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Transcript of History6 Gardens of Islam
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The Gardens of Islam:The Gardens of Islam:
Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
Dr. Safei HamedTexas Tech University
Department of Landscape Architecture
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
The Muslims emphasized the injunctions toThe Muslims emphasized the injunctions to
dress the garden and keep itdress the garden and keep it--man the stewardman the steward
They developed the belief that man couldThey developed the belief that man could
make a garden of naturemake a garden of nature
Paradise could be created on earth by wiseParadise could be created on earth by wisemen and realized by artistsmen and realized by artists
Design with NatureDesign with Nature
Ian McHarg, 1969Ian McHarg, 1969
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
What is an Islamic GardenWhat is an Islamic Garden??
A landscape which is designed:A landscape which is designed:
With specific intentions in mindWith specific intentions in mind
Applying certain ideological Principles andApplying certain ideological Principles and
objectives rooted in the Islamic faith andobjectives rooted in the Islamic faith and
the Muslim culturethe Muslim culture
using distinct design elementsusing distinct design elements
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
When was the typical IslamicWhen was the typical Islamicgarden Developed?garden Developed?
The Islamic Empire spanned from the 7The Islamic Empire spanned from the 7ththto the 16to the 16thth century. From thecentury. From the
establishment of the 1establishment of the 1stst Islamic State inIslamic State in
Medina to the peak of the OttomanMedina to the peak of the OttomanEmpire, the Islamic civilizationEmpire, the Islamic civilization
dominated a millennium, encompasseddominated a millennium, encompassed
half the world, and shaped the historyhalf the world, and shaped the history
of the human race.of the human race.
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
Where can one find examples ofWhere can one find examples ofthe Islamic garden?the Islamic garden?
Western Asia: Iran, Turkey, and theWestern Asia: Iran, Turkey, and theArabian Peninsula.Arabian Peninsula.
SouthSouth--Eastern Asia: India, Pakistan,Eastern Asia: India, Pakistan,
Kashmir, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.Kashmir, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan.
The Middle East: Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,The Middle East: Syria, Lebanon, Iraq,
Palestine, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.Palestine, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.
Europe: Spain (Granada, Cordova,Europe: Spain (Granada, Cordova,
Seville and Toledo).Seville and Toledo).
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
What are the typical designWhat are the typical designelements of an Islamic garden?elements of an Islamic garden?
CourtyardsCourtyards
Water featuresWater features
TreesTrees
FlowersFlowers
Calligraphy on WallsCalligraphy on Walls
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
For what purpose did theFor what purpose did thedesigner of the Islamic gardendesigner of the Islamic gardenuse water?use water?
To emphasize architectural elementsTo emphasize architectural elements
To add dynamic qualityTo add dynamic quality
To mask outdoor noisesTo mask outdoor noises
To provide pleasing soundsTo provide pleasing sounds
To irrigate plantsTo irrigate plants To moisturize the dry environmentTo moisturize the dry environment
To sooth the dusty environmentTo sooth the dusty environment
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What are the factors that mayWhat are the factors that mayhave influenced the design of thehave influenced the design of the
historic Islamic gardens?historic Islamic gardens?
Earlier civilizationsEarlier civilizations
The Holly QurThe Holly Quran: Gardens arean: Gardens are
mentioned 164 times.mentioned 164 times.
The Sunnah: Traditions of ProphetThe Sunnah: Traditions of Prophet
MuhammedMuhammed The arid environmentThe arid environment
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The Holy Qur'anThe Holy Qur'an: Chapter 27: Chapter 27--6060
God has created the heavens and theGod has created the heavens and the
earthearthAnd He sends you down rain from the skyAnd He sends you down rain from the sky
Yea, with it we cause to grow wellYea, with it we cause to grow well--plantedplanted
orchardsorchards
Full of beauty and delightFull of beