiag; ngw;w fpA+gh1969 ,y; rkTilik ehlhf khwpaik)
• ,jw;Fg; gjpybahf mnkupf;fh Nrhtpaj; Njrj;ij ,yf;F itj;J
JUf;fpapy; VTfizfisg; nghUj;jpaJ.
• nfhupahtpy; mnkupf;fh gpd;gw;wpa nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf njd;
nfhupah Kjyhspj;Jtk; rhh;ghd ehlhf khwpaik- tl nfhupah
rkTilik mzpiar; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lik.
• nrNfh];Nyhthf;fpahtpy; u\;ahtpd; jiyaPL.
• tpal;ehk; Aj;jk;.
• kj;jpa fpof;F gpur;rpidfspy; jiyapl;lik.
gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;gdpg;Nghh; mw;Wg;Nghjy;
• 1985 ,d; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehl;by; nghUshjhur; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
(ngu];njha;f;fh) nraw;gl;likahy; Nrhtpaj; FbauR tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
• cyfpy; fhzg;gl;l ty;yuRfs; ,uz;bd; mjpfhug; Nghl;b (gdpg;Nghh;)
Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpAld; Kbtile;jJ.
If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;:
• Nthh;Nrh xg;ge;jk; KbTw;wJ.
• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; epiy epWj;JtJk; mJ
njhlh;ghf Njhd;Wk; ve;jnthU rthypd; NghJk; midj;J ehLfspdJk;
Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhf Kd;tUtjw;fhf cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gJNk
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; Kf;fpa ty;yuRfs; ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa
Vw;gltpUe;j MAjg; Nghuhl;lq;fis jPh;j;J itg;gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs;
jhgdj;jpd; Neubahd jiyaPL.
163tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
Kjyhspj;Jt> rkTilik ty;yuRfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• tFg;gpy; cs;s khzth; njhiff;Nfw;g xt;nthU FOtpYk;
cah;e;jgl;rk; 5 Ngh; nfhz;ljhf FOf;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; rkTilik Kfhk; Mfpa ,U jiyg;Gf;fis
FOf;fspilNa gfph;e;J mspf;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jj;jkf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fspy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J
tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth; FOf;fs; jfty;fis Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahb
fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk; xd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :nraw;ghL 02 :
jw;fhy cyfpy; gdpg;Nghh; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdJ vd;w jiyg;gpy; tpku;rd
uPjpahd xU mwpf;ifia jahupf;fr; nra;f.
• ,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• jw;fhy murpay; njhlh;ghd cjhuzq;fis mbg;ilahff; nfhz;Nl
gdpg;Nghh; njhlu;ghf tpku;rd uPjpahd mwpf;ifia jahupf;f
mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jf.
164tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW
164tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
cyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhWcyf tuyhW
myF 7myF 7myF 7myF 7myF 7
Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.Gjpa NguuR thjk;.
Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: cyfpd; murpay;> nghUshjhu Nfhyq;fspy; gue;j khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpa Gjpa NguuRthjk; gw;wp gFj;jha;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
7.1 Gjpa NguuRthjk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;fp> mt;thwhd epiyik
Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fisg; guPrpypg;ghh;.
7.2 Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd Nghl;biag; gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: ghlNtisfs;: 15
fw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgW :::::
• Gjpa NguuRthjk; vDk; vz;zf;fU njhlh;ghf tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
• Gjpa NguuR thjk; fhuzkhf Nkw;F INuhg;gpa mjpfhhpfspd; mjpfhuk;
cyfpy; epiy ngw;wikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja NguuRthjpfs; cyfpy; rhk;uh[;aj;ij (Nguuir)
fl;bnaOg;gpa Kiwia mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; :::::
ifj;njhopy; Kjyhspj;Jtthj tsh;r;rpAld; NguuR thjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa
jpUg;G KidNa Gjpa NguuR thjk; MFk;. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gpd; ,q;fpyhe;J
Kjw;nfhz;L Nkiyj;Nja INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J
nghpastpyhd %yjdj;ij Nrfupj;jdh;. me;ehLfs; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfspypUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhz;l %yjdj;ij NkYk; ngUf;Fk; Nehf;fp;y; nraw;gl;ljhy; NkYk;
nghUshjhu ,yhgk; <l;Lk; eltbf;if vLj;jdh;. ,e;eltbf;ifAld; INuhg;gpa
ehLfs; xd;Wlndhd;W Nghl;bj;jd;ikAld; nraw;gl Kaw;rpj;jikapd; tpisthf
Gjpa NguuRthjk; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; KO cyfpYk; gutpajD}lhf Kjyhk;
cyf Aj;jk; vOr;rp ngWtjw;fhd mbg;giliaAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,t;thwhd
cyf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf gue;j ,ilntspia Vw;gLj;jpa
Gjpa NguuRthjk; njhlh;ghf fye;Jiuahly; nra;tNj ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
165tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;:
Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;Gjpa NguuR thjk; : mwpKfk;
ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAld; Kjyhspj;Jt thjj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tsh;r;rpahdJ
nghUSw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpahghuk; KjyPL Nghd;w Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Gjpa
Njit fhuzkhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; miug; gFjpapypUe;J gpujhd
rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; khw;wk; ngwyhapd. ,jd; tpisthf NguuRthjpfs;
mth;fspd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l FbNaw;w ehLfSf;fpilapy; epytpa nghUshjhuk;>
murpay; njhlh;GfSk; khw;wk; ngwyhapd.
Gjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpGjpa NguuRthjk; vOr;rp ngw VJthf mike;j tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
• 15Mk; 16Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J tpUj;jp ngw;w INuhg;g pa
FbNaw;wthjj;jpd; tpisthf INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F ghhpastpy;
%yjdk; xd;W jpuz;lik.
• INuhg;gpaupd; ifj;njhopyhf;fj;Jld; cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwfs;
Jupjkile;jd.
• Gjpa cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwAld; re;ijfis tphpTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
%yg;nghUl;fis nkd;NkYk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njit Vw;gl;lik.
• FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpapd; gpd;dilT fhuzkhf
Nkiyj;Nja ehLfs; jdJ Nkyjpf %yjdj;ij me;ehLfspy;
KjyPLfis nra;a Kide;jik.
• Nkiyj;Nja ehfhpfj;ij gutr; nra;jy;.
• jkJ mjpfhuj;ij gutr; nra;tjw;fhf Nkiyj;Nja ehLfSf;fpilapy;
vw;gl;l ghhpa Nghl;b.
Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.Mgpupf;fhtpd; epiyaKk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;.
Mgpupf;fh tl mfyf; Nfhsj;jpYk; njd;diuf; Nfhsj;jpYk; guk;gpAs;s kpf
tprhykhd epyg; gpuNjrj;ijf; nfhz;l xU fz;lkhFk;. ,f;fz;lk; fhLfisAk;
ghiytdq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiuapy;
INuhg;gpah;fs; mJ gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. INuhg;gpah;fshy; ',Uz;l fz;lk;"
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.Mgpupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;j ehLfhz; gazpfs;.
• njd; Mgpupf;fhtpd; (Nfg;Kid) ed;dk;gpf;if Kidia mz;kpj;jy;
- gj;jNyhkpa la];.
• ,dg; gpuNjrj;jpd; tyJ ghfk; kw;Wk; rk;g]p Mw;Wg; gFjp - Nltpl;
yptpq;];ld;.
• iey; Mw;Wld; njhlh;Ggl;l gFjp - Ngfh; ];gPf;.
• nfhq;Nfh Mw;Wg; gFjp - nfkud; ];nld;yp
Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.Mgpupf;fhTf;fhd INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.
• 1814 Nfg; FbNaw;w ehL - xy;yhe;jhplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyah; ngw;wf;
nfhs;sy;.
166tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• Nfg; FbauRf;F tlf;fhf cs;s miug;gFjp - Nghh;j;Jf;fPrh;>
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jik.
• bA+d Pr pah kw ;Wk ; my;[ Ph pah - g puhd;]; kw ;Wk ; ,jjhyp
vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd gpur;rpid.
• nkhNuhf;Nfh - gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; N[h;kd; kw;Wk; N[h;kdpf;fpilapy;
Nkhjy;.
• 1869,y; gpuhd;rpauhy; Ra]; fhy;tha; mikf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd; Mgpupf;fh
njhlh;ghf gpuhd;rpah;> Mq;fpNyah;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;
cf;fpukile;jJ.
Nfg; Kid
tl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;Ttl Mgpupf;fh epyg;gfph;T
• kp];u; Njrk; njhlh;;ghd gpur;rpid - gpuhd;Rk;> gphpj;jhdpahTk;.
• #lhd; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpid - kp];Uk; gphpj;jhdpahTk;.
kj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;Tkj;jpa Mgphp;f;fh epyg;gfph;T
• nfhq;Nfh gpuNjrk; njhlh;ghf - ngy;[pak;> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> gpuhd;];
ehLfSf;fpilapy; Nkhjy;.
• NjhNfhyhe;J> fk&d;> njd;fidf;fh> vupj;jpupah ,jyp Nrhkhypyhe;J>
N[h;kd;.
• jpupnghyp gpuNjrk; - 1911y; JUf;fp> ,j;jhypf;fpilapy; Nkhjy;.
167tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;klf];fhupy; gpuhd;rpa Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; tpsk;guk;
xNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpxNud;Q; ejpapd; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjp
thy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejpthy; ejp
168tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.njd; Mgpupf;fhtpy; mjpfhuj;ij epiyngwr; nra;jy;.
• Nfg; fhydp - Mq;fpNyaUk; xy;yhe;jUk;.
• Nej;jy;> xNud;[;> thy; Mw;Wld; njhlh;ghd gpuNjrk; - xy;yhe;jh;>
Mq;fpNyah;.
• jpuhd;];thy; - xy;yhe;jh;> Mq;fpNyah;.
• tlf;F> Nkw;F> kj;jpa Mgpupf;fhtpd; gue;jstpyhd gpuNjrq;fSk;
klf];fhh; jPT> gpuhd;rpa Nrhkhypyhe;J kw;Wk; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd;
jPTfs; gy gpuhd;Rf;F fpilj;jik.
169tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
INuhg;gpah;fs; Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;fpl;Lr; nry;tjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;
njhlh;ghf jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;ghh;.
cyf nghUshjhuk;> kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahf ghhpa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
Gjpa NguuRthjk; Njhw;wk; ngw VJthfpa fhuzpfisf; Nfl;lwpe;J njhlh;Gila
jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa xg;gilnahd;iw jahhpj;jy; ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; Nghd;wd
njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;;Jf.
• xg;gil jahhpg;gjw;F Njitahd topfhl;ly; kw;Wk; mwpTiufis
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f.
• khzth;fsJ Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpl;L mjpy; cs;s FiwghLfisAk;
epiwTfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lf.
nraw;ghL - 02nraw;ghL - 02nraw;ghL - 02nraw;ghL - 02nraw;ghL - 02
Gjpa NguuRthjj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ehLfis cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahpLf.
19> 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Nkiyj;Nja ehLfshd gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];>
ngy;[pak;> N[h;kd; Nghd;w ehLfs; ifj;njhopy; kakhjyhy; ngw;Wf; nfhzl
ghhpa %yjdq;fis KjyPL nra;tjD}lhf Nkd;NkYk; %yjdj;ij mjpfhpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rp fhuzkhf Gjpa FbNaw;wthjk; gutpa ehLfis
cyfg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jg; ngahply; ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.
• tFg;G khzth;fis nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
01 - FO - gpupj;jhdpah
02 - FO - gpuhd;];
03 - FO - ngy;[pak;
04 - FO - N[h;kd;
• Mf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Njrg;glq;fs;> Njrg;glg;Gj;jfk;> epwg;
ngd;rpy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;Ff.
• gpioapd;wp glj;jpy; Fwpg;gjw;F Nghjpa mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ff.
• Njrg;glj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; jpfjp njhlh;ghf khzth;fSf;F
mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth;fshy; Fwpj;Jg; ngauplg;gl;l Njrg;glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;j
re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ff.
• ,lg;ngah;> ,lk; kw;Wk; ghl tplaqq;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL njhlh;ghfg;
guprPypf;fTk;.
170tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 8myF 8myF 8myF 8myF 8
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;
Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; nfh^uk; gw;wp Muha;e;J
rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;f Kd;tUthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
8.1 Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fj; jilahf
mike;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthh;.
8.2 Aj;j eltbf;iffspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;Fkhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;thh;.
ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14ghlNtisfs;: 14
fw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgW :::::
• Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; njhlh;ghf
tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thh;.
• Aj;j eltbf;iffspypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; njhlh;ghf
tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thh;.
• cyfpd; mgptpUj;jpf;F rkhjhdk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; tpjk; njhlh;ghf
Muha;thh;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; :::::
gy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;G INuhg;ghtpDs; tsh;r;rp ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;l gy
fhuzpfspd; nry;thf;fpdhy; 1914,y; Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghh; Muk;gkhapw;W. cyfpy;
,Jtiu ,lk;ngw;w Aj;jq;fis tpl kpfTk; nfh^ukhd Aj;jkhf cyfk;
G+uhTk; gutpa Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; fhuzkhf mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd kdpj
caph;fSk; ngWkjpahd nrhj;Jf;fSk; Nrjkile;jd. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;
nfh^uk; gw;wpAk; rkhjhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; Muha;tNj
,t;tyfpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;.
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wf; fhuzpfs;.
- nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; flw;gyk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,q;fpyhe;J gpugy;akhf
,Ue;jik.
- kj;jpa INuhg ;g pa gyrhypfshf vOr;r p ngw;w N[h;kd; -
gpupj;jhdpahTf;fpilapy; FNuhjk; Vw;gl;lik.
- FbNaw;wthjj;jpd; gutyhy; nghpa gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpujhd
Nghl;bahsuhd gpuhd;];> Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; njd; fpof;F Mrpahtpd;
gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaik.
171tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- tl gRgpf; rKj;jpu tyaj;jpy; vOr;rp ngw;W te;j [g;ghd; Mrpahtpd;
gue;j gpuNjrj;jpy; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyepWj;jpaik.
- rPdh> INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mrpah gythd;fspd; mtjhdj;jpw;Fl;gl;L
fhzg;gl;lik.
- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR tptrhak; ifj;njhopy; uPjpahf tsh;r;rp
ngw;wJld; Nkw;fiuf; Nfhsj;jpy; gyk; ngw;wpUe;jik.
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.
- Gjpa NguuRfspd; tsh;r;rp.
• gpuj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> ngy;[pak;>
N[h;kd; Nghd;w ehLfSf;fpilNa FbNaw;w ehLfSf;fhd
Nghl;bNaw;gl;lik.
- Gjpa gyk; ngw;w ehLfs; Njhw;wk;.
• N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;.
- 1870d; gpd; N[h;kd; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if.
• gpuhd;irj; jdpikg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if.
• gpuhd;rpw;F vjpuhf INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; xd;iwj; jhgpj;jik.
INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.INuhg;gh gpsTgl;lik.
• gpuhd;];> u\;ah> gpupj;jhdpah
• N[h;kd;> M];jpupah> ,j;jhyp.
- Nghy;fd; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l epiyik.
• Nghy;fd; gpuNjr ehLfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l Fog;g epiy
fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; mtjhdk; Nghy;fd; gpuNjrj;jpw;F
nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
- N[h;kdpapy; NguuRthjf;; nfhs;if.
- N[h;kd; kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fpilapy; epytpa flyhjpf;fg; Nghl;b.
- cldbf;fhuzk;.
- M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturd; gpuhd;]p];gh;bdd; kw;Wk; mtdpd;
kidtpAk; ngh];dpahtpd; ru[PNth efupy; Rw;Wyh Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ
Nrh;gpa ,dj;jtuhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik.
Ngu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;GNgu;bdd;l; jk;gjpau; nfhy;yg;gl Kd;G
172tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ehLfs;.
• el;G mzp - gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> u\;ah> ,j;jhyp.
• kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuR - N[h;kd;> M];jphpah - q;Nfhp> JUf;fp>
gy;Nfhpah> ,j;jhyp.
Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.Nghh; Kd;dzp.
• Nkw;F Kd;dzp.
• fpof;F Kd;dzp.
• njd; INuhg;gpa Kd;dzp.
• Mgpupf;f Kd;dzp.
• flyhjpf;fg; Nghh; (fly; Nghh;)
• If;fpa mnkupf;fh el;G mzpAld; njhlh;G.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; tpisTfs;.
- ghhpastpdpy; kdpj caph;fSk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; moptile;jik.
- N[h;kdpAld; thh;Nrh xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gly;.
- If;fpa mnkhpf;fh rh;tNjr ty;yurhf Ml;rp Kiw mope;J Gjpa
muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
- c + k; M];jpupah> JUf;fp> N[h;kd; Nghd;w ty;yuRfs; gytPdkile;jd.
- Gjpa RahjPd muRfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik. nrf;Nfh];ythf;fpah>
Nghyhe;J> &Nkdpah> gpd;yhe;J.
capu;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopTcapu ;fspd; mopT
rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk;.
Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;
- ehLfspd; RahjPdk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jy;.
- cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
- rkhjhd Kiwapy; rh;tNjr gpur;rpidfisAk; Kuz;ghLfisAk;
jPh;j;jy;.
- ehLfSf;fpilapy; el;GwT> Gupe;Jzh;it Vw;gLj;jy;.
• rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j Kd;Ndhbj; jiyth;fs; mnkupf;f
[dhjpgjp - Tl;Nwh tpy;rd;.
173tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.fl;likg;G.
- rq;fj;jpy; 4 gpujhd (cWg;Gf;fs;) epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gly;. rig> FO>
nrayfk;> rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; midj;J mq;fj;Jt ehLfspdJk;
gpujpepjpfs; mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fshth;. ,JNt gpujhd jPh;khdq;fis
vLf;Fk; mikg;ghFk;. (fTd;rpy;) FOtpd; Muk;g epue;j cWg;G
ehLfshf nghpa gphpj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> ,j;jhyp Nghd;w ehLfs;
,Ue;jd. ,jd; fPo; rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mYtyfk;>
rh;tNjr Rfhjhu mikak;> rh;tNjr gpuNjr vy;iy Mizf;FO>
cWg;Gupik ehLfs; njhlh;ghd nfhkprd; Nghd;wd jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.
rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;.
- rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fhd vz;zf;fU Njhd;wpaik.
- rh;tNjr mikg;igf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
cjhuzk; : rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;> njhopyhsh;> Rfhjhu mikak;.
- rh;tNjr Kuz;ghLfis jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kad;wik.
- 1921 N[h;kDf;Fk; Nghyhe;Jf;Fkpilapy; iryPrpah njhlh;ghd
gpur;rpid.
- 1925 ,y; fpwP];> gy;NfupaTf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy;.
- 1926 Nkhjy; epyvz;nza; njhlh;ghf <uhf;Ff;Fk;> JUf;fpf;Fkpilapyhd
Nkhjy;.
- kdpj cupikfis cWjp nra;jik Nghhpd; gpd;du; gutpa njhw;W
Neha;fis xopf;fj;jpl;lkpl;lik.
- rl;ltpNuhj mbik tpahghuj;ijAk; Nghijg; nghUs; tpahghuj;ijAk;
jil nra;jik.
rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
- cyf ty;yuRfspd; jiyth;fs; kj;jpapy; xw;Wik fhzg;glhik.
- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhik.
- Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shik. cjhuzk; N[h;kd;.
- rh;tNjr rq;fj;jplk; rh;tNjr ,uhZtg; gilnahd;W fhzg;glhik.
- epuhAjf; nfhs;if eiliwg;gLj;j KbAk; vd;w MNyhrid ,Ue;jhYk;
mjw;fhd epuhAj Mizf;FO xd;W epakpf;fg;glhik.
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; - nyhap;l; N[hh;[ ;; ;; ;
174tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- cyf rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpr; nry;Yk; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwhik.
cjhuzk; : 1931 [g;ghd;> kQ;#upah Mf;fpukpg;G.
1935 ,j;jhyp> mgp]Pdpah Mf;fpukpg;G.
N[h;kd;> iud;yhe;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rh;tNjr rq;fj;Jf;F mtw;iwj; jLf;f
KbahjpUe;jik.
[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G[g;ghd; Mf;fpukpg;G
Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.Gjpa muRfspd; vOr;rp.
- INuhg;ghtpy; epytpa gy NguuRfs; tPo;r;rp fz;lik.
cjhuzk; : N[h;kdpag; NguuR> M];jpupa - `q;Nfhp NguuR>
JUf;fpg; NguuR.
- Njrpaj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Gjpa muRfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wik. cjhuzk; : ngh`Pkpah> RNlld;yhe;J> nkhNutpah>
RNyhNtf;fpah vd;gd xd;W Nrh;e;J
nrf;Nfh]NyhNtf;fpah; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
ngh];dpah> h;rNfhtpdh> Nrh;gpah> nly;Nkrpah>
nkhd;ldPf;Nfh Nghd;w ehLfs; $l;Lr; Nrh;e;J
ANfh];yhtpah Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
- N[h;kdpapd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;W Nghyhe;J muR Njhw;wk;
ngwy;.
- gpd;yhe;ij Rje;jpu murhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.
- &Nkdpah Rje;jpu murhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;.
175tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gp;j;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs; njhlh;ghfj; jfty;
Nrfupj;jy;.
19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gy;NtWgl;l fhuzpfshy;
gpupe;J epd;W cyfg; Nghh; tiu tsh;r;rp ngw;w tpjk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis
Kditg;gNj ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jid jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• jfty; Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.
• khzth;fs; Kd;itf;Fk; gpur ;r pidfSf;Fg ; nghUj;jkhd
MNyhridfis toq;FtNjhL Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; nra;f.
• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; G+h;j;jp nra;a MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• gyk;> gytPdq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjd; %yk; khzthfspd;
tpilfSf;fhd gpd;D}l;liyr; nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; njhlh;ghf xg;gilnahd;iwj;
jahh; nra;jy;.
KO cyf ehLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa Ie;J Mz;Lfs; ,lk; ngw;w Kjyhk;
cyfg; Nghhpdhy; INuhg;ghitg; Nghd;Nw KO cyFf;Fk; nghUshjhu> murpay;>
r%f uPjpahf ghjpg;Gf;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lik njhlh;ghd jfty;fis tpkh;rdk;
nra;J xg;gilnahd;iwj; jahh; nra;tNj ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jidj; jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.
• nghUj;jkhd juT %yq;fs; njhlh;ghf jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
• khzth;fspd; xg;gilfis kjpg;g Pl ;bw;Fl;gLj;jp Njitahd
MNyhridfis toq;Ff.
• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; xg;giliag; g+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F MNyhrid
toq;Ff.
• khzth;fspd; gyk; gytPdq;fis fz;lwpe;J gpd;D}l;ly; toq;fTk;.
176tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nraw;ghL 03nraw;ghL 03nraw;ghL 03nraw;ghL 03nraw;ghL 03
cyf rkhjhdj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F rh;tNjrr; rq;fk; Mw;wpa gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
njhlh;ghf rpe;jidf; fpsh;r;rp mbg;gilapyhd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
KO cyfj;ijAk; xU Aj;jf; fskhf khw;wpa Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; Kbtpy;
kPz;Lk; ,J Nghd;w Nghh; Vw;glhky; jLg;gjw;fhfNt rh;tNjr rq;fk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; ,t;tikg;gpd; gytPdkhd fhuzpfshy; mjd; Nehf;fj;ij
epiwNtw;w KbahJ Njhy;tpfz;lJ vd;gij tpgupg;gNj ,q;F vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• rpe;jidf; fpsh;T Kiwapyhd fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;f.
• midj;J khzth;fsJk; gq;Nfw;ig cWjp nra;f.
• khzth;fspd; jh;f;fpg;G> tpkh;rdk;> mwpTG+h;tkhd fUj;Jf;fs; epyTtjw;fhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;f.
• Njitahd topfhl;liy nra;tJld; gpd;D}l;liyAk; toq;Ff.
177tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 9myF 9myF 9myF 9myF 9
If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhfIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf
vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.vOr;rp ngwy;.
Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: jw;fhy cyfpy; murpay; mbg;gilia fl;bnaOg;g topaikj;j
gpujhd rf;jpfs; gw;wp xg;gPl;L uPjpahfg; gFj;jha;thh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
9.1 If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wik cyf
murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghh;.
9.2 Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; Nrhrypr ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;wik cyf murpaypy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa tpjk; gw;wpa jfty;fis ntspapLthh;.
ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20ghlNtisfs;: 20
fw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghWfw;ww;NghW :::::
• jw;fhy cyfpd; murpaiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F fhuzpahaike;j
gpujhd rf;jpfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
• Kjyhspj;Jtj; jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;W cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpa If;fpa mnkupf;fh njhlh;ghf Muha;thh;.
• nghJTlik thjj;jpd; jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;w cyf murpaypy;
Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyf murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjk;
njhlh;ghf Muha;thh;.
mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :mwpKfk; :
19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpap;y; If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf khwpaJld;
Nghy;nrtpf; Gul;rpapd; gpd; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyfpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w xU ehlhf
vOr;rp ngwyhapw;W. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk;
Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyfpd; gpurpj;jpngw;w ,U ehLfshfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;W>
If;fpa mnkupf;fh Kjyhspj;Jt rpe;jidiaAk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk;
nghJTilik thj rpe;jidiaAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tsh;r;rp ngwyhapw;W.
,t;thwhf xt;nthU rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapYk; ,e;ehLfs; cyf murpaypy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; njhlh;ghd jfty;fis Muha;tNj ,q;F vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
178tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;b:
If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rpIf;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp
ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.ngw;w tpjk;.
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRIf;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR
- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; vOr;rp.
- murpay; mikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fk;.
- If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR fp.gp. 1776 [{iy 04,y; Rje;jpu murhf
khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
- If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpy; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp KiwAld; $ba
(gyk; tha;e;j) murpay; mikg;nghd;W cUthdJ
- nghUshjhu uPjpahf gyk; ngw;wik.
- jdpahiu ikakhff; nfhz;L Kjyhspj;Jtg; ngUshjhu
Kiwnahd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpaik.
- rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; (fp.gp. 1861 - 1890 fhyg;gFjpapy;) ehl;bd;
tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspy; ghupa Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lik.
- Gifapujk;> ngUe;njU> kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd;
Kd;Ndw;wk;.
- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR ghhpasTf;
ifj ;njhopy ; mbg ;gilahd Kjyhspj ;Jt nghUshjhu
mikg;nghd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhz;lJ.
- 1899 ,y; mur nrayhsh; N[hd; nkfyk; %yk; 'jpwe;j nghUshjhuf;;
nfhs;if|| vd;w ngaupy; MNyhridfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
- mjD}lhf [dhjpgjp nkfpd;ypapd; fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L th;j;jf
eltbf;if njhlh;ghf INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F rkkhd epiyapy;
gq;Fgw;w Kd;te;jik.
- rPdh mq;fPfhuj;ijAk; th;j;jf tug;gpurhjq;fisAk; ngw Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ifj;njhopy; tptrhak; th;j;jfk;
Nghd;w midj;Jj; JiwfSk; mjpNtfkhd Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lJ.
- ,jdhy; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; Fbaurpd; (ntspehLfspy;) mjpfhuk;
gutpr;nrd;wJ.
- 1812 ,y; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fkpilapy;
Vw;gl;l Nghhpy; ntw;wp Njhy;tpapd;wp Nghh; KbTw;wJld; ,Ujug;gpdUk;
rkhjhdkhfpf; nfhz;ldu;.
- gpd;dh; Nkw;F GNshhplh ,izf;fg;gl;lJld; 1819,y; ];ghdpah %yk;
GNshhplh gpuNjrk; KOJk; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauRf;F tpw;fg;gl;lJ.
- nkhd;Nwh nfhs;if %yk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; mnkupf;f fz;lj;jpd;
eltbf;iffspy; jiyapl;L FbauR mikg;gjw;Fj; jilahf mike;jd.
- mjD}lhf njd; mnkupf;fh fz;lk; njhlh;ghd If;fpa mnkupf;ff;
Fbaurpd; mjpfhuj;ij INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
eph;g;ge;jk; Mapw;W.
- cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;.
179tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- Mgpufhk; ,ypq;fd; mbikfis tpLjiy nra;jhu;.
• 19Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; kj;jpa miug;gFjpapy; mnkupf;ff; FbauR fpof;fhf
mj;jpyhe;jpf; fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J Nkw;fhfg; gRgpf; fiuNahuk; tiu
gutpr;nrd;wJ.
- 1893 ,y; `tha; jPT fpilf;fg;ngw;wNjhL gpuhe;jpaq;fs; 50 Mf
mjpfupj;jJ.
- 1898,y; ];ghdpah Njhy;tpaila ];ghdpahtplk; ,Ue;j nghNlhhpNfh>
Fthk;> gpypg;igd;]; jPTfs; mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhapw;W.
- 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gg; gFjpapy; gdhkhf; fhy;tha;
mikf;fg;gl;ljD}lhf #o cs;s gpuNjrq;fspYk; mjpfhuk; gutpr;
nrd;wJ.
- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; njhlh;GWtjw;F cldbf;fhuzk; Yrp;lhdpah
fg;gy; N[h;kd; %yk; jfh;f;fg;gl;lik. N[h;kDf;F vjpuhf el;G
mzp If;fpa mnkupf;fhTld; njhlh;G nfhz;lJ.
- Nghh; njhLg;gjw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR el;G
mzpf;F NghUf;fhd cjtpfis toq;fpaJ.
- Tl;Nwh tpy;rdpd; 14 mk;rj;jpl;lk;.
- Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; epiwTWk; Ntis Aj;jj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;l
mNef ehLfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf gyk; ,d;wpf; fhzg;gl;ld.
- If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpy; <LgLtjw;fhd
cldbf; fhuzk; [g;ghd; %yk; If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauRf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd Ngh;y; JiwKfk; jhf;fg;gl;likahFk;.
- mnkupf;f tpkhdg;gil [g;ghDf;F nrhe;jkhd pNuhrpkh> ehfrhf;fp
efuq;fSf;F Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;lTld; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;
Nghh; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
- If;fpa mnkupf;ff; Fbaurpd; Ntz;Ljypd;gb FbNaw;w ehLfs;
gytw;wpw;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
- Gjpjhf Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfspy; Kjyhspj;jtg; nghUshjhuj;ij
my;yJ rkTilikg; nghUshjhu Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd
cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;mnkupf;fhtpd; rptpy; Aj;jj;ij fhl;Lk; glk;
180tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;gdhkh fhy;tha; epu;khzk;
u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;u];ag; Gul;rpapd; gpd;
- 1917 xf;Nlhgh; Gul;rpapd; gpd; cyfpy; KjyhtJ rkTilikthj
muR u];ahtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wk; ngw;wJ.
- mt;tuR 1923ypUe;J If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikthjk; vd;w ngaupy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;glyhapw;W.
- nfhkpAdp];l; fl;rpapdhy; mur epu;thf mikg;Gk; Kjyhspj;Jtk;
rhuhj tFg;gpduhy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpa thjKk; epiyngwr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- jdpahu; nrhj;Jilikia ePf;fp midj;J tsq;fSk; mur
cilikahf;fg;gLk; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
- 1924 nydpd; ,wf;Fk; tiuapy; murpay; rigapd;
(mitj;jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;)
- Nrhtpaj; murpay; epyk;> ,aw;if tsq;fs;
nghUs; cw;gj;jpAk; tpepNahfk; vd;gd
muRilikahf;fg;gl;lJ.
- epUthf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj; Jiwfspy;
ngz;fs;> Mz;fs; ,UghyhUk; rkepiy
ngw;wdu;.
- jpUkzk; (rptpy;) xU eph ;thf uPjpahd
e pfo ;thf ;fg ;gl ;L t pthfuj ;Jr ; rl ;lk ;
,yFthf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1921 Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- tptrhapfs; thp nrYj;jp jkJ cw;gj;jpfis
tpw;gjw;fhd mDkjp ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
- cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;F Xh; ,lk; fpilj;jJ.
- tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh; tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;
,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ.
- rpwpa ifj;njhopw;rhiyfis jdpahUk;
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ.
- ghh pa ifj ;njho pw ; r hiyfs ; kf ;fs ;
kag;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- 1924,y; nydpdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; ];lhypd;
mur jiytuhf epakdk; ngw;whh;.Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;Nrhtpaj; Njrj;jpy;
njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;njhopyhsu;fisf;
fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;fhl;Lk; epiyfs;
181tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.If;fpa Nrhtpaj; rkTilikf; FbauR gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lj; njhlh;Gfs;.
- 1921 ,q;fpyhe;Jld; th;j;jf xg;ge;jk; xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
- 1921 ,Wjpapy; N[u;kdpAl;gl 11 ehLfSld; th;j;jf xg;ge;jk; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lJ.
- 1922,y; N[h;kdpAld; unghNyh xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ.
- 1924,y; ,q;fpyhe;J> ,j;jhyp> kw;Wk; NkYk; 8 ehLfs; u\;a murpaiy
Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJld; me;ehLfs; u\;ahTld; murpay; uPjpahd
njhlh;Gfis Muk;gpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
- 1933,y; If;fpa mnkup;f;ff; FbauR> u\;ahTlDk; murpay; cwit
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ.
- 1934,y; Nrhtpaj;rq;fk; rh;tNjr rq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJ.
- 1935,y; gpuhd;]; - Nrhtpaj; xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.
- 1935 MFk; NghJ Nrhtpaj; u\;ah INuhg;gpa ty;yuR epiyia
va;jpaJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; N[h;kdpf;F vjpuhf Ner mzpAld; ,ize;J
nraw;glyhapw;W.
];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.];lhypDila nrad;Kiwfs;.
- ];lhypd; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghWg;Ngw;wy; mtuhy; nghUshjhu
nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gly; Ie;jhz;Lj; jp;l;lk;.
- u\;ahtpd; ,aw;if tsq;fs;> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; Copag;gyj;ij tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd nrad;Kiwfs; ( ePgh; miz> ePu;kpd;rhu Kiwfs;>
,ae;jpuq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Jupjg;gLj;jg;gl;lik)
Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.Nrhtpaj; rkTilik Ml;rpapd; fPohd ePu;kpd;rhuj; jpl;lk;.
- ntspehl;L epGzh;fis tutioj;J Ma;T eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1928,y; $l;LwT mbg;gilapyhd tay; epyq;fs; cUthf;fj; jPh;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
(1937 MFk; NghJ 220 ,yl;rk; tay; epyq;fspy; 92%j;jpw;F Fiwahj
msT $l;LwT mbg;gilapyhd tay; epyq;fshf khw;wg;gl;lJ)
(mjD}lhf Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs; mjpfhpj;jy;> cw;gj;jpg;ngUf;fk;
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gd Vw;gl;ld)
- $l;LwTr; rq;fKiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- JUf;fp];jhd;> irgPupa Gifapujg; ghij ,lg;gl;lJ.
- gyk; tha;e;j ,uhZtg; gilnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
182tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- ];lhypd; fPo; u\;ahtpd; Ml;rpKiw Vfhjpgj;jpa ,ay;ig
nfhz;bUe;jJld; kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh; rigahy;
epUtfpf;fg;gl;l Rahl;rp $l;Lj;jhgdkhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
- ,ufrpag; nghyp];> ,uhZtg;gil kw;Wk; nfhkpAdprf; fl;rp %yk;
kdpj tho;f;if epUtfpf;fg;gl;ljdhy; `pl;yhpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ
u\;ahtpd; cs;ehl;L Fog;gepiyia jLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kbe;jJ.
- u\;ah ehl;lth;fs; midtUk; xd;wpize;J Njrg;gw;Wld; nraw;gl;ldu;.
- u\;ahtpy; cs;s rpWghd;ikapdhpd; gpur;rpidfs;; jPh;f;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1936,y; Gjpa rl;lj;ij Vw;W Nrhtpaj; r%f cilikthjr; rq;fk;
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
- rkTupik fhzg;gLk; Nrhtpaj; r%f Ml;rp gjpndhd;Wld; $ba
RNal;irr; rq;fnkhd;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l $l;L ,uhr;rpak;
xd;whf cUntLj;jJ.
Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;Ju;fp];jhd; - irgPupad; Gifapuj khu;f;fk;
183tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngw;wJld; cyf murpaypYk;
jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaik njhlh;ghf nra;jpg;gj;jpupifnahd;iw mwpf;ifnahd;iw
jahupj;jy;.
gphpj;jhdpa Ml;;rpapd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;J gphpj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J
Rje;jpuk; ngw;w If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR 20Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ Kjd;ik
ngw;w Kjyhspj;Jt ehlhf vOr;rp ngw;w tpjj;ij tpsf;FtNj ,jd; %yk;
vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• tplaq;fisj; Njbawpe;J nfhs;tjw;F mtrpakhd %yhjhuq;fis
toq;FtJld; Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; nra;f.
• nra;jpg; gj;jpupif mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahh;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa topKiwfs;
njhlh;ghd tpjp Kiwfis mwpTWj;Jf.
• mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd jiyg;nghd;iw Kd;itg;gjw;F
MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• khzth;fs; vjph;nfhs;Sk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd MNyhrid
toq;Ff.
• cupa fhy vy;iyf;Fs; epiwT nra;tjw;fhd MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• mwpf;if njhlh;ghf kjpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; cyf ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngWtjw;F ];lhypDila mh;g;gzpg;Gj;
njhlh;ghf xg;gilnahd;iw jahh; nrajy;.
nydpd; jiyikapy; 1917 Gul;rpapd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; rkTilikthj
ehlhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. nydpDf;Fg; gpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j ];lhypd; %yk;
,e;jf; nfhs;if NkYk; tYg;ngw;wJ. mt;thW ];lhypd; fPo; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah
gyk; tha;e;j murhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w Kiwgw;wp Muha;tNj ,q;F
vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jidj; jdpahh; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;SkhW MNyhriz toq;Ff.
• gad;gLj;jf;$ba %yq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.
• Fwpj;j fhy vy;iyf;Fs; xg;giliag; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;F MNyhrid
toq;Ff.
• xg;gil njhlh;ghf kjpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;f.
184tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10myF 10
NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs;.
Njh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rpNjh;r ;rp ::::: jw;fhy cyfpd; NguuRthjj;ijj; jsh;Twr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW
Nghuhl;lq;fis EZfp Muha;e;J Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ij
tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :Njh;r;rp kl;lk; :
10.1 cyfk; KOJk; fhzg;gl;l NguuRf;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis Njbawptu;.
10.2 Mrpahtpd; NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa
jfty;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
10.2 Mgpupf;fhtpy; NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Njrpag; Nghuhl;lq;fspd;
Njhw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis Muha;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; :ghlNtisfs; : 2 02 02 02 02 0
fw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgWfw;ww;NgW :::::
• NguuR thjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpkh;rpj;jy;.
• jw;fhy cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j murpay;
Njhw;wg;ghlhf Mrpah> Mgphpf;fh> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh ehLfs; Rje;jpuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik njhlh;ghf Muha;jy;.
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; :::::
kWkyh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisthf
Gjpa fly; khh;f;fk;> ehLfs;> rKj;jpuk;> fz;lq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;f topNfhypd.
ehLfs; fz;Lgpbg;gpD}lhf fpilf;fg;ngw;w gpuNjrq;fSk; ehLfSk; jkJ MAj
gyj;jpd; %yk; jkf;Ff; fPo; nfhz;Ltu INuhg;gpa ehLfs; eltbf;if vLj;jNjhL
Mgpupf;fh> Mrpah> ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh Nghd;w fz;lq;fspy jkJ FbNaw;wq;fis
epWtpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; ,g;NguuRthj nry;thf;fpypUe;J Rje;jpukiltjw;fhf ,yj;jPd;
mnkupf;fh> Mrpah> Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; Njrpa Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lq;;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,t;tyfpD}lhf vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; ,f;FbNaw;w ehLfspy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; NguuR thjj;jpw;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghf fw;W mJ
cyf murpaypy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij Muha;e;jwptjhFk;.
185tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
n`hz;^uh];n`hz;^uh];n`hz;^uh];n`hz;^uh];n`hz;^uh];
nfhyk;gpah
1819
NgU 1821
nghyptpah
1825
gpNurpy;
1822
g u F N t
1825
Mu;[d;bdhrpyp
gpupj;jhdpa fahdhxy;yhe;J fahdhgpuhd;]; fahdh
RthjPd ,uhr;rpak;
INuhg;gpa FbNaw;w ehLfs;
,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fh 1825
186tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.,yj;jp;d; mnkupf;fh.
- If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; njw;fhf mike;Js;s ehLfs; ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;fhTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ehLfshFk;.
- ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpa ehLfs; ];ngapd;
kw;Wk; Nghh;j;Jf;fy; vd;gdthFk;.
- mnkupf;fhtpd; G+u;tPf kf;fshf - nrt;tpe;jpau;fs; - fpuPby];>
nkh];bnrhf; ,dj;jtu;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
- RNjr kf;fs; %yk; cs;ehl;L th;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;> %yg; nghUl;fs;
midj ;Jk ; k pff ; Fiwe ;j t piya py ; NguuRfSf ;F
tpw;fNtz;bNaw;gl;lik.
- ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrk;G>
fdpa tsq;fis jkJ ehLfSf;F mDg;gpa NguuRfs; nry;t nropg;Gg;
ngw;wtu;fs; nry;tk; jpul;bdh;.
- Vfhjpgj;jpa ehLfspypUe;J nfhz;LtUk; nghUl;fSf;F mth;fNs
tpiy eph;zak; nra;tjhy; mjpf tpiyf;F nghUl;fs; thq;f Ntz;ba
epiy Vw;gl;lik.
- RNjr kf;fsplj;jpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa thjpfspd; gLNkhrkhd nfhs;if
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
- mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp> neg;Nghypad; Nghh;
Nghd;wd %yk; ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f kf;fsplj;jpy; mbg;gil kdpj
cupikfisg; Nghd;W Rje;jpuj;jpd; ngWkjpAk; czug;gl;lik.
- 1923 nkhd;Nuh nfhs;if fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa NguuRfspd; ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;fhtpd; guty; eltbf;if jilg;gl;lik.
NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.NguuRthjj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;.
- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; RNjr kffs; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf
fyfk; nra;jdh;.
- cs;ehl;Lf; fyfj;ij mlf;Ftjw;F NguuRfspd; ,uhZtg;gil ,yj;jPd;
mnkupf;fhTf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
- nkf;rpNfh> ntdpRNtyh> NgU> M[d;Bdh> rpyp Nghd;w ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;f ehLfs; ];ghdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;L
gbg;gbahf Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;bg; Nghuhbdh;.
- ,e ;ehLfs ; ,q ;f pyhe ;Jld ; th ; j ; jf eltbf ;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;jik (flw;
ghJfhg;G)
- 1815 tpad;dh xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;j ];ngapd; 7 tJ
gh;bdd;l; Rje;jpuj;ij Ntz;b epd;w ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehLfis
kPz;Lk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jp nfh^u Ml;rpnahd;iw me;ehLfspy;
elj;jpaik.
- mjw;F Nkyhf tl nkf;rpNfhtpypUe;J njd; M[d;Bdh tiuahd
gpuNjrq;fspy; fyfq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;l;likahy; mjid mlf;Ftjw;F
gh;bdd; ,uhZtj;ij mDg;gpaik.
187tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- cs;ehl;L ,af;fq;fs; mg;gil midj;ijAk; gpuNjr vy;iyapypUe;J
Juj;jptpl;lik.
- mj;Njhy;tpapd; gpd;dilthy; jsu;tilahj ];ngapd; gy tUlq;fshf
njhlh;e;Jk; ];ngapd; ,uhZtg;gilia mDg;gpaik.
ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.ntdpRNtyh> nfhyk;gpah> ,f;tNlhh;> gdhkh.
- ntdpRNtyhtpd; Njrpa tPuuhd gpuhd;rp];Nfh j kpnuhz;Nlh Rje;jpuj;ij
ntw;wp nfhs;s kf;fs; mikg;nghd;iw Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if
Nkw;nfhz;lJld; mtiu rpiwgpbj ;j ];ghdpa gilapdu ;
,Ul;liwnahd;wpy; rpiwitf;fg;gl;L Jd;GWj;jg;gl;lik.
- ehl;Lf;fhf caph; ePj;j tPuuhf kpnuz;Nlh 1816,y; kuzpj;jJld;
me;eltbf;iffis irkd; nghypth; vd;w Njrg;gw;Wkpf;fth;
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wik.
- 15 tUlq;fshf nghypth; ];ngapDf;F tpNuhjkhf Nkw;nfhz;l
Nghuhl;lq;fs; %yk; ntdpRNtyh Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbe;jik.
- ntdpRNtyhTld; nfhyk;gpah> <f;tNlhh;> gdhkh Nghd;w ehLfSk;
Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.
M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.M[d;Bdh> NgU> rpyp> nghyPtpahtpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhjk;.
- M[d;Bdhtpd; Njrg;w;Wkpf;f xUtuhd n[hNr. j. nrd; khbd;
];ngapDf;F vjpuhf M[d;Bdhtpy; Gul;rpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij topelj;jpr;
nrd;wik.
- irkd; nghypth; - khbd; $l;L Nru;e;jik.
- Kjd; Kjyhf rpyp gpuNjr Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s khbd; Kd;te;jik.
- gpd;dh; jkJ jha; ehlhd M[d;BdhTf;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f
KbAkhfpaik.
- ,Wjpahf khh;bDk; nghyptUk; ,ize;J NgUitAk; nghyptpahitAk;
];ngapd; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngwr; nra;jik.
nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.nkf;rpNfh Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.
- fj;Njhypf;f kjFUthd je;ij `ply;Nfh
je;ij nkf;rpNfhtpy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l
jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lik.
- nkf;rpNfh tptrha kf;fspd; cjtp.
- ply;Nfh ];ghdpa gilapduhy; nfhy;yg;
gl;lJld; nkf;rpNfh Njrpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l
,af;fq;fSk; caph;ngw;wik.
- nkf;rpNfhtpy; ,Ue;j ];ghdpa MSeh;
gyte ;jkhf nkf ;r pNfh Fbauirj ;
Njhw;Wtpj;jik.
188tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.gpNurpy; Vfhjpgj;jpa tpNuhj eltbf;if.
- Nghh;j;Jf;fupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf khwpaik.
- neg;Nghypadpd; Mjpf;fj;jhy; Nghh;j;Jf;ff;fis tpl;Lr; nrd;w mur FLk;gk;
gpNurpypy; Fbakh;e;jik.
- mjdhy; gpNurpy; kf;fs; $ba tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
- neg;Nghypad; Njhy;tpf;Fg; gpd; Nghh;j;Jf;fypd; mur FLk;gk; kPz;Lk;
Nghh;j;Jf;fSf;F te;jTld; gpNurpy; kf;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j tug;gpurhjq;fs;
cupikfs; ,y;yhky; Nghapw;W.
- 1822,y; gpNurpy; Rje;jpuj;ij gpufldg;gLj;jpaJld; njhd; NgJU murdhfTk;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;.
- 1889 ,y; gpNurpy; xU Fbaurhf khwy;.
MrpahMrpahMrpahMrpahMrpah
njd;dhrpah - ,e;jpah> gu;kh> ,yq;if.
njd;fPof;F Mrpah - gpypg;igd;];> jha;yhe;J> kyhah> ,e;NjhNdrpah.
189tuyhW
Mrpupa
u; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;Mrpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;
nkhq;Nfhypah
nfhupah
[g;ghd;
jha;thd;
n`hq;nfhq;
tpal;ehk;
gpypg;igd;]; jPTfs;
gGth epA+fpdpah
nrhykd; jPTfs;
mT];jpNuypah
,yq;if
kNyrpah
rPdh
frf];jhd;
jpngj;
j p Nkh u ;
,e;jpahkpahd;khu;
Rkhj;uh
jha;yhe;J
ahth
1. Neghsk;
2. rPfpk;
3. G+l;lhd;
4. tq;fhs Njrk;
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
ghfp];jhd ;11111 22222 33333
44444
190tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah,e;jpah
- th;j;jff; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhf mbf;fb fyfq;fs; Vw;gl;lik.
- 1857 rpg;gha; gil fpsh;r;rp nfh^ukhd Kiwapy; mlf;fg;gl;lik.
- 1857 fpsh;r;rpf;F murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f fhuzpfs; Kjyplk;
ngw;wik.
- 1857 fpsh;r;rpapd; gpd; gpupj;jhdpa th;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; ghpghydj;jpypUe;J
,e;jpah tpLtpf;fg;gl;L gphpj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;glJ.
- 1857 fpsh;r;rpahy; ,e;jpa kf;fsp;lj;jpy; Rje;jpuk; njhlh;ghd vz;zk;
tsh;r;rp ngw;wik.
- Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf ,e;jpa kf;fs; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- Nghuhl;lj;jhy; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;gij czh;e;j
,e;jpaj; jiyth;fs; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa gFjpapypUe;J
rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jik.
- 1876 ,y; RNue;jpudhj; ghdhh;[p 'fy;fj;jhtpy; ,e;jpa rq;fk;" epWtpaik.
- 'myd; xf;Nlhtpad; `pAk; %yk; ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; Muk;gk;.
- 1885 ,y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
- ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fj;jpy; jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; kpjthjpfSf;FkpilNa
epytpa fUj;J NtWghl;lhy; ,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; ,uz;lhfg; gpsTgl;lJ.
- 1919 Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; jiytuhfpa kfhj;khfhe;jp %yk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ePjpkd;wk;> rl;lkd;wk;> fy;tp epWtdq;fs;
vd;gtw ;iwAk; > g pu pj ;jhdpag ; nghUl ;fisAk; gfp\;fu pf ;f
mwpTWj;jg;gl;ld.
- ,e;j ,af;fj;jpdhy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; nghJrd gq;fspg;G
tsh;r;rpngw;wik.
- m`pk;rh ,af;fj;jpdhy; fhe;jp gpurpj;jk; ngw;whu;.
- 1935 ,e;jpa rl;l ahg;G efy;.
- Njrpa rq;fj;jpypUe;J gpupe;j K];ypk; yPf; jdp ehL Nfhhp ,e;jpahit
,uz;lhfg; gpupf;f Kaw;rpj;jJ.
- kTl;Ngld; MSeuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpahitf; $whf;Fk; jpl;lk;.
- 1947 Mf];l; khjk; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Njhw;wk; ngw toptFj;jJ.
Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; $l;lk;
rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;rpg;ghnahUtu;
191tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gh ;khgh ;khgh ;khgh ;khgh ;kh
- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhfpaik.
- 1824 ,y; Kjy; gpupj;jhdpah - gh;kpa Aj;jk;.
- 1852 ,y; ,uz;lhk; gh;kh - gphpj;jhdpa Nghuhl;lk;.
- 1855 ,y; %d;whk; gh;kh - gphpj;jhdpa Nghuhl;ljjpd; gpd; gphpj;jhdpa
- ,e;jpa NguuRld; gu;kh ,izj;J nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
- 1935,y; gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ [g;ghdpd; cjtpAld; MTq; rhq;Nfapd;
jiyikapy; Njrg;gw;Wf; FO Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
- [g;ghdpah; gh;khit ifg;gw;w mTq;rhq;fpw;F Nghh; eltbf;iffSf;fhd
mikr;Rg; gjtpia toq;fpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; [g;ghd; Njhy;tpaile;jJld; gh;kh kPz;Lk;
gphpj;jhdpauhl;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
- 1948,y; gh;khTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.njd;fpof;F Mrpah.
gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];gpypg;igd;];
- 1898 ];ngapd; - mnkupf;fg; NghUf;Fg; gpwF mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR>
];ngapdpd; fPopUe;j gpypg;igd;]; jPit jdJ FbNaw;w ehlhf;fpaJ.
- gpypg;igDs; me;epau; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd vjpu;g;G Vw;gl;lik.
- gpypg;igd;]py; mnkupf;f Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lik.
- 1934 gpypg;igd; Rje;jpuf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; %yk; Ra Ml;rp
fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.
- mjd; Kjy; [dhjpgjpahf kDty; Fthnrhd; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpdhy; [g;ghd; gpyp;g;igd; ehl;;il jdJ
Mjpf;fj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jpaik.
- kPz;Lk; mnkupf;fh [g;ghdplkpUe;J gpypg;igidf; ifg;gw;wpaik.
- 1946 [{iy 4Mk; jpfjp gpypg;igDf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jikAld;
Fbaunrhd;iw Njhw;Wtpj;jik.
- Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; gpypg;igd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G
eltbf;iffis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhu cjtpia
ehbaik.
jha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;Jjha;yhe;J
- nkhq;Fl;> #yhnyhq;Nfhh;d; Nghd;w Ml;rpahsh;fs; Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nrd;w etPd kakhf;f nrad;Kiwfs;.
- 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; gpupj;jhdpahtpdJk; gpuhd;rpdJk;
nry;thf;fpw;Fs;shfpaik.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ jha;yhe;J [g;ghdpdhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik.
- Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; Rje;jpu murhf jha;yhe;J khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
- 1946 ,y; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; mq;fj;Jt me;j];ijg; ngw;wJ.
- may; ehLfshd rPdh> tpal;dhk; Nghd;wd nfhkpAdp];l; ehLfshfTk;
jha;yhe;J If;fpaf; FbauR ehlhfTk; khwpaJ.
- rpNaNlh mikg;Gld; ,ize;jJ.
192tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
kyhahkyhahkyhahkyhahkyhah
- kyha> rPd> ,e;jpa K];ypk; kf;fspd; FbapUg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l
kyhah> ,wg;gh; $Ljyhf fhzg;gLk; ehlhFk;. mjdhy; gpupj;jhdpah
jdJ th;j;jf gyj;ij kyhahtpDs; gutr; nra;jJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfAj;j fhyj;jpy; [g;ghd;> kyhahit jd;dhjpf;fj;jpd;
fPo; nfhz;Lte;jhYk; Aj;j Kbtpy; gphpj;jhdpah kPz;Lk; mg;gpuNjrj;ij
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ.
- kyhahitAk; rpq;fg;G+iuAk; Ntwhf;fp me;ehLfSf;F Ra Ml;rp
mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ.
- Jd;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyrpa Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W 1957 ,y;
Gjpa murpay; ahg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
- rpq;fg;G+h; Gjpa murpay; ahg;Gf;Fs;shdJ.
- yP - Fthd; - A mq;F gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
- gpupj;jhdpahtpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J 1963,y;
kyhah $l;likg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
- 1965,y; rpq;fg;G+h; RahjPd murhf khwpaJ.
Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.Jq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; kNyahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij ntspaply;.
,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah,e;NjhNdrpah
- xy;yhe;J Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; [g;ghdpa cjtpAld; Rje;jpuk; ngw;W
[dhjpgjpnahUtiu epakpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
- Rfh; Ndh [dhjpgjp gjtpf;F epakp;f;fg;gl;lhu;.
- xy;yhe;jh; kPz;Lk; jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rpj;jdu;.
- ,e;NjhNdrpa kf;fs; mjw;F vjpuhf nraw;glj; njhlq;fpdu;.
- 1949 brk;gh; 27Mk; jpfjp ,e;NjhNdrpah jdJ RahjPdj;ij ntw;wp
nfhz;lJld; ,e;NjhNdrpah FbauR cUthdJ.
Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.Rfu;Ndh ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mwptpj;jy;.
193tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Mgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fhMgpupf;fh
- cyfpy; ,uz;lhtJ ngupa fz;lk; Mgpupf;fhthFk;.
- ituk;> jq;fk;> nrk;G Nghd;w fdpg; nghUl;fisg; ngUkstpy; nfhz;l
fz;lkhFk;.
- ,e;epiyikfs; fhuzkhf INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;ehl;il jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd;
fPo; nfhz;L tUtjpy; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. (Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> xy;yhe;J>
gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> N[h;kd;)
- INuhg;gpa ehl;bdu; Mgpupf;fh KOtijAk; jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;
nfhz;L te;jdu;.
Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;Mgpupf;fj; jq;fk;
tl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fhtl Mgpupf;fh
jpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPahjpAdPrPah
- 1881ypUe;J gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf;F nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;j murhFk;.
- `gPg ; Nghh ;`pghtpd ; jiyikapd ; f Po ; cs ;@h ; kf ;fs ;
Nghuhl;lj;jpyPLgly;> nfhpy;yhg; Nghuhl;lk;.
- 1952 ,y; Nghh; pgh ehLflj;jg;gl;L mthpd; fl;rpAk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; If;fpa ehLfspd; jiyaPl;lhy; ,Ugf;f
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
- 1954 J}dPrpah> gpuhd;]; gpujkh; nkd;l]; gpuhd;]; ehl;bdthjpfSf;Fk;
MfpNahUf;fpilapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij Muk;gkhdJ.
- 1956 ,y; jpAdPrpah Ra Ml;rpf;Fupa mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
- gprhh;Nl vDk; flyhjpf;f ikaj;ijj; njhlu;e;Jk; gpuhd;]; jd;trk;
itj;jpUf;fyhdJ.
- jpAdPrpahtpd; [dhjpgjp gpuhd;Rld; gp]hl; flw;wsk; njhlu;ghf
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.
- ,jdhy; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhd MAjg; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.
- 1963 gprh;Nl gpuNjrk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; jpAdPrpahtpd;
Rje;jpuk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;NfhnkhNuhf;Nfh
- 1904 ,y; nkhNuhf;Nfh Njrk; gpuhd;rhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrkhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ. nkhNwhf;Nfhtpd; tl gFjpapy; ];ngapdpd; nry;thf;F
gutpr; nrd;wik.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; ,];bf;yy; vDk; ngaupy; Njrpa mikg;gpd;
fPo; gutpr; nrd;w Ntiy epWj;jk;> murpay; vjph;g;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F
Ry;jhdpd; cjtp fpilj;jik.
- ,jdhy; Ry;jhd; ehLflj;jg;gl;lik.
194tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- ehl;bDs; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhfg; ghhpa Nghuhl;l fpsh;r;rpfs; cUthdJ.
- If;fpa ehLfspd; cjtpahy; kPz;Lk; Ry;jhd; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw
1956 ,y; gpuhd;]; nkhNuhf;NfhTf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fpaJ.
- ];ghdpa Ml;rpahsh;fSld; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;
nkhNuhf;Nfhtpy; ifg;gw;wpapUe;j ];ghdpa gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuk;
fpilj;jJ.
my;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpahmy;[Phpah
- my;[Pupah gpuhd;rpdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;bUe;jJld; mq;F K];ypk;
r%fj;jpw;F rpwpjsT RaMl;rp mjpfhuKk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
- ,jdhy; jpUg;jpailahJ 1954my; gpuhd;rpw;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp nra;jdu;.
,jdhy;; gytPdkhd Ml;rp Njhd;wpaJ.
- my;[PhpahtpypUe;j gpuhd;rpah; cs;ehl;L kf;fSf;F Rje;jpuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;jdh;.
- 1954,d; gpd; my;[Phpahtpy; gpuhd;]; Mlrpf;F vjpuhf gue;j Njrpa
Nghuhl;l ,af;fnkhd;W cUthdJ.
- 1962,y; gpuhd;]; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J my;[Phpah Rje;jpuk; ngw
Fbahl;rpahf khw;wk; ngw;wJ.
Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fhNkw;F Mgphpf;fh
- 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkw;F Mgpupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> N[h;kd;
ehl;lth;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
fhdhfhdhfhdhfhdhfhdh
- Nfhy;l; nfh];l; gpuNjrk; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehlhfpaJ.
- 1951Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ mq;Fs;s RNjr kf;fSf;F rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
mstpy; Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ.
- Nfhy;l; nfh];l; gpuNjrj;J ,dkhd `pijrp`{ ,d;F&khtpd;
jiyikapy; vOr;rp ngw 1957 ,y; gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. fhdh Rje;jpu muR vd ngah; ngw;wJ.
- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mq;fj;Jtj;ijAk; ngw;wJ.
ie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpahie[Phpah
- 1960 ,y; gphpj;jhdpah NguurpypUe;J tpLgl;L Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
- 1961 ,y; rpaNuhypaDk; 1990,y; ekPahTk; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.
kj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fhkj;jpa Mgpupf;fh
- 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy; (1953) gphj;jdpauhy; njd; nuhBrpah
kw;Wk; epahryhe;J xd;wpizj;J Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;W kj;jpa
Mgphpf;fh $l;likg;nghd;W epWtg;gl;lJ.
- me;j $l;likg;gpw;F cs;@h; kf;fs; vjph;g;Gf;fhl;lj; njhlq;fpdu;.
- nfdj; fTd;lhtpd; jiyikap;y; tl nuhBrpa Njrgpkhdpfs; Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdu;.
- 1964 tl nuhbrpahTf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ. mJ rk;gpah vd;w
ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- njd; nuhBrpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l ngUk;ghd;ik ePf;Nuh kf;fSf;F murpay;
mjpfhuk; ,y;yhkyhdJ.
195tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- 1965 njd; nuhBrpahtpy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNya rpWghd;ikapdh; xU
jiyg;gf;fkhf RahjPdj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.
- cs;@h; kf;fspd; vjph;g;G fhuzkhf mthfSf;Fs; xU rpy mikg;Gf;fs;
cUthjy; kw;Wk; nfupy;yh Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; cUthdJ.
- 1980 ,y; RahjPd rpk;ghg;Nt muR Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
nfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfhnfhq;Nfh
- ngy;[pak; %yk; nfhq;Nfh Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
- nfhq;Nfhtpy; cs;@h; kf;fSf;F Ra Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F ngy;[pak; kWg;Gj; njuptpj;jJ.
- 1960 ,y; ngy;[pak; nfhq;Nfhtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;f ngw;wp]; YKk;gh
gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
- ehl;bDs; gue;jstpy; gpur;rpidAk; Kuz;ghLfSk; Vw;glyhdJ.
(Nfhj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL> ,uhZt #o;r;rpfSk;
,lk;ngw;wd.)
fpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fhfpof;F Mgphpf;fh
nfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ahnfd;ah
- 1895 ,y; nfd;ahit gphpj;jhdpah jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJ.
mJ gphpj;jhdpa fpof;F Mgphpf;fh vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf nfd;a RNjr kf;fs; khT vDk; ngauhy; ,ufrpa
mikg;nghd;iw epWtpdu;.
- n[hNkh nfd;ahlhtpw;Fk; mjpy; mjDld; njhlh;gpUf;Fnkd re;Njfpj;j
gpupj;jhdpah; mtid rpiwg;gpbj;jdu;.
- nfd;ahTf;F Rje;jpuk; Ntz;b nfd;ahtpy; Mgpupf;f Njrpa rq;fk;
vLj;Jr; nrd;w Nghuhl;lj;ij fhuzkhff; nfhz;L nfd;ahTf;F
Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ.
- 1963 N[hNkh nfd;ahlh rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lNjhL
mtNu nfd;ahtpd; Kjy; gpujk ke;jphpahfTk; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
jd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpahjd;rhdpah
- N[h;kd; fpof;F Mgphpf;fh vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; ,g;gpuNjrk;
1890fspy; N[h;kd; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;lJ.
- Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; nghWg;Gkpf;f ehlhf gphpj;jhdpahtpd;
fPo; ,Ue;jJ.
- [{ypa]; epaNu %yk; njd;fidf;fh Mgphpf;fh ehLfs; rq;fk; xd;iw
epWtp Njrpa Nghuhl;l ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ. 1961,y;
gphpj;jhdpa Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
- ePf;Nuhf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; rd;rpghh; 1963 ,y; gphpj;jhdpa
Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ.
- 1964,y; jq;fdpf;fh> rd;rpghh; gpuNjrj;Jld; ,ize;J jd;rhdpah
vd;w muR Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
196tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
NrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypahNrhkhypah
- ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; gphpj;jhdpah Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.
- 1960fspd; gpd; NrhkhypahTf;F RahjPd Ml;rp fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.
klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;klf];fhh;
- gpuhd;rpd; FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;J te;jJ.
- gpypgh;l; j;rpuddh vd;gth; Njrg;gw;whsu; epWtpa murpay; fl;rp %yk;
1960 ,y; klf];fhu; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
gpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fh
- gpuhd;]; %yk; Nkw;F Mgphpf;fhtpy; epWtpa FbNaw;w ehL xd;WgLj;j
$l;likg;nghd;iw epWtg;gl;lJ. (nrdfy;> #lhd;> nfd;ah> Ithpnfh];l;>
Nky; Nthy;lh> nlN`hkp> ie[h;> nkhhplhdpah)
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd; mt;tpuhr;rpaq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
- 1960 MFk; NghJ gpuhd;]; ,e;j midj;J FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fk;
Rje;jpuk; toq;fpaJ.
gpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fhgpuhd;]; (kj;jpa Nfhl;L) Mgphpf;fh
- kj;jpa mfyf;Nfhl;L Mgphpf;fhtpy; ,Ue;j gpuhd;rpa FbNaw;w Ml;rp
ehd;Fk; rhl;> fnghd;> cgd;fpz;ldrhhp kw;Wk; kj;jpa nfhq;Nfh
vd;gd 1960 ,y; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld.
(%yk; : cyf tuyhW gP.tP.uhNth)
197tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
,e;jpahtpd; NguuRf;F vjpuhd Njrpa ,af;fk; njhlh;ghf jftw; Nfhitnahd;iw
jahh; nra;jy;.
,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil 1857 rpg;gha; fyfk;>
Njrpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; eltbf;iffs;> eLepiy tfpj;j jiytu;fs;>
Nghuhl;lj;jpyPLgl;l jiyth;fs;> kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk;> gphpj;jhdpa
nghUl;fSf;fhd gfp\;fupg;Gg;Nghuhl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa fhzg;gl;l
,af;fq;fs;> ,e;jpah ,U $Wfshf;fg;gly;> Rje;jpuj;ij ntw;wp nfhz;lik
njhlh;ghd Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; vd;gtw;iw ghprPypj;J
xt;nthU fUg;nghUSf;Fkhd jfty;fis jahh; nra;J Nfhitg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
• ,jidf; FONtiyahf toq;Ff.
• tFg;ig nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf gphpj;J gpd;tUk;
jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
FO:
jiyg;G 1 - 1857 rpg;gha;f; fyfk;.
jiyg;G 2 - Njrpa ,af;fKk; Njrpa fhq;fpuRk;.
jiyg;G 3 - kpjthjpfspd; Nghuhl;lk;.
jiyg;G 4 - fhe;jp mth;fspd; Nghuhl;l ,af;fk;.
jiyg;G 5 - ,e;jpah ,uz;lhfg; gphpjYk; Rje;jpuKk;.
• Njitahd %yhjuhq;fis khzth;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• Nkyjpf %yhjhuq;fisg; ngWtjw;F khzth;fis <LgLj;Jf.
• Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; MNyhridfisAk; toq;Ff.
• khzth;fSf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F cjTq;fs;.
• Fwpj;j fhy vyiyf;Fs; xg;gil Ntiyiag; G+h;j;jp nra;AkhW
MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• FOf;fshy; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOf;fs; %yk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l jfty;fis xd;WNrh;j;J
jftw; Nfhitnahd;iwj; jahh; nra;J tFg;G khzth;fs;
midtUf;Fk; gad;gLk; tifapy; jahh;gLj;Jf.
198tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Mgphpf;fhtpd; Njrpa ,af;fk; njhlh;ghf tpdhg; Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;f.
Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jq;fk;> nts;sp> ituk;> nrk;G> ,Uk;G Nghd;w
fdpa tsq;fs; fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F mg;gpuNjrk;
cl;gl;lJ. mt;thNw INuhg;gpa ehLfs; %yk; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s tsq;fs;
Ruz;lg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; gFjpapy; Mgphpf;fhtpy; NguuRf;F
vjpuhd Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vOr;rp ngw;wJ ,it njhlh;ghd ftdj;ijr;
nrYj;jp tpdhg; Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;tNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,jidf; FO Ntiyahf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
• tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tFg;igf;
FOf;fshf tFj;J gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
1 FO - Nkw;F Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.
2 FO - Nkw;F fpof;F Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.
3 FO - Nkw;F tl Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.
4 FO - Nkw;F kj;jpa Mgphpf;fg; gpuNjrk;.
• jkJ FOf;fSf;F fpilj;Js;s jiyg;Gf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd FW
tpilAldhd tpdhf;fis ,aYkhd tiuapy; jahh; nra;tjw;F
MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• jfty; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTiu
toq;Ff.
• tpdhf;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;fhd Fwpj;j fhyj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f.
• xt;nthU FO %yKk; jahh; nra;ag;gl;l tpdhf;fs; tFg;giwapy;
midj;Jf; FOf;fSlDk; fye;Jiuahb rhpahd KbTf;F tUf.
• mt;thW rhpnra;ag;gl;L jahhpf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fis xd;W Nrh;j;J
tpdhg;Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahh; nra;tjw;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• tFg;gpYs;s midj;J khzth;fsJk; <Lghl;il ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
• jahh; nra;ag;gl;l tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midj;J
khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Xh; ,lj;jpy; itj;J tpLf.
199tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11myF 11
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gaq;fuj; jd;ikiag; gw;wpf; fw;W
rkhjhdj;jpd; kfpikia tpsq;fpr; nraw;gLthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:-
11.1 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;ijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
11.2 kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij mjd;
tpisTfspD}lhf tpsf;Fthh;.
ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- 15
fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-fw;ww; NgWfs;:-
• Aj;jj;jpd; nfhLk; jd;ik kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhjy;
kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; cyf kf;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;F cWJizahf mikjy;
gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.
• Aj;jj;jpd; gaq;fuj;jd;ik gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• rkhjhdj;jpd; Clhf kdpj tsh;r;rp eilngWtij czh;e;J nfhs;sy;.
mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-mwpKfk;:-
Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfisg; Nghd;Nw ntw;wp
ngw;w ehLfSk; ngUk; mopitr; re;jpj;jd. ,t;tDgtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l
cyfj; jiyth;fs;> kPz;Lk; ,t;thwhdNjhh; cyf Aj;jk; eilngWtijj;
jtph;f;Fk; nghUl;L gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.vdpDk; fp.gp 1939
nrg;nuk;gh; Kjyhk; jpfjp `pw;yh; Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jikahy; ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghh; Muk;gkhapw;W.
Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfNs ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpw;fhd
fhuznkd;gJ tuyhw;whrpupah;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. th;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb
N[h;kdpf;F tpjpf;fg;ngw;w jz;lid> `pw;yh; Nghd;w rh;thjpfhu ehrprj;
jiytndhUtd; N[h;kdpapd; Ml;rpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;s toptFj;jNjhL
rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpd; FiwghLfSk; ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;F Kf;fpa
fhuzkhapw;W. ,j;jhypapy; KN]hypdpapd; ghrpr ,af;fk;> [g;ghdpd;
Mf;fpukpg;Gf;nfhs;if Nghd;witfSk; ,jw;Fj; Jiz Nghapd.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; fz;lq;fs; rpytw;wpy; gutpaJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Aj;jj;jpy;
gq;Fgw;wpaJk; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfspYk; mJ gutpaJ. If;fpa mnkupf;fh>
[g;ghdpd; `pNuh\Pkh kw;Wk; ehfrhf;fp efuq;fSf;F mZ Fz;L vwpe;J
[g;ghidj; Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J ghupa caph;g; nghUl; Nrjq;fis tpistpj;j
gpd;dNu ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; epiwTw;wJ.
,e;epiy cyfj;jiyth;fspd; ftdj;ij <h;j;jJ. fp.gp. 1945 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa
mnkup;f;fhtpd; rd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh efupy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gpufldj;jpd; gb cyf
200tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; gpujhd Nehf;fpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthdJ.
md;WKjy; mr;rigahdJ vt;thwhd jilfs; NeupbDk; kPz;Lk; Xh; cyfg;Nghh;
epfohJ jLg;gjw;fhd gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. Nghupd;nfh^uj;jd;ik kw;Wk;
rkhjhdj;jpd; kfpik gw;wpf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;F Kd;dh; INuhg;gh
ifj;njhopy;rhh; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tsh;r;rpAld; Vw;gl;l Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Gjpa
Nghf;F Gjpa Vfhjpgj;jpakhFk;. ,J 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Muk;gkhdJ.
c + k; :-
• gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfs; khj;jpukd;wp If;fpa mnkupf;fh>
N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfSk; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy;
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.
• 1929 -1930 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gl;l cyfg;nghUshjhu
tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf njhopypd;ik mjpfupf;fyhdJ.
• epiyaw;w murpay; epiy fhuzkhf [dehaf Ml;rpKiw kpf
Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
• njhopyhsh; gpur;rpid mjpfupj;J ehL KOtJk; Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld.
• ,j;jhypapy; epytpa Fog;g epiyiag; gad;gLj;jp ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdp
1922 Mk; Mz;L ,j;jhypapd; mjpfhu gPlNkwp mq;F ghrpr Ml;rpia
epWtpdhd;.
• ,j;jhypapd; nghUshjhu> murpay; ];jpuj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jp
me;ehl;ilg; Nguurhff; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;Fld; Nghh;g;gyj;ijAk;
flw;gyj;ijAk; mjpfupjjhd;.
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; N[h;kd; kpfg; ngupanjhU njhif
Aj;j ,og;gPL nrYj;j Ntz;bNaw;gl;likAk; FbNaw;w ehLfis
,oe;jikahy; me;ehL kpfg; ngUk; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidia vjph;
Nehf;f Ntz;bANkw;gl;lJ.
• 1929Mk; Mz;L cyfg; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp N[h;kidg; ghjpj;j NghjpYk;
itkhh; muR mg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fhzj;jtwpaJ.
• ,e;epiyapy; `pw;yu; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w> `pw;yUk; mtuJ ehrprf;
fl;rpAk; rh;thjpfhuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;yhdJ.
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; [g;ghd; ifj;njhopy; tpQ;Qhdk;
kw;Wk; Nghh; Mfpa Jiwfspy; vOr;rp ngw;wJ.
• %yg; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Nfe;jpu epiyaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; [g;ghd; NtW ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s
Kaw;rpj;jJ.
NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
- th;Nry;]; cld;gbf;iffspd; FiwghLfs;
• epahakw;w ghuJ}ukhd jz;lidfis N[H;kDf;F toq;fpaik.
• N;[h;kdplk; epahakw;w Kiwapy; ,og;gPl;Lg; gzk; mwtplg;gl;lik.
• N[h;kdplkpUe;J FbNaw;w ehLfis mjdplkpUe;J gwpj;jnjLj;jik.
201tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• MAjg; gilapd; vz;zpf;ifia kl;Lg;gLj;jy;> fl;lhag; Nghh;r;
Nritiaj; jil nra;jik.
• iwz;yhe;ij epuhAjghzpahf;fpaik.
• flw;gilapd; gyj;ijf; Fiwj;jik.
• Aj;j MAjq;fs; cw;gj;jpiaj; jil nra;jik.
- N[u;kdpd; cs;ehl;Lg; gpur;rpidfs;.
• itkhu; $l;lhl;rp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;.
• nghUshjhu ke;j epiy
• njhopypd;ik
• czTj;jl;Lg;ghL
- ghrprthjk; kw;Wk; ehrprthjj;jpd; vOr;rp
• `pw;yu;-KNrhypd; el;G
• nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Nghu; eltbf;if njhlh;ghd xj;Jiog;G
- `pw;yupd; cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
• 1919Mk; Mz;L ehrprf; fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jik.
• 1933Mk; Mz;L rhd;ryu; gjtpf;F epakpf;fg;gl;lik.
• 1933Mk; Mz;L rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J ePq;fp Vfhjpgj;jpa
Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik.
• 1934Mk; Mz;L [dhjpgjp `pz;ld; Ngu;fpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;dh;
`pw;yh; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
• vjpupfis mopj;njhopj;jik.
`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy`pl;yupd; A+jg; gLnfhiy
• rptpy; cupikfis kPwpaik.
• fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;ij jil nra;jik.
• fy;tp eltbf;iffisg; ghrpr Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik.
• A+jh;fis kpff; nfh^ukhff; nfhiy nra;jik.
• njhopw; rq;fq;fisj; jil nra;jik.
• NghuhAj cw;gj;jpia Muk;gpj;jik.
• tu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;ifia kPwp Njr vy;iyia tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;s
Kaw;rpj;jik.
• 1936Mk; Mz;L iwd;yhe;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
• N[u;kd;> mT];jpupahitf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
• 1938Mk; Mz;L nrf;Nfh];yhthf;fpah> RNll;ld;yhe;J Mfpatw;iw
,izj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
202tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- INuhg;gpar; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l re;NjfKk; mr;rKk; fhuzkhf mjpfhu
Kfhk;fs; mikj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
• gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; JUf;fpAld; ,q;fpyhe;J Xu; cld;gbf;ifiar;
nra;J nfhz;lik.
• 1939Mk; Mz;L u\;ah> N[h;kDld; el;Gf; nfhz;lik.
• 1939Mk; Mz;L uptd;jpNuhg;-nkhyw;Nwht; xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;lik.
• N[h;kd; - ,j;jhyp el;G.
• N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; xd;wpize;J ,ufrpa xg;ge;jnkhd;iwf;
ifr;rhj;jpl;L fkpAdpr vjpu;g;G Kd;dzpnahd;iw mikj;jik.
(gu;ypd;> cNuhkhGup> Nlhf;fpNah mr;R)
- ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikahy; N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;
Mfpad Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik.
• 1934Mk; Mz;L [g;ghd; kQ;#upahitAk; rPdhtpd; gpujhd
JiwKfq;fisAk; efuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lik.
• ,j;jhyp> mgprPdpahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.
• If;fpa mnkupf;fh rh;tNjrr; rq;fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwhikahYk;
[g;ghDk; N[u;kDk; mr;rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpaikahYk; mr;rq;fk;
gykpoe;jik.
- Aj;jj;jpw;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; N[u;kd; Nghyhe;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik.
Nguzpfs;
Ner ehLfs;> mr;R ehLfs; vd ,U mzpfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
Ner ehLfs; - gpuj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> If;fpa mnkupf;fh> u\;ah
mr;R ehLfs; - N[u;kd;> [g;ghd;> ,j;jhyp
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j tpjk;
• 1939 nrg;nuk;gu; 1 Mk; jpfjp N[u;kd;> Nghyhe;ij Mf;fpukpj;jJ.
• 1939 nrg;nuk;gh; 3 Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; N[h;kDf;F
vjpuhf Aj;jg;gpufldk; nra;jd.
• ehd;F thu fhyj;jpDs; N[u;kd;> Nghyhe;ij
Njhw;fbj;jJ.
- `pl;yu; Gjpa Aj;j cj;jpfisf; ifahsj;
njhlq;fpdhd;.
• etPd Nghh;j;jhq;fpfs; ghtid
• jhf;fpaopf;Fk; tpkhdg;gil
• gpypw;];fpuPf; vDk; je;jpNuhghak; (ghupa Nghh;
MAjq;fisf; nfhz;L El;gkhd Kiwapy;
jhf;Fjy;)
• Jy;ypakhd csTr;Nrit
• u\;ahtpdhy; v];Njhdpah> yw ;tpah>
ypj;JNtdpah Nghd;w Nghy;bf; muRfs;>
Nghye;jpd; fpof;Fg;gpuNjrk;> gpd;yhe;jpd;
ngUk; gFjp vd;gd ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gld.
• Nehh;Nt> nld;khu;f;> xy;yhe;J> ngy;;[pak; Nghd;w ehLfis `pl;yu;
ifg;gw;wpf;nfhz;lhd;.
• 1940 [{d; khjk; gpuhd;irj; jhf;fp ghup]; efiuf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.
• gpupj;jhdpahit `pl;yu; jhf;fpaik.
• Nghy;fd; rz;il.
Mfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gilMfhag; gil
203tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• Nrhtpal; u\;ahit Mf;fpukpj;jik.
• [g;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; ,ize;J If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; gu;y; JiwKfj;jpw;F
Fz;L vwpe;jik.
• If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghupy; gq;F nfhz;lik.
• N[u;kDk; [g;ghDk; Njhy;tpAw;wik.
tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;
• cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,J tiu epfo;e;Js;s gaq;fukhd Nghh; ,JthFk;.
(kuzpj;j my;yJ CdKw;Nwhh; vz;zpf;if 50 kpy;ypaDf;Fk;
mjpfnkdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ)
• mZ Fz;bd; jhf;fj;jhy; [g;ghdpa ehfrhf;fp> pNuh\pkh efuq;fs;
mope;jd. mjd; jhf;fj;ij ,d;Wk; mk;kf;fspy; fhzyhk;.
• N[u;kd;> fpof;F N[u;kd; kw;Wk; Nkw;F N[u;kd; vd ,U ehLfshdJ.
• ,J tiu cyfpy; gyk; tha;e;jjhfj; jpfo;e;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk;
jkJ juj;ij ,oe;jd.
• If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpal; u\;ahTk; ty;yik ngw;wd.
• [dehafj;jpd; ghJfhtydhf If;fpa mnkupf;fh nraw;gl;lJ.
• If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;>
Nkw;F N[u;kd; Mfpa Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;ijAila ehLfs;
[dehaj;jpd; Nfhl;ilfshf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ld.
• Nrhtpaj; u\;ahit jiyikahff; nfhz;;l fk;A+dprf; Nfhl;ilfs;
cUthapd.
• Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; fPo; Nghyhe;J> nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpah>
A+Nfh];yhtpah> gy;Nfupah> fpof;F N[u;kd; Nghd;w ehLfs; ,ize;J
fk;A+dprf; Nfhl;il INuhg;ghtpy; NjhdwpaJ.
• cyf rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fTk; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jTk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig epWtg;gl;lJ.
• Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;W mopTw;w ehLfis Fwpg;ghf Nkw;F N[h;kdpiaAk;
[g;ghidAk; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;nfd If;fpa mnkupf;fh khu;\y; jpl;lj;ij
mwpKfQ; nra;jJ.
• gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; trkpUe;j FbNaw;w ehLfspd; NguuR
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
• gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR trkpUe;j Mrpa FbNaw;w ehLfs; gytw;wpw;Fr;
Rje;jpuk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.
• cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjw;nfd If;fpa ehLfs; rig
epWtg;gl;lJ.
204tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
`pl;yupd; eltbf;iffs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; Vw;glr; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpaik
njhlh;ghd jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa Rtu;g;gj;jpupiff;fhd Mf;fnkhd;iwj;
jahupj;jy;.
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;> ehLfSf;fpilNa re;Njfk;> Vfhjpgj;jpaf;
nfhs;if> cyfk; ,U mzpfshjy; Mfpa gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; ,uz;lhk;
cyf kfh Aj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,tw;Ws; mNefkhd tplaq;fs; pl;yupd; gq;fspg;ghy;
Vw;gl;lit vDk; cz;ikAk; njspthfpd;wJ. mjw;nfhg;g ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk;
,uz;lhk ; cyfg ; NghUf ;fhd `pl ;yu pd ; gq ;fspg ;ig Muha ;tNj
vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,ijnahU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nra;f.
• nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;f.
• ,jw;nfdg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;ghl;bw;fhff; Fwpj;j xU fhy Neuj;ij xJf;Ff.
• khzth; nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.
• mtw;Ws; kpfTk; rpwe;j nraw;ghLfs; rpytw;iwj; njupe;J tFg;gpw;
rfyUk; mijf; fw;fr; nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupy; <Lgl;l el;G ehLfisAk; mr;R ehLfisAk; cyf
tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;jy;.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; NghJ el;G mzp> mr;R mzp vd ,U gpupthf
INuhg;gh NtWgl;bUe;jJ. mth;fs; jj;jkJ ghJfhg;gpw;fhd eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdh;. mr;R mzpapdupd; eltbf;iffSf;F kj;jpapy; Nkd;NkYk;
jdpikg;glhjpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd czh;e;J nfhz;l gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpahTld;
el;G cld;gbf;ifnahd;wpw; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ. gpd;dh; u\;ahTk; ,jpy; ,ize;J
nfhz;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; ,t;tzpfspy; NkYk; gy ehLfs; Nrh;e;J nfhz;ld.
me;ehLfs; gw;wp khzth;fSf;F njspTgLj;JtJ ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,ijf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• tFg;ig ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupf;f.
• xU FOTf;F el;G mzpiaAk; kw;iwa FOTf;F mr;R mzpiaAk;
Fwpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l mzpiar; Nrh;e;j ehLfisf; fz;L gpbf;ff;
FOf;fSf;F cjTf.
• ngupa mstpyhd cyfg; glnkhd;iw Rtupy; njhq;ftpl;L jkJ
mzpiar; Nrh;e;j ehLfisf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;l xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
mtfhrkspf;f.
• ,jidnahU Nghl;bahf elj;jp FOf;fSf;F Vw;wnjhU mbg;gilapy;
Gs;spfs; toq;Ff.
• tiuglj;ijj; jpUj;jp rfy khzth;fSk; mijf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s
mwpTWj;Jf.
205tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
mope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkhmope;j `pNuh\pkh
206tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12myF 12
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du;.
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: jw;Nghija cyf murpay; mbg;gilia cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf
mike;j gpujhd rf;jpfisg; gFj;jha;e;J jw;fhy cyf epytuk;
gw;wpa njspTld; nraw;gLthh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
12.1 MAjg; Nghh; ,d;wp gdpg;Nghiu Nehf;fp cyfk; gazpj;j tpjj;ij
cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpupe;jikia mbg;gilahf itj;Jg;
gFj;jha;thh;.
12.2 kj;jpa fpof;fpd; murpay; Nghf;F njhlh;ghf jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
12.3 gyk; tha;e;j Xh; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpsT gly; gw;wp Nrhtpaj;
u\;ahit mbg;gilahf itj;J tpsf;Fthh;.
ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : ghl Ntisfs; : 16
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;dh; INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilfs;
,uz;lhfg; gpsTgw;wik gw;wp mwpjy;.
• ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l mjpfhu Kfhk;fspilNa mjpfhug; Nghl;b
epfo;e;jik gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• kj;jpa fpof;fpd; murpaw;Nghf;F Nkw;F INuhg;gpa murpaypy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpaik gw;wp gFj;jha;thh;.
• ,];Nuy;> gy];jPd; gpur;rpid jw;fhy rh;tNjr murpay; neUf;fbahf
mike;jik gw;wpg; gFj;jha;thh;.
mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:
Nghupy; gq;F gw;wpa rfy ehLfSf;Fk; mopit tpistpj;J KO cyfpYk;
mghafukhd tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpa gpd;dNu ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;
KbTw;wJ. ,e;ehLfSs; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTk; Nrhtpaj;u\;ahTk; vOr;rp ngw;Wj;
jpfo;e;jd.
Nghupy; mopTw;w Nkiyj;Nja ehLfisg; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;nd
If;fpa mnkupf;fh khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij Kd; itj;jJ. mj;NjhL If;fpa
mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyikapy; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk; Njhd;wpaJ. mt;thNw Nrhtpaj;
u\;ahtpd; jiyikapy; fpof;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; rkTilik Kfhk; Njhd;wpaJ.
,k; Kfhk;fspilNa cyf Mjpgj;jpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w mjpfhug; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
,J gdpg;Nghh; vdg;gLk;. Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfs; Nel;Nlh jhgdj;ijAk; rkTilik
ehLfs; Nthu;Nrh mikg;igAk; epWtpj; jj;jkJ mjpfhuq;fis epiy ehl;l
Kaw;rpj;jdh;. vdpDk; 80Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; Nrhtpaj; u\;ah tPo;r;rp
mile;jJk; gdpg;Nghh; Kbtile;J If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyfg; gyrhypahf
207tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
epiyj;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpDs; If;fpa ehLfs; rigahdJ cyf rkhjhdj;ijf;
fhf;f Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffspy; Fiwepiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,t;tyfpd;
Nehf;fk;> ,t;tplaq;fisf; fw;Wj; jw;fhy cyf murpay; gw;wpa mwpitg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;.
ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:
cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshfg; gpsTgly;
cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; Njhd;wpa murpay; gpd;dzp
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; mJ fhy tiu INuhg;ghtpy; gyk;
tha;e;J tpsq;fpa ehLfs; gykpoe;jd.
• Nrhtpaj;u\;ahTk; mnkupf;fhTk; ,U mzpfshf Kd;Ndw;wkile;jd.
• mJfhytiu fPioj;Nja FbNaw;wq;fis epWtpg; ngUk; NguuRfshfj;
jpfo;e;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; jkJ FbNaw;w ehLfis ,oe;jJ.
• ,j;jhypAk; N[h;kDk; nghUshjhu uPjpapYk; Nghh; uPjpapYk;
tPo;r;rpaile;jd.
• ,g;gpd;dzpapy; cyfj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
rkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rprkTilikthj Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp
nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;.
- jpwikkpf;f Ml;rpahsh;fs; cUthdik.
- jpl;lkplg;gl;l Kiwapy; rkTilik mbg;gilapy; nghUshjhuj;ij
Xq;fr; nra;jik.
- Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; jiyikapy; rkTilikf; Nfhl;il gykile;jik.
- Nghyhe;jpd; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fshd v];Nlhdpah> yw;tpah> ypj;Jntdpah
Nghd;wit u\;ahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lik.
- fpof;F N[u;kd;> &Nkdpah> gy;Nfupah> q;Nfupah> gpd;yhe;J Nghd;w
ehLfs; u\;ahtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lik.
- rPdhtpy; fk;A+dprr; #oy; cUthjYk; rPdg;Gul;rp %yk; rkTilik
Kfhk; NkYk; gyk; ngw;wik.
Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rpKjyhspj;Jt Kfhkpd; tsh;r;rp
- mZ Fz;L vwptjd; %yk; [g;ghid tPo;j;jp ,uz;lhk; cyfg;
Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJk; mnkupf;fh cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
gykpf;f ehlhf khwpaik.
- If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpufldj; jahupg;G> Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfSf;fhd
nghUshjhu cjtp Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; %yk; Njitahd gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyg; gFjpapy; rh;tNjr uPjpapy;
mnkup;f;fhtpd; Ra&gk; ntspg;gl;lik.
- cyfpy; gyk; kpf;f ehlhFtjw;F mnkupf;fh ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifiaj;
jahupj;jik.
'[dehafj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbfs; ehNk" - gpuhd;f;ypd; B &];nty;l;
208tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- [dehafj;ij Xq;fr; nra;a ru;tNjr uPjpapy; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;j FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lnkd Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jJ.
- Mgpupf;fhtpd; fhdh> ie[Pupah> nfd;ah cs;spl;l gy ehLfSf;Fr;
Rje;jpuk; fpilf;f mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPNl fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
- Rje;jpukile;j ehLfis jkJ mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilapy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;s eltbf;if vLj;jJ.
- Gjpjhfr; Rje;jpuk; ngWk; ehLfspy; rkTilik thjk; guthJ jLf;f
eltbf;if vLj;jik. (l;&kd; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; kl;Lg;gLj;jw; nfhs;if
- Containment Policy)
- Gjpjhfr; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Mrpa> Mgpup;f;f> yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfSf;F
tptrha> Rfhjhu> fy;tpj; Jiwfspy; tpNrl epGzj;Jt cjtpfis
toq;Fk; nghUl;L khh;\y; jpl;lj;ij tpahgpj;jik.
- ,t;Tjtpfis u\;ah jiyikapyhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Gwf;fzpj;jd.
fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;fUj;J Nkhjy;
- If;fpa mnkupf;fh> Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; jiytd; vd;w tifapy;
jdJ mzpia gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1949Mk; Mz;L tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;
ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (NATO) vDk; mikg;ig epWtpf;
nfhz;lik.
- rkTilik ehLfs; Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;jpw;F vjpuhf Nthh;Nrhj;
jghdj;ij epWtpaik.
- Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtk; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;Fk;
Nthh;Nrhj; jhgdj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtk; u\;ahTf;Fk; cupj;jhdik.
- mnkupf;fh kPjhd re;Njfj;jpy; u\;ah fpA+ghtpy; VTfizfis epWj;j>
gjpYf;F mnkupf;fh Nrhtpaj; u\;;ahit Fwpitj;J JUf;fpapy;
VTfizfis epWj;jpaik.
- njd; nfhupah Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; mzpapYk; tl nfhupah
rkTilik ehLfspd; mzpapYk; ,ize;J nfhz;lik.
- nfhupahr; rz;il
- `q;Nfupa neUf;fb
- nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpahtpy; u\;a jiyaPL.
- tpal;ehk; Aj;jk;.
- kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gpur;rpidfspy; jiyapl;lik.
gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)gdpg;Nghu; (nfLgpbg; Nghu;)
- If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPl;lhy; MAjg; Nghuhl;lkw;w xU
#oy; cUthdJ.
- ,jdhy; ,U mjpfhu mzpfSf;FkpilNa Nghuw;w rkhjhdk; epytpaJ.
209tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
gdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbTgdpg;Nghupd; KbT
- 1985 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dh; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; nghUshjhur; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jpaijj; njhlh;e;J Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpAw;wjd;
tpisthf mjd; rpy gpuNjrq;fs; Rje;jpuj; jdp ehLfshf khwpd.
cjhuzj;jpw;F f]fp];jhd;> cf;Nud;> c];gfp];jhd;> u\;ah> ngNyh
u\;ah ,ize;J u\;af; $l;lhl;rpia epWtpd.
- cyfpy; epytpa ,U mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilfspd; mjpfhug; Nghl;b Nrhtpaj;
ehL tPo;r;rpaile;jJk; KbTw;wJ.
- Nthu;Nrh mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; gpujhd mjpfhu mzpfSf;fpilNa
Vw;gltpUe;j MAjg; Nghiuj; jPh;j;Jitf;f If;fpa ehLfs; rig
jiyapl;lJ.
kj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;Fkj;jpa fpof;F murpaw; Nghf;F - ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; gpzf;F
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
- JUf;fpau; gy];jPidf; ifg;gw;wpaikahy; mq;fpUe;j A+ju;fs; cyfk;
KOtJk; rpjwbf;fg;gl;lik.
- 1897Mk; Mz;L jpaNlhh; u;rypd; rpnahd;thjf; fhq;fpu]pd; fUj;Jg;gb
A+jh;fis ,];Nuypy; FbNaw;w mgpg;gpuhak; njuptpj;jik.
- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; `pw;yupd; nfhs;ifg;gb A+jh;fisf;
nfhiy nra;jikahy; mtu;fs; gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh Mfpa
ehLfspy; mfjpfshfj; jQ;rkiljik.
- Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; gy];jPd; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; nghWg;gpd;
fPo; te;jik.
- gy];jPdpy; A+jh;fSf;fhd jha; ehl;il jPu;khdpf;f gpupj;jhdpahtpd;
mDruizia njuptpf;Fk; gy;gu; $w;W.
- gy];jPd; mNugpah; Rahl;rp Nfl;;L tpz;zg;gpj;jik.
• A+j tUif fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• mNugpah; A+jh;fSf;Ff; fhzp tpw;gdT nra;tijj; jLf;fg;gl;lik.
- gy];jPdh;fs; A+jf; FbtuTf;nfjpuhf gfp\;fupg;Gf;fspy; <LglYk;
gaq;futhjj;jpy; <LglYk;.
210tuyhW
Mrpupa
u; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
brdlh
fp.
gy;Nfupa
h
fpuP];
bA+dprpah
bupg;Nghyp
ngrhd;
fp.
kj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Fkj;jpa fpof;Ffhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ehLfs;: JUf;fpfhl;lg;gl;lmur jiyefu;fs;: nfa;Nuh
iky;fs;
yp gp ah
jpupg;NghypNtdpah
ngd;fhrp
ruNda;fh
fpupl;
vfpg;J
nfa;Nuh
# lh d;
];kPu;
JUf;fpmd;fuh
.
];jhd;G+y;
mnyf;]hd;bah
r. Nrh. F. x
irg;u];epNfhrpah
Ng&l;;
nly; mtptp`a;gh
lk];f];
mk;khd;
N[hu;jhd;
nygdhd;
rpupah
Nkh#y;
gf;lhl;
<uhf;
r T jp
m Nu gp ah
kf;fh
Fitl;
g];uh
upahl;
Nrhkhypyhe;J
nakd;
fhdh
jg;up];nj ;uhd;
];gh`hd;
<uhd;
r. Nrh. F. xfp.
Mg;fhdp];jhd;
ghfp]; jhd;
k];fl;
Xkh
d;
V
l
d;
Vld;
t
t
t
Fitl;
211tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPLNghu; epWj;jj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; jiyaPL
- 1937Mk; Mz;L gPy; Mizf;FO epWtg;gl;lik.
- gy];jPid mNugpah;fSf;Fk; A+jh;fSf;FkpilNa gfpu;e;jspf;f
gpNuuizfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;likAk;; mNugpau; mjid epuhfupj;jikAk;.
- 1939Mk; Mz;L ,U gpuptpdUf;FkpilNa xU fye;Jiuahly;
eilngw;w NghjpYk; mJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jik.
- 1939 Nk 17Mk; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpa muR nts;is mwpf;ifnahd;iw
ntspaply;. (vjpu;tUk; Mz;bDs; gy];jPDs; FbtUk; A+jh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia 75000 tiu kl;Lg;gLj;jYk; 10 Mz;Lfspy; Rje;jpu
,uhr;rpankhd;iw cUthf;FjYk;)
- mNugpaUk; A+jh;fSk; ,t;twpf;ifia epuhfupj;jik.
If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPLIf;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; jiyaPL
- 1942 Nk 11Mk; jpfjp rh;tNjr A+j Kftu;fs; mnkupf;fhtpy; $baik.
- ngd; #upadpd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t $w;wpd;gb rpnahd;thjj;jpd;
cj;jpNahfG+h;tf; nfhs;ifiaj; jahupj;jik.
• gy];jPd; KOtJk; A+jh;fSf;fhd Rje;jpu ehlhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lik.
• fl;Lg;ghbd;wp A+jh;fs; gy];jPDs; Fbtu ,lkspj;jik.
• ,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L A+jj; Njrpag;
gilazpia epWtpaik.
- gpupj;jhdpahTf;nfjpuhf ,U gaq;futhj ,af;fq;fis A+jh;fs;
mikj;Jf; nfhz;lik.
- A+j Fbtuit mjpfupg;gjw;fhd gpupj;jhdpa murplk; tpz;zg;gpj;j
Ntz;LNfhSf;F mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp l;&kd; mDkjp toq;fpaik.
- ,J njhlh;ghd gpupj;jhdpahtpd; gpNuuizf;F mNugpah; vjpu;g;Gj;
njuptpj;jik.
- 1946 [{d; 30Mk; jpfjp mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpag; gpujpepjpfisAk;
cs;slf;fpa Xh; Mizf;FOit epakpj;jy;> ,t;thizf;FOtpd;>
gpNuuizfSf;Fg; gpupj;jhdpah vJtpj gpujpgypg;igAk; fhl;lhik.
- A+jg;gaq;futhjpfs; gpupj ;jhdpag; gilj; jiyikafj;ijj;
jhf;fpaopj;jik.
- gpupj;jhdpah yz;ldpy; elhj;jpa khehl;by; ,U rhuhUlDk;
fye;jhNyhrpj;j NghjpYk; mJ ntw;wpaspf;fhik.
If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPLIf;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyaPL
- 1947 Vg;upy; 02Mk; jpfjp gy];jPd neUf;fbiag; gpupj;jhdpah If;fpa
ehLfs; rigapy; Kd;itj;jik.
- ghJfhg;Gr;rigapy; ghy];jPd; njhlh;ghd tpNrl Mizf;FOnthd;iw
epakpj;jik.
- Mizf;FOtpd; eltbf;iffs; njhlh;gpy; ,U rhuhUk; jpUg;jp
nfhs;shik.
- ghy];jPdpy; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; Ngz If;fpa ehLfs; gilazp
xd;wpid miog;gjw;fhd Mizf;FOtpd; KbT.
212tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- kfhrig> n[&ryj;jpw;F If;fpa ehLfspd; Mizahsh; xUtiuAk;
gy];jPDf;F If;fpa ehLfspd; mjpfhup xUtiuAk; epakpf;f
KbntLj;jik.
- 1948> Nk 15Mk; jpfjp A+jh;fs; ,];Nuy; vDk; A+j ,uhr;rpankhd;iwg;
gpufldg;gLj;jpaik.
- 1948 Nk 15Mk; jpfjp ghy];jPid ,uz;lhfj; Jz;lhb ,];Nuy; vDk;
A+j ,uhr;rpaj;ij epWtpaik.
muG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPLmuG ehLfspd; jiyaPL
- ,];Nuy; cUthf;fj;jpy; Mj;jpuKw;W vfpg;J> <uhf;> N[hu;jhd;> nygdhd;>
rT+jp mNugpah> rpupah vd;gd cldbj;jhf;Fjy; elj;jpaik.
- Nghu; epWj;jj;ij Kd; itj;j I. eh. rigapd; Kftu; gu;dnjj; A+j
jPtputhjpfshy; nfhy;yg;gl;lik.
- I. eh. rigapd; Kftuhd uhy;g; td;Nr jw;fhypf A+j rkhjhdj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaik.
tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;
- G+u;tPfkhf tho;e;J te;j jkJ jha;ehl;il gy];jPdh; ,oe;jdu;.
- NtW ehLfspy; mfjp Kfhk;fspy; tho Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
- kfh rigapd; gpNuuizg;gb n[&ryk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l
efukhfpaJ.
- gy];jPd; gpur;rpid jw;nghOJk; xU rh;tNjr gpur;rpidahf
khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;Nrhtpaj; ehL tPo;r;rpailjy;
- 1980 jrhg;jj;jpd; NghJ Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpd; [dhjpgjpahf tpsq;fpa
kpfhay; fu;gr;Nrht; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa f;yh];nehl;]; (jpwe;j nfhs;if)
kw;Wk; ngu];j;nuha;fh (rPu;jpUj;jk;) vdg;gLk; nghUshjhur; rPu;jpUj;jk;
Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; tPo;r;rpf;F topaikj;jik.
- fu;gr;NrhTf;Fg; gpd;dh; nghup]; nay;rpq; vd;gth; u\;ahtpd; [dhjpgjp
MdJk; mg;nghUshjhur; rPh;jpUj;jj;ijj; njhlh;e;Jk; mKy;
elhj;jpaik.
tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;
- jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if vDk; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia
u\;ah gpd;gw;wpaik.
- Rje;jpug; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jpaikahy;
rkTilikg; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs; tPo;r;rp mile;jik.
- ,jdhy; u\;ah tPo;r;rpaile;J Nrhtpaj; $l;lhl;rpf;F cupj;jhd
frfp];jhd;> cf;Nud;> c];ngfp];jhd;> ngNyh u\;ah> ypj;JNtdpah
Mfpa khepy muRfs; Rje;jpukiljy;.
- u\;ahTk; ngNyhu\;ahTk; gpd;dh; NkYk; rpy ,uhr;rpaq;fs; ,ize;J
u\;a rk\;bia epWtpaik.
213tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfs;
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; ve;jsT ntw;wp fz;Ls;snjd;gij
tpgupj;J mwpf;if jahupj;jy;.
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; ntw;wpaPl;ba ehLfs; kPz;Lk; cyf Aj;jk;;
epfohJ rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; mikf;fg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;F
toq;fpa gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp Muha;e;J mwpf;if rkh;g;gpg;gJ ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhFk;. Fiwepiwfisf; fz;lwptJk; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
• ,J xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.
• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fis toq;Ff.
• Fwpj;j Ntisapy; mij epiwT nra;f.
• khzthpd; mwpf;iffis kjpg;gPL nra;J Cf;Ftpf;Ff.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfisAk; rkTilik ehLfisAk; cyf tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Ljy;.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;dh; Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; jiyik mnkup;f;fhtpd;
trkhdJ. u\;ah rkTilik ehLfspd; jiyikia Vw;wJ. ,t;tpuz;L ehLfSk;
jkJ nfhs;iffisg; gug;g jPtpu Kaw;rpapy; <Lglyhapd. ,jd; tpisthf
,f;fUj;Jf;fs; cyfk; KOtJk; gutpd. mt;thW gutpa ehLfis ,dq;fhz;gJNt
,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,JnthU FOr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fs; tiuglq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.
• Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.
• Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; nraw;ghl;il epiwT nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOtpdJk; tiuglj;ij tFg;giwapy; fhz;gpj;J
Fiwepiwfisf; fye;JiuahLf.
214tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13myF 13
rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs;.
Njh;r;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp:Njh;r ;rp: cyfpy; neUf;fb epiyfis vjpu;Nehf;FKfkhf ru;tNjr kw;Wk;
tya kl;lj;jpy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid tpgupg;ghh;.
Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:Njh;r;rp kl;lk;:
13.1 MAjg; Nghuhl;lkw;w Xh; cyif cUthf;fntd epWtg;gl;l If;fpa
ehLfs; rig gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthh;.
13.2 gpupj;jhdpag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;j gpd;dh; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfs;
,q;fpyhe;Jld; njhlh;igg; Ngzntd mikf;fg;gl;l nghJ eytha
ehLfs; mikg;G gw;wpa jfty;fis tpsf;Fthh;.
13.3 gpujhd ,U mzpfspypUe;Jk; jk;ikg; ghJfhf;f epWtg;gl;l mzprhuh
ehLfs; mikg;G njhlh;ghd jfty;fis Muha;thh;.
13.4 nfLgpbg; Nghh; eilngw;w nghOJ ,U mzpfSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg;
gug;Gtjw;F epWtg;gl;l epWtdq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
13.5 tya kl;lj;jpy; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L
epWtdq;fis epWtpaik gw;wp tpsf;Fthh;.
ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- ghl Ntisfs; :- 25
fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:fw;ww; NgWfs;:
• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijapl;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gad;fis mwpjy;.
• nghJ eytha ehLfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
gw;wpf; fw;wwpjy;.
• mzprhuh ,af;fk; cyf murpay; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s
gzpfisf; fw;wwpjy;.
• rh;tNjrj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L tya
mikg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;Jjy;.
mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:mwpKfk;:
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh;> cyfpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhug;
gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;J itf;Fk; nghUl;L rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgzTk; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; r%fg; nghUshjhug;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhzTk; If;fpa ehLfs; rig epWtg;gl;;lJ. mt;thNw
gpupj;jhdpahTld; njhlh;Gfisg; NgZk; Nehf;fpy; nghJ eytha ehLfspd;
mikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ. nfLgpbg; Nghh; epytpa fhyg; gFjpapy; ,U mjpfhu
Kfhk;fSk; Nel;Nlh jhgdj;ijAk; Nthh;Nrh mikg;igAk; epWtpf; nfhz;ld.
,U mzpfisAk; rhuhj ehLfs; xd;wpize;J mzprhuh ,af;fj;ij mikj;jd.
,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> ,t;tikg;Gf;fs; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgzTk; nghUshjhu>
r%fg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sTk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa eltbf;iffs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjhFk;.
215tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.ghltplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;ly;.
If;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rigIf;fpa ehLfs; rig
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
1945 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nuhgh; khjk; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ. Kjyhk; cyf kfh
Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; epWtg;gl;l rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyPlhfNt If;fpa ehLfs;
rig jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ,t;thwhdnjhU mgpg;gpuhak; 1941 Mf];l; khjk;
tpd;];ld; Nrh;r;rpy;> gpuhd;f;yPd; &];nty;l; ,UtupilNa ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l
mj;jpyhe;jpf; xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yNk Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. cyfj; jiyth;fs;
,t;tgpg;gpuhaj;ij mq;fPfupj;jdh;. epWtdk; mikag; ngw Ntz;ba Kiw gw;wp
1944 Mf];l; khjk; lk;gu;l;ld; lf;fpYk; 1945 [{d; khjk; rd;gpuhd;rp];NfhtpYk;
elhj;jg;gl;l fye;Jiuahlypd; NghNj MNyhrpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;gpujhd Fwpf;Nfhs;
• rh;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZjYk; Nghiuj; jLj;jYk;.
• cyf ehLfis r%f> nghUshjhu> tpQ;Qhd> fy;tp> fyhrhu uPjpapy;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; #o;epiyia ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.
• ,d> nkhop> rka> ghy; NtWghL fUjhJ kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;>
ehLfspd; cupikfisAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
• ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwit tsh;j;jy;.
fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G
• If;fpa ehLfs; rigahdJ MW gpujhd epWtdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
• kfh rig
• ghJfhg;Gr; rig
• r%fg; nghUshjhur; rig
• rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;
• ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig
• nrayfk;.
1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . kfh rigkfh rigkfh rigkfh rigkfh rig
If;fpa ehLfs; rig gw;wpa jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; gpujhd epWtdk;
,JthFk;. ,J rfy cWg;G ehLfisAk; gpujpepj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; epWtdkhFk;.
Fiwe;jJ tUlnkhU KiwNaDk; ,J $b tUlhe;j fzf;F tof;F>
rh;tNjrg; gpur;rpidfspd; nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iw MNyhrpj;J
jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;> ghJfhg;Gr; rigf;fhd mq;fj;jth;fs; njupTk;
eilngWk;.
2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . ghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rigghJfhg;Gr; rig
Ie;J epue;ju mq;fj;jth;fisAk; ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw njupT
nra;ag;gLk; gj;J mq;fj;jth;fisAk; nfhz;l ,r;rigahdJ ahNjDk;
xU gpzf;F Vw;gLk; nghOJ $b mJ gw;wp MuhAk; rfy epue;ju
mq;fj;jtUf;Fk; 'tPl;Nlh" vdg;gLk; ,uj;Jr; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
216tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;nrayfk;
rigapd; eltbf;iffs; ,r;nrayfj;jpdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Ie;J
tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw kfh rigahy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; nrayhsh;
ehafk; ,jd; jiytuhthh;. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujk mjpfhup
nrayhsh; ehafNk.
4 .4 .4 .4 .4 . rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;
kfh rigahy; epakpf;fg;gLk; 15 eLth;fshy; cWg;G ehLfshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; rh;tNjrg; gpzf;Ffis tprhupj;J jPh;g;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLk;
jPh;g;Gf;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; me;je;j ehLfisNa rhUk;. mt;tjpfhuk;
ePjp kd;wj;jpw;Ff; fpilahJ. ,e;ePjpkd;wk; N`f; efupy; mike;Js;sJ.
5 .5 .5 .5 .5 . ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rig
,J rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;fpa ek;gpf;ifg; ngWg;G rigf;Fg; gjpyhf
epWtg;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ
vjpuzpapdhplk; ,Ue;j FbNaw;w ehLfspy; Rje;jpu Ml;rpaiktjw;F
Ntz;ba gpd;dzpia cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L Kf;fpakhd rpy ehLfspd;
ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G jtph;e;j Vida midj;Jg; nghWg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;
Rje;jpu muRfis epWTtjpy; ,r;rig ntw;wp fz;lJ.
6 .6 .6 .6 .6 . r%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rigr%fg; nghUshjhur;rig
,J 27 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;lJ. mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; r%fg;
nghUshjhu eyd;fSf;fhf ciof;Fk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ,iz
epWtdq;fspd; r%f> nghUshjhuj; Jiw rhh;e;j eltbf;iffspy;
,r;rigahdJ jiyik jhq;fpr; nraw;gLk;.
cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;
cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;Fg; ghjfk; tpisAk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mq;F jiyapl;L
nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;Fz;L.
vdpDk;> Kjyhk; jrhg;jj;jpy; nfLgpbg; Nghh; epytpa nghOJ ghJfhg;Gr; rigapd;
epue;ju cWg;G ehLfSf;fhd tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;jJKz;L. jPh;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg; ghJfhg;Gr; rigf;F ,ayhJ Nghapd
mt;tjpfhuk; 1950Mk; Mz;L kfh rigf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
- gpzf;Ffspd; NghJ Neubj; jiyaPL
1950 - 1953 nfhupag; gpzf;F
1960 - 1964 nfhq;Nfhg; gpzf;F
- Vida gy gpzf;Ffspd; NghJ Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;f;fTk; kPz;Lk;
mt;tzpapdupilNa Kuz;ghLfisj jtph;f;fTk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- If;fpa ehLfs; rig jiyapl;Nlh my;yJ %d;whk; egupd; cjtpAld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;Njh Kuz;ghLfisj; jPh;j;jik.
- jilfs; tpjpg;gjd; %yk; mOj;jq;fs; nfhLj;jik.
(njd;dhgpupf;fh> nuhBrpah)
- gpzf;fpy; <Lgl;l Njr vy;iyapy; rkhjhdg; gilia epWj;jpaik.
- Nghupy; ,lk;ngah;e;NjhUf;Fg; Gfyplk; toq;fpaik.
217tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fh\;kPh; gpur;rpid (1947 - 1948)> gy];jPd; gpur;rpid (1947) irg;gpu]; gpzf;F
(1964)> nygdhd; gpzf;F (1978) Nghd;wtw;wpd; NghJ ,U mzpfSf;FkpilNa
Nghh; Vw;glhJ jLf;f rkhjhdg;gilia mDg;gpaik.
nfhupag; gpzf;F (1950 - 1953)> nfhq;Nfhg; gpur;rpid (1960 - 1964) Mfpatw;wpd;
NghJ If;fpa ehLfs; gilazp NeubahfNt Nghupy; jiyapl;lik.
,e;NjhNdrpahTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f jdJ gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sik.
vdpDk; `q;Nfupa vOr;rp (1956)> nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpag; gpur;rpid (1968)> <uhd;
- <uhf; Aj;jk; (1980 - 1988)> fk;G+r;rpag; gpur;rpid (1975) Mfpatw;wpd; NghJ
mnkupf;f> u\;a fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhfj; jiyapl KbahJ Nghapw;W.
,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>,iz epWtdq;fs; - mikg;G> Nehf;fk;> mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if>
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
• rh;tNjrj; njhopyhsh; mikg;G (ILO)
• czT tptrhaj; jhgdk; (FAO)
• If;fpa ehLfspd; fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd> fyhrhu epWtdk; (UNESCO)
• rh;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)
• cyf Rfhjhu jhgdk; (WHO)
• If;fpa ehLfspd; rh;tNjr rpWth; epjpak; (UNICEF)
• th;j;jfk;> mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; khehL (UNCTAD)
• th;;j;jfk;> jPu;it njhlh;ghd If;fpa ehLfspd; khehL (GATT)
• Gduikg;Gf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd rh;tNjr tq;fp (IBRD)
vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;vjph;Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fs;
- cyfk; ,uz;L Aj;jg; ghriwfshf gpsTw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lik.
- If;fpa ehLfspd; gilazpia cUthf;Ftjpy; vOe;j neUf;fb.
- mZthAjf; fl;Lg;ghL njhlh;ghd rpwe;j jpl;lq;fs; ,d;ik.
- gzj;jl;Lg;ghL.
nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;GnghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;G
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
- gpupj;jhdpag; Nguurpw;Fl;gl;Lg; gpd;dh; Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l ehLfspd;
$l;lhFk; jw;Nghija mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if 54 MFk;.
- ,jd; jiyikj;Jtk; gpupj;jhdpahitr; NrUk;.
- gu;khTk; RtPlDk; jtph;e;j gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Vida
ehLfs; midj;Jk; ,q;F mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;gpw;fhd Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gil> el;G>
kdpjupilNa fhl;lg;gLk; kupahij Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fkhd
ey;nyz;zk;.
218tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
tuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzptuyhw;W gpd;dzp
- g pu pj ;jhdpag ; g pujkUf ;Fk ; Rje ;j puk ; ngw ;w ehLfspd ; g puj p
epjpfSf;Fkpilapyhd fUj;juq;F1887Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1911Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mJ 'Vfhjpgj;jpa rk;Nksdk;" vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,JNt 1949Mk; Mz;L Kjy; nghJ eytha ehLfspd; mikg;G (Common
Wealth Nations) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;
- kdpj th;f;fj;jpd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd rh;tNjr rkhjhdk;
kw;Wk; ];jpuj; jd;ikia fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
- NtWghLfisj; Jwe;J rfyupdJk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuk;> rk cupikf;fhfg;
ghLgly;.
- jdJ r%fj;ijr; rPu;nra;a [dehaf uPjpapy; murpay; eltbf;iffspy;
<Lgl rfyUf;FKs;s cupikiag; ghJfhj;jy;.
- tWik> gbg;gwptpd;ik> Neha; nehbfis xopj;Jf; fl;Ltjw;F kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.
- cyf kf;fspilNa ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L NghUf;fhd
#o;epiyfis ePf;fp rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if
vLj;jy;.
- ,dthjk;> FbNaw;wthjk; Mfpatw;iw ntWj;njhJf;fp kdpjdpd; r%f
epiyia Nkk;gLj;jy;.
mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;
- gpupj;jhdpag; NguurpypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtj;jpw;F
tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. vdpDk; mr;re;jh;g;gj;jpd; NghJ mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;s
Vida ehLfspd; mq;fPfhuj;JlNdNa mq;fj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;.
- ve;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; jdJ tpUg;gpd;gb cWg;GupikapypUe;J ePq;fr; re;jh;g;gk;
cz;L.
cjhuzk;:
• 1959Mk; Mz;L njd;dhgpupf;fhTk; ghfp];jhDk; mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J
ePq;fpf; nfhz;ld. vdpDk; 1972Mk; Mz;L ngdhrph; G+l;Nlh kPz;Lk;
ghfp];jhDf;F mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;.
- mikg;gpd; nfhs;iffSf;F khwhfr; nraw;gbd; cWg;Gupikia ePf;Fk;
mjpfhuKk; cz;L. 1987Mk; Mz;L gp[pj; jPTfs; mq;fj;Jtj;jpypUe;J
ePf;fg;gl;lik.
- nghJ eytha ehLfspd; ,uhrje;jpug; gpujpepjp (J}Jth;) 'Mizahsh;
ehafk;" vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;,ay;Gfs;- ahg;G Kiw fpilahJ.- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if> rl;lk; Nghd;w
Jiwfspy; vt;tpjf; fl;Lg;ghLk; fpilahJ.- mq;fj;JtehLfs; gytw;wpy; ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
219tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;nrayfj;jpd; gzpfs;- nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspy; mq;fj;jth;fSf;F xj;Jiog;G
toq;Fk; tifapy; ,ilj; jufuhfr; nraw;gly;.- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; tpisahl;L> ,isQh; tptfhuk; cs;spl;l r%f
fyhrhu mgptpUj;jpf;F Vw;w nraw;ghLfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;.- fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> rl;lk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;.
nghJ eytha mikg;gpd; njhopEl;g xj;Jiog;G epjpaj;jpd; %yk; nghUshjhur%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tptfhuq;fSf;F njhopEl;g cjtp toq;Fjy;.
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; epjp mikr;rh;fspd; xd;W$liy tUlhe;jk; xOq;Fnra;jy;.
- ,U tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw mur jiyth;fspd; rk;Nksdj;ij xOq;Fnra;jy;.
cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzpcyf rkhjhdj;jpw;fhfTk; rNfhjuj;jpw;fhfTk; Mw;Wk; gzp
- cyfpy; mt;tg;NghJ Njhd;Wk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjpy; gy ehLfspd;
gq;fspg;G.
- gu];guf; fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wk;> fye;Jiuahly;> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;wpy;
ek;gpf;if.
- nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp.
• njhopEl;g xj;Jiog;G epjpaj;jpd; %yk; MNyhridr; Nrit> epGzj;Jt
Nritfisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.
• Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;fhd cjtp toq;Fk; tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lk;.
- fy;tpf;fhd xj;Jiog;G
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; khzth;fSf;Fg; Gyikg; guprpy;fs; toq;fy;> fy;tpg;
gupkhw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;.
- epuhAjkakhf;fYf;fhd xj;Jiog;G
• 1973Mk; Mz;L xl;lhth rk;Nksdj;jpd; NghJ mZthAjg;
gupNrhjidfis jil nra;tjw;fhd xg;ge;jj;ij kjpj;J nraw;gLkhW
mZ ty;Ydh;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jy;.
- kf;fspilNa rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; eltbf;iffs;.
• ,];Nuypd; gutyhf;fw; nfhs;ifia vjph;j;J epw;wy;.
• gy];jPdh;fspd; cupikfSf;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jy;.
- ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;nfhU Kiw jdJ $l;lj;ij elhj;jp gy;NtW rh;tNjrg;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;gpy; Muha;jy;.
- tpNrl ntspaPLfis ntspaply; 1979Mk; Mz;L Yrhf;fh $w;W.
- kf;fis xw;Wikg;gLj;jy;.
• $l;lq;fs;> Rw;Wyhf;fs; %yk; gy;NtW njhopy; rhh;e;NjhUld; gu];gu
mwpKfk; kw;Wk; njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.
• 'nghJ eytha kd;wk;" gy;NtW njhopy; rhh;e;Njhupd; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij toq;fy;.
- ehd;F tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfis elhj;Jjy;.
mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;mzprhuh ,af;fk;
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dh; cUthfpa rkTilik kw;Wk;
Kjyhspj;Jtk; Mfpa mzpapdiur; rhuhJ epd;w ehLfspd; ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; cUthdNj mzpNruh ,af;fk;.
- Nkiyj;Nja Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l %d;whk; cyf ehLfs; vdf;
fUjg;gLk; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfs; mjpfk; ,jpy; mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
220tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
- ,jd; jhgfh;fshff; fUjg;gLNthh; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjw; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy;
NeU> ,e;NjhNd\pah [dhjpgjp Rfh;Ndh> A+Nfh];yhtpa [dhjpgjp kh\y;
bl;Nlh> vfpg;jpa [dhjpgjp fkhy; mg;Jy; ehrh;> fhdhtpd; jiyth; FthNk
epf;&kh.
nfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;if
• Rje;jpuk;> ghJfhg;G> rkhjhdk;> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l nfhs;if.
• mjpfhu mzpfSf;F mbgzpahJ jkJ ehl;bd; eyDf;fhd Nfhl;ghLfis
tFj;jy;.
• Aj;j cld;gbf;iffSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njptpj;;jy;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij epuhfupj;jy;.
• rkhjhdj;jpw;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jy;.
- 1945 Mk; Mz;L [t`h;yhy; NeU Kd;itj;j gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifahdJ
mjw;F Kd;dNu nrs vd; vf;yha; vd;gtuhy; Kd; nkhopag;gl;bUe;jJ.
,g;gQ;rrPyf; Nfhl;ghL mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; mbg;gilahFk;. mitahtd>
• rfy ehLfspdJk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; kjpj;jy;.
• ve;j ,dj;ijAk; Mf;fpukpf;fhjpUj;jy;.
• ve;j ehl;bdJk; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPL nra;ahjpUj;jy;.
• rkhjhd rf tho;T
• rkj;JtKk; gu];gu eyd; NgzYk;.
- 1955Mk; Mz;L gz; q; rk;Nksdj;jpd; NghJ Mrpa> Mgpupf;fj; jiyth;fs;
mzpNruhf; Nfhl;ghl;il mq;fPfupj;jdh;.
- KjyhtJ mzpNruh khehL A+Nfh];yhtpaj; jiyth; kh\;y; bl;Nlhtpd;
jiyikapy; 1961Mk; Mz;L ngy;fpNul; efupy; eilngw;wJ.
- Muk;g mkh;tpy; 23 Mrpa ehLfSk; 7 Mgpupf;f ehLfSk; fye;J nfhz;ld.
mjd; jw;Nghija mq;fj;jth; vz;zpf;if 118 MFk;.
- %d;W my;yJ ehd;F tUlq;fSf;nfhU Kiw khehL eilngWk;.
- 1976Mk; Mz;L Ie;jhtJ mzpNruh khehL nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;wJ.
mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;mjpfhu ghriwfsw;w jw;fhyj;jpy; mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs;
• tWik xopg;G
• ehLfSf;fpilNa xj;Jiog;G
• gaq;futhj Kwpabg;G
• Nghijg; nghUs; xopg;G
Mgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;GMgpupf;f xw;Wik mikg;G
- 1963Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; mb]; mghghtpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Mgpupf;f
If;fpa epWtdk;> 2002Mk; Mz;L Mgpupf;fr; rq;fk; vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ>
Mgpup;f;f ,dj;jth;fspilNa rkhjhdk;> xw;Wik> xj;Jiog;G Mfpatw;iwg;
Ngzp tsh;j;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
- jiyikafk; vj;jpNahg;ghtpd; mb]; mghghtpy; mike;Js;sJ. tUlhe;jk;
$Lk; mur jiyth;fspd; rk;Nksdk; ,t;tikg;gpd; cah;e;j rigahFk;.
- ngUk;ghYk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpid ahnjdpy; mq;fj;jth;fspilNa epyTk;
Vw;wj;jho;thFk;. cjhuzkhf Nehf;fpd; mq;Nfhyhtpd; cs;;ehl;Lr; rz;ilapd;
NghJ vf;fl;rpapdUf;Fj; jkJ xj;Jiog;ig toq;FtJ vd;gjpy; mq;fj;Jt
ehLfspilNa xU cld;ghl;il vl;l Kbatpy;iy.
221tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
vdpDk;> Vida gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,t;tikg;ghdJ rpwe;j tpisTfisg;
ngw;Ws;sJ. cjhuzk; :
• my;[pupa - nkhnuhf;Nfh vy;iyg; gpzf;F (1964 - 1965)
• Nrhkhypa - ,jpNahg;gpa vy;iyg; gpzf;F (1968 - 1970)
• fpdptprt;> mq;Nfhyh> nkhrhk;gpf; Mfpa ehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghh;j;Jf;Nfa
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;nfjpuhd Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F cjtp toq;Ftjpy;
ngw;w ntw;wp.
gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd njw;fhrpa mikg;G - rhu;f;
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
- tq;fhsNjr Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp rpah - cy; - u ;khdpd; MNyhridf;fika
gy Rw;Wf; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;dh; 1985 b]k;gh; 7Mk; jpfjp rhh;f;
mikg;G epWtg;gl;lJ.
Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;
- njw;fhrpa tya kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf mth;fsJ tho;f;ifj; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jg; ghLgly;.
- nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp> r%f Nkk;ghL> fyhrhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gLk; tpjkhf
rfyuJ nfsutj;ijAk; Ngzpf; fhj;J jdJ jpwikfspdhy; cr;r gyd;
ngwy;.
- gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; gu];gu xj;Jiog;ig Nkk;gLj;jp jd;dk;gpf;ifia cUthf;Fjy;.
- gu];gu ek;gpf;if> njspT> xt;nthUtuJ gpur;rpid njhlh;gpYk; tpsq;fpr;
nraw;gly;.
- nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> njhopEl;g> tpQ;Qhd tptfhuq;fspy; xj;Jiog;G>
cjtp nra;J nfhs;sf; $ba jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg; gLj;jy;.
- Vida tsh;r;rp mile;j ehLfSld; xj;Jiog;ig tsh;j;jy;.
- nghJ eyd; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; rh;tNjr epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jioj;jy;.
- mNj Nehf;fpy; gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fSld; xj;Jioj;jy;.
mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;mq;fj;Jt ehLfs;
- tq;fhs Njrk;> G+l;lhd;> ,e;jpah> khiy jPT> Neghsk;> ghfp];jhd;>
,yq;if.
gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;gpufldj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l mur jiyth;fs;
,e;jpah - uh[Pt; fhe;jp
ghfp];jhd; - rpah cy; `f;
,yq;if - N[.Mh;.[ath;jd
Neghsk; - gpNue;jpuh kd;dh;
G+l;lhd; - [pf;Nt rq;Rf; kd;dh;
tq;fhsNjrk; - ,u;rhl;
222tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G
• mur jiyth;fspd; khehL tUlj;Jf;nfhU Kiw eilngWk;.
• tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L jlitfs; ntspehl;likr;rh;fspd; $l;lk; eilngWk;.
• tUlj;jpy; ,U jlitfs; my;yJ Njitf;Nfw;g ,uh[hq;fr; nrayhsh;fspd;
epue;ju Mizf;FO $Lk;.
jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;jiyikafk;
rhh;f; nrayfk; Neghsj;jpd; fj;kz;L efupy; 1987 [dthp 16Mk; jpfjp
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; nrayhsh; ehaj;jpd; cj;jpNahfG+h;t fhyk; ,uz;L
Mz;LfshFk;. nrayhsh; ehafj;ij epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd jPh;khdk;
ntspehl;likr;rh; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ mfu tupirg;gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
nfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;ifnfhs;if
- xt;nthU ehLfspdJk; rk Rje;jpuj;ij kjpj;jy;.
- epyg; gpizg;G
- murpay; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
- Vida ehLfspd; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplhjpUj;jy;.
ntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tpntw;wp Njhy;tp
- xt;nthU khjKk; Kjyhe; jpfjp rhh;f; fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyd; gupkhw;w
nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; rfy mq;fj;Jt ehLfspYk; jdJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis
gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;.
- tq;fhs Njrj;jpy; rhh;f; tptrhaj; jfty; epiyaj;ij mikj;jy;.
- rhh;f; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfs; elhj;Jjy;.
- gpuhe;jpa ehLfSf;F Rje;jpukhfr; nrd;Wtur; re;jh;g;gk; toq;Ftjw;fhd
xU gpNuuizAk; cz;L.
- rhh;f; ehLfspd; khzth;fSf;fhd xU rh;tfyhrhiy ,e;jpahtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;rh;tNjr kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs;
INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;INuhg;gh rq;fk;
tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzptuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
- ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; gpd;dh; INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhuKk; ghJfhg;Gk;
tPo;r;rp mile;jik.
- tPo;r;rpaile;j nghUshjhuj;ij kPsf; fl;banaOg;Gjypy; jdpj;Jr; nra;a
Kbahik.
- mjw;nfd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gy cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.
- INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;gpw;fhfj; jhgpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpar; rq;fk;>
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gpar; re;ij vdTk; 1967 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dh; mJ
INuhg;gpag; nghUshjhur; r%fk; vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
223tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;Muk;gKk; eltbf;iffSk;
- INuhg;ghtpy; epyf;fup kw;Wk; ,Uk;G cw;gj;jpia xNu mjpfhu rigapd;
fPo; nfhz;L tUKfkhf MW ehLfs; ,ize;J nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l
cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. (INuhg;gpa epyf;fup kw;Wk;
,Uk;G r%fk; - 1951)
- nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;ig Nehf;fpw; nfhz;L INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu r%fk;
my;yJ INuhg;gpa re;ijia epWtpaJ - 1957
- INuhg;gpa mZrf;jp r%fj;ij epWtpaik - 1957
- jw;fhy murpay; xj;Jiog;G tiu tsh;r;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wik.
fl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;Gfl;likg;G
gpujhd epWtdq;fs;
• INuhg;gpa fTd;rpy;.
• INuhg;gpa Mizf;FO.
• INuhg;gpa ghuhSkd;wk;.
• INuhg;gpa ePjpkd;wk;.
cWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;GupikcWg;Gupik
- Muk;gj;jpy; (1957) gpuhd;];> Nkw;F N[h;kd;> ,j;jhyp> ngy;[pak;> nejh;yhe;J>
yf;rk;Ngh;f;
- 1973,y; kfh gpupj;jhdpah> mah;yhe;J> nld;khh;f;.
- 1996,y; cWg;Gupik 15Mf mjpfupj;jJ. (mT];jpupah> gpd;yhe;J> fpNuf;fk;>
Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> RtPld;)
Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;
- nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G
- murpay; xj;Jiog;G.
Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;
- 1957 - 1970 nghUshjhu xUikg;ghl;ilg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
eltbf;if
- 1970 - 2000 murpay; xUikg;ghl;ilg; G+h;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;if.
nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;nghUshjhuk;
- jPh;itf; fl;lzr; rYif toq;fy;.
- nghJthd ntspthhp jPh;itf; fl;lz Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fy;.
- nghJthd tptrhaf;nfhs;ifnahd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.
- nghJthd tupf;nfhs;ifnahd;iw mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
- 1967Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gpa r%fk; vDk; ngaupy; Gjpa epWtd mikg;nghd;iw
cUthf;fy;.
- Gjpa mq;fj;jth;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
- INuhg;ghtpw;nfd xNunahU jdpr; re;ijiag; gpNuupj;jy;. mjpfg;gbahd
thf;Ffshy; jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- mjpfg;gbahd thf;Ffshy; jPh;khdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- xd;wpize;j epjp Kiwnahd;iwg; gpd; gw;Wk; INuhg;gpa rq;fj;ij
cUthf;Fjy;.
- 1999Mk; Mz;L Kjy; A+Nuh ehza Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.
224tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
murpay;murpay;murpay;murpay;murpay;
- INuhg;gpa nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G %yk; murpay; xj;Jiog;ig Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;yy;.
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspy; cUthFk; murpay; neUf;fb> nfhs;if eltbf;if
njhlh;gpy; jfty; gupkhwy;.
Mrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;GMrpahd; mikg;G
(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)(njd;fpof;fhrpa ehLfspd; rq;fk;)
Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;Muk;gkhtjw;fhd fhuzpfs;
- Nkhjy;> rz;il> Kuz;ghL Mfpad ,t;tyaj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gl;lik.
- yhNth];> fk;G+r;rpah> tpal;ehk; Mfpa ehLfspy; eilngw;w Vfhjpgj;jpa -
fk;A+dpr Aj;jk;.
- ,e;NjhNd\pah> kNyrpah ,ilNa vy;iyg; gpur;rpid nghUshjhu neUf;fb
- kyhf;fh ePupiziag; ghJfhj;jy;.
- nghUshjhu neUf;fb.
mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;mq;fj;Jtk;
- Gtpapay; uPjpahfj; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpy; mike;Js;s ehLfs; mq;fj;Jtk;
ngwyhk;.
- Muk;g cWg;gpdh;fs; - kNyrpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> jha;yhe;J> rpq;fg;G+h;>
gpypg;igd;];.
- mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if gj;jhf mjpfupj;jy; (G&iz> tpal;ehk;>
yhNth];> kpad;khh;> fk;G+r;rpah)
- ,J Gypf;Nfhj;jpuk; (TIGER CUBS) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;Muk;gk;
Ngq;nfhf; $w;wpd; gpufhuk; 1967Mk; Mz;L Mrpahd; epWtg;gl;lJ.
Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;Fwpf;Nfhs;
- gpuhe;jpa nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu tsh;r;rpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;jy;.
- nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhu> tpQ;Qhd> eph;thfj; Jiwfspy; xj;Jiog;G
toq;fy;.
- fy;tp> njhopy;> njhopEl;gk;> epu;thfj; Jiwfspy;> gapw;Wtpj;jy;> Ma;Tfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
- rkhjhdk;> ,];jpuj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;jy;.
fl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;Gfl; ;likg;G
• ntspehl;likr;rh;fisf; nfhz;l mikr;rh; rk;Nksdk;.
• Mrpahd; nraw;FO.
• Mrpahd; nrayfk;.
• epue;ju Mizf;FO.
225tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
eltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;ifeltbf;if
- 1977 Mk; Mz;L [g;ghDldhd xd;wpize;j FOtpdiu mikj;jik.
- 1980 Mk; Mz;L INuhg;gpa rq;fj;Jld; xj;Jiog;G xg;ge;jnkhd;iwr;
nra;J nfhz;lik.
- fk;G+r;rpa rptpy; Aj;jj;jpd; jufuhfr; nraw;gl;lik.
tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; ehLfspd; ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; (NATO)))))
gpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzp
- ,uz;lhk ; cyf kfh Aj ;jj ;ij mLj ;J Nrht paj ; u\ ;ah >
nrf;Nfh];Nyhthf;fpahit fk;A+dpr Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L te;jik
(1948)> gu;ypDf;F ,ilA+W tpistpj;jik (1948 - 1949) Nghd;w rpy
eltbf;iffis INuhg;gpahtpy; Nkw;nfhz;likahy; mit jkJ epyTiff;F
mr;RWj;jyhff; fUjpa me;ehLfs; 1949Mk; Mz;L ,t;tikg;ig cUthf;fpd.
- 1948,y; gpNurpy; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpupj;jhdpah;> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;>
xy;;yhe;J> yf;]k;Ngh;f; Mfpa muRfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;l 1949,y; tl
mj;jpyhe;jpf; xg;ge;jk; %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;l fdlh> Nghh;j;Jf;fy;> nld;khh;f;>
mah;yhe;J> ,j;jhyp> Nehh;Nt Mfpa ehLfs; ,t;tikg;gpd; Muk;g
cWg;gpduhth;. 1955,y; Nkw;F N[h;kDk; ,jpy; ,ize;jJ.
Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;
- ahNjDnkhU mq;fj;Jt ehl;bw;Fg; giftdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G Vw;gLkplj;J
mijj; jkJ ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf elhj;jg;gLfpd;w Mf;fpukpg;ghff; fUjp
mjw;nfjpuhf xUkpj;Jr; nraw;gl cWg;G ehLfs; ,zq;fpAs;sd. ,jd;
epkpj;jk; Nel;Nlhg; gilazpnahd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;yj; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; ahnjdpy; fk;A+dpr mr;RWj;jy;fis ntw;wp
nfhs;tjhFk;.
- ,J jtpu cWg;G ehLfspilNa xw;Wikia tsh;j;jy;> r%f epiyia
Nkk;gLj;jy;> xd;wpize;j INuhg;ghitf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; ,jd;
Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
- ,jd; jiyikafk; ghup]py; mike;jpUe;jJ nfhupag; gpzf;F Nel;Nlhtpd;
gilg;gyj;ij mjpfupf;f topNfhypaJ.
- Nkw;F N[h;kd; kPJ u\;ah gilnaLg;gjw;fhd re;jh;g;gk; Nel;Nlhtpd;
gyj;jhy; jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
- jhgdj;jpDs; mnkupf;fhtpd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gw;wp mjpUg;jp mile;j gpuhd;];
1966 ,y; jhgdj;jpypUe;J ePq;fpf; nfhz;lJ.
226tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Nthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;GNthh;Nrh mikg;G
gpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzpgpd;dzp
- Nkw;F N[h;kd; Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;lJk; mjw;fhd
gjpy; eltbf;ifahf Nrhtpaj; ehLk; fpof;F INuhg;gpa fk;A+dpr ehLfSk;
xd;wpize;J Nthh;Nrh efupy; ,izg;igj; jhgpj;jd. Nel;Nlhitg; Nghd;Nw
,JTk; gu];gu xj;Jiog;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lnjhU ghJfhg;G
mikg;ghFk;.
- u\;ahtpd; jiyapyhd ,t;tikg;gpd; Muk;g mq;fj;jth;fs; Nghye;J> fpof;F
N[h;kd;> `q;Nfup> nrf;Nfh];Nyhtf;fpah> UNkdpah Mfpad.
Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;Nehf;fk;
- Nel;Nlhj; jhgdj;ijg; Nghd;Nw xd;wpize;j ghJfhg;G> el;G> rftho;T
,t;tikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,t;tikg;Gk; Nel;Nlhitg; Nghd;W
jdf;nfdnthU gilazpia cUthf;fpaNjhL mjd; fl;lisajpfhup
'u\;aj ;" jsgjpahthh ; . 1989Mk; Mz;L fk;A+dprf ; Nfhl ;il
tPo;r;rpaile;jikahy; Nthh;Nrh mikg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.
227tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.fw;ww; fw;gpj;jy; mnraw;ghLfs;.
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
tya uPjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gf;fs; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; cs;spl;l
Rth;g;gj;jpupifnahd;iwj; jahhpj;jy;.
gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epWtg;gl;Ls;s gpuhe;jpa
epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;G> Nehf;fk;> eltbf;if njhlh;ghf Muha;e;J Rth;g;
gj;jpupif jahupj;jy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,J xU FOr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• xt;nthU gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fisg; gw;wpAk; jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;FkhW
FOf;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• Njitahd %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp khzth;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.
• Nrfupj;Jf; nfhz;l jfty;fis gad;gLj;jp Rth;g; gj;jpupifiaj;
jahhpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• jahhpg;gjw;F Kd;dh; jfty;fisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
• mtw;wpd; rupgpio gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;f.
• Fwpj;j fhyj;jpDs; Ntiyia epiwT nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
mzprhuh ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;> eltbf;iffis Muha;e;J xU rpW
Gj;jfj;ijj; jahhpj;jy;.
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;ij mLj;J Kjyhspj;Jt> rkTilik mzpapdUf;fpilNa
gdpg;Nghh; epfo;e;jJ. jkJ mjpfhuq;fis Vida ehLfspYk; tpahgpf;f mth;fs;
Kide;jdh;. ,t;tOj;jq;fspypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf %d;whk; cyf
ehLfs; xd;wpize;J ,jid epWtpd. ,jd; Nehf;fk;> eltbf;if> jhgfj;
jiyth;fs; njhlh;gpy; mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
• ,J jdpr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
• khzth;fSf;F %yhjhuq;fs;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; gw;wpa jfty;fis
toq;Ff.
• Fwpj;j fhy msit xJf;Ff.
• mtrpakhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.
• nraw;ghl;il kjpg;gPL nra;f.
228tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W
$WfshFk; vd;gijAk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa fzpg;gPl;ilAk;
kjpg;gPl;ilAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; vy;yh Mrpupau;fSk; njspthf
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis
xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd
vd;gJ Mrpupau;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlu; (epjKk; epfOk;);
fzpg;gPl;L Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;f fw;wy; eilngWk;NghNj fzpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk;. ,J fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp>
,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpa ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupau;fs;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xu;
Mrpupau; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; fzpg;gPL Mfpad njhlu;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg;
gad;gLj;jy; mtrpak;
ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir
KiwNah Nrhjid elj;JtNjh my;y. mJ khztu;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupau;
fsJ fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwikahFk;.
Mjyhy; khztu;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mtu;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;
fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;lthW khztu;fis mtu;fsJ
cr;r tsu;r;rp kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj;
jpl;lkhFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad; %yk;> Njly; nrad;Kiwapd;ghy; khztu;fs; topg;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wdu;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijr;
nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ khztu;fspilNa Mrpupau; nrd;W mtu;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiy
fis mtjhdpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khztu;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf fzpg;;gPl;Lf;F cs;shf;fg;gLtNjhL
khztu; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztUf;F jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khztu;fs; rupahfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Clhf epfo
Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL mjw;Fj; jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fzpg;gPl;by;
<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis
toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly;/ Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.
229tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
khztu;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;lwpe;jNghJ mtu;fsJ
fw;wy; gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwik
fisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk; fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j Kd;D}l;liyAk;
toq;FtJk; Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j
Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khztu;
fSf;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ. fzpg;gPLfs; %yk; khztu;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp
kl;lq;fisj; jPu;khdpj;jy; MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs;> rk;ge;jg;gl;l NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa
jfty;fis mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;r;rpahf khztiu fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;j
tha;g;gspf;Fk; ghlrhiy kl;l fzpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.
Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwiaAk;
khztu;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFKiw
tiffs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePz;lfhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;F Njrpa
fy;tp epWtdj;jpdhYk;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l
KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghf ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs;
Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gu; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j mZFKiwg;
Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) tUkhW:
1. xg;gilfs;
2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
3. mstha;Tfs;
4. Njbaha;Tfs;
5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs;
6. fz;fhl;rp/ Kd;itj;jy;fs;
7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs;
8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;
9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs;
10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;
11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs;
12. nrtpkLj;jy; Nrhjidfs;
13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghL
14. Ngr;Rf;fs;
230tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
15. Ra Mf;fq;fs;
16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;
17. vz;zf;fU glq;fs;
18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[u;dy;
19. Rtu;g; gj;jpupiffs;
20. tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rpfs;
21. tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs;
22. tpthjq;fs;
23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs;
24. fUj;juq;Ffs;
25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT
26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; midj;ij
Ak;> vy;yh ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;
ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
Ngjq;fisj; njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fika
mtw;iwj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;gb Mrpupau; mwpTiug;gb topfhl;bapy; jkJ khztu;fspd; fw;wy;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;L
tiffs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;
jpw;fhf mtw;iwj; jf;fthW gad;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ
jtpu;j;jy; khztu; jkJ mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;fj; jpwd;fis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.
231tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1jtiz 1
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy fhzg;gl;l ,uh[jhdpfs; njhlh;ghd
jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa Rth;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• khzth;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• FOf;fSf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
FO 1 Nfhl;il ,uh[jhdp
FO 2 aho;g;ghz ,uh[jhdp
FO 3 fz;b ,uh[jhdp
FO 4 rPjhthf;if ,uh[jhdp
• xt;nthU FOTf;FKupa jiyg;gpd; fPo; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpa mwpf;if
xd;iw Rth;g;gj;jpupiff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• mtw;iw cUf;fs; tiuGfs; rpj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
Mf;fG+h;tkhdjhf jahupf;f mwpTWj;Jf.
• FOf;fspd; Mf;fq;fisr; Nrfupj;J Rth;g;gj;jpupif xd;iw jahupf;Ff.
gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.gpd;tUk; epajpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;f.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
01. jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghLk; gpioapd;ikAk; 04
02. jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04
03. kpfTk; Mf;fG+h;tkhd nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fp ,Uj;jy; 04
04. KOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04
05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ifaspj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
'fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Ml;rpahsu;fs;" vDk; jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
jfty;fisf; nfhz;l Nfhit xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• ,jw;fhf Kjyhk; tpkyjh;k #upa kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J = tpf;fpukuh[
rpq;fd; fhyk; KbAk; tiuAs;s murpay; jfty;fis cs;slf;fpajhf
nraw;ghl;ilj; jahupf;Fk; gb mwpTWj;Jf.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOthfg; gpupj;J jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gNjhL
cupa jiyg;Gf;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F cupa jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
• xt;nthU FOTk; jhk; ngw;w jiyg;gpd; fPo; jfty; Nfhit xd;iwj;
jahupg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; nraw;ghLfis mikj;Jf; nfhs;s
mwpTWj;Jf.
232tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
• Fwpj;j ehs; xd;wpy; FOr;nraw;ghl;bw;F cupa jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J
jftw;Nfhit iaj; jahupf;fr; nra;f.
• gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F Vw;g kjpg;gPL nra;f.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
01. jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghLk; gpioapd;ikAk;. 04
02. jfty;fspd; NghJkhd jd;ik 04
03. jfty;Nfhitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; Mf;fG+u;tkhfj;
jahupf;fg;gl;L ,Uj;jy;. 04
04. FOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04
05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; ifaspj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3
,e;jpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf> Fg;jg; Nguuir mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FWtpdhg;
Gj;jfnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf mikj;Jf;nfhs;f.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fhsfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
tpdhf;fis mikg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
• FOtpy; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 10 tpdhf;fisahtJ
jahupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.
• FOf;fs; xd;Wgl;L tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ijj; jahupf;Fk; jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.
• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhg;Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; ifahsf;$ba
,lk; xd;wpy; itf;Ff.
fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.fPNo jug;gl;l epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
1. gltp;laj;jpw;Fg;nghUj;jkhd rpW tpdhf;fs; jahupj;jy; 04
2. jiyg;gpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhfTk; NghJkhdjhfTk;
tpdhf;fs; jahupj;jy; 04
3 tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04
4. nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04
5. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
233tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf
tpad;dh khehl;bd; mbg;gilapy; FW tpdhg; Gj;jfnkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTk;
tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf tpad;dh khehL njhlh;gpy; jiyg;Gf;fis
toq;Ff.
• FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 10 tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.
• tpdhg; Gj;jfk; jahupf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.
• jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhg; Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf;
$ba ,lnkhd;wpy; itf;Ff.
gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPL nra;f
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
01. tpdhf;fs; ghltplaj;jpw;F cupajhf ,Uj;jy; 04
02. tpdhf;fs; NghJkdjhf ,Uj;jy; 04
03. tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04
04. FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa cjtp 04
05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfcyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf
• Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlh;gpy; FW tpdhg;Gj;jfk; xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jid xU FOr;nraw;ghlhfj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J xt;nthU FOTk; tpdhf;fisj;
jahupg;gjw;fhf cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;ghd jiyg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
• FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 5 tpdhf;fisj;
jahupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jf.
• tpdh E}y; jahupj;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ij mwptpf;Ff.
• jahupj;j tpdhg;Gj;jfj;ij tFg;gpy; cs;s midtUk; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
,lj;jpy; itf;Ff.
gpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;fgpd;tUk; epajpfSf;F mikthf kjpg;gPl;il Nkw;nfhs;f
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
01. tpdhf;fs; ghltplaj;jpw;F cupajhf ,Uj;jy; 04
02. tpdhf;fs; NghJkdjhf ,Uj;jy; 04
03. tpdhf;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL 04
04. FOr; nraw;ghl;bw;F toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04
05. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
234tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz,uz;lhk; jtiz
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :nraw;ghL :
• 'Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf; FOtpd; tpjpg;Giufspd; %yk; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpah;
Ml;rp cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ" ,f;$w;Wj; njhlh;ghf gj;jpupiff;F mwpf;if
xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfr; nraw;gLj;Jf.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• kpfTk; tpkh;rd uPjpahd mwpf;ifiaj; jahupggjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• mwpf;ifiaj; jahupg;gjw;F Fwpj;j fhyj;ij toq;Ff.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
01. ghltplaj;jpd; nghUj;jg;ghL. 04
02. jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04
03. tpku;rd uPjpahf tp;laq;fis Nfhitg;gLj;jy; 04
04. gj;jpupif mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w
Ntz;ba rl;l tpjpfisf; ifahz;L ,Uj;jy; 04
05. Fwpg;gpl;l jpdj;jpy; G+uzg;gLj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2nraw;ghL 2
gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghd
mwpf;if xd;iwj;jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
• jfty;fisg; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fisg; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• Mf;fg+h;tkhd xg;gil xd;iwj; jahupf;f mwpTWj;Jf.
• xg;giliaf; ifaspf;Fk; jpfjpia njuptpf;Ff.
• nghUj;jkhd epajpfs; fPo; kjpg;gPL nra;jf.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
01. jiyg;gpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs;ntspf;fhl;lg;gly;. 04
02. %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 04
03. Mf;f G+h;tj;jd;ik 04
04. xg;gil jahupg;gjw;Fupa tplaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp ,Uj;jy; 04
05 Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
235tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nraw;ghL - 3nraw;ghL - 3nraw;ghL - 3nraw;ghL - 3nraw;ghL - 3
• ,e;jpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.
• gy;yth;fspd; murpay; fyhrhu eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghf tpdh tpilg;
Nghl;b xd;iwr; nraw;gLj;jy;.
INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.INuhg;gpa tuyhW fw;gth;fSf;fhf.
• Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;gpy; tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rp
xd;iwr;nraw;gLj;jy;.
• jw;fhy cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; njhlh;gpy; tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rp xd;iwr;
nraw;gLj;jy;.
• tpdh tpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;fhd nghJf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfFf.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpujhd jiyg;gpw;Fs; mlq;fpa Jizg;gFjpfis
nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gfph;ejspj;J KbAkhd msT FW tpdhf;fisj;
jahupg;gjw;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• FW tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; Nghjpa mtfhrk; toq;Ff.
• khzth;fs; jahupj;j tpdhf;fspy; ,Ue;J tpdhtpilg Nghl;b epfo;r;rpf;F
nghUj;jkhd tpdhf;fisj; njupT nra;f.
• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;bf;F tFg;ig xOq;F nra;J mg;Nghl;bapd; NghJ
gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rl;l tpjpfs; gw;wp mwpTWj;Jf.
• tpdhtpilg; Nghl;b epfo;r;rpia nraw;gLj;Jtij khztuplk; xg;gilf;Ff.
• ,e;epfo;r;rpf;fhf midj;J khzth;fspdJk; xj;Jiog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
01. jiyg;gpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs;ntspf;fhl;lg;gly;. 04
02. %yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy; 04
03. Mf;fg;G+h;tj;jd;ik 04
04. tpdh tpilg; Nghl;bf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fs; 04
05 Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
236tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz3 Mk; jtiz
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPLghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01nraw;ghL 01
• 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; rka kWkyh;r;rp njhlh;ghd Rth;g;gj;jpupifnahd;iw
jahupf;Ff.
• ,jidf; FOr;nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.
FO 01 ngsj;j rka kWkyh;;r;rp
FO 02 ,e;J rka kWkyh;r;rp
FO 03 ,];yhk; rka kWkyh;r;rp
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;fp Nkw;$wpa jiyg;Gf;fisf;
FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
• mf;FOf;fSf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;fSf;Nfw;g rpwe;j Rth;g;gj;jpupifia
jahupg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• Rth;g;gj;jpupif nra;J Kbf;f Ntz;ba jpdj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Ff.
• midj;J FOf;fSk; ,ize;J Rth;g;gj;jpupifia jahupf;fr; nra;f.
• FOf;fspy; cs;s mq;fj;jtu;fs; midtupdJk; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWf.
fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
1. tplaj; jfty;fspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04
2. tplaj; jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04
3. Mf;fj;jd;ik 04
4. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; Kbj;jy; 04
5. FOr; nraw;ghl;by; gq;fspg;G 04
nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk;nkhj;jk; 2 02 02 02 02 0
mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:mwpf;if jahupj;jYf;fhd nghJ cgNjrq;fs;:
• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
• nrw;ghl;bw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd %yhjhuq;fs; njhlh;ghf mwpTWj;Jf.
• nraw;ghl;il xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba jpfjpia mwpTWj;Jf.
fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
1. tplaf; fhuzpfspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04
2. tplaf; fhuzpfspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04
3. Kiwahd njspthd mwpf;if jahupj;jy; 04
4. mwpf;ifia xOq;fikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;wy; 04
5. Fwpj;j jpdj;jpy; epiwT nra;jy; 04
237tuyhW Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02nraw;ghL 02
• 1972 KjyhtJ FbauR ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jKk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ
FbauR ahg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jKk; njhlh;ghd xg;gPl;L uPjpahd mwpf;if xd;iwj;
jahupj;jy;.
• ,jidf; FOr; nraw;ghlhf Nkw;nfhs;f.
• tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
• jfty;fs; ngwf;$ba %yhjhuq;fis ,dq;fhl;Lf.
• ,t;tpU ahgg;Gf;fspdJk; xw;Wik Ntw;Wik njhlh;ghd jfty;fis
cs;slf;fpa mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupf;f MNyhrid toq;Ff.
• FOr;nraw;ghl;bd; Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; rkh;g;gpf;f Vw;ghL nra;f.
fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.fzpg;gPl;L epajpfs;.
1. jfty;fspd; gpioaw;w jd;ik 04
2. jfty;fspd; Nghjpa jd;ik 04
3. FOr;nraw;ghl;by; toq;fpa xj;Jiog;G 04
4. xOq;F Kiwahd mwpf;if 04
5. rkh;g;gpj;jy; 04
nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3nraw;ghL 3
,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf
Nrho Mlrpapd; tPo;r;;rp njhlh;ghd mwpf;;if xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhfINuhg;gpa kw;Wk; etPd cyf tuyhw;iwf; fw;gth;fSf;fhf
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dh; cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;fshf gpstile;jik
njhlh;ghd mwpf;if xd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.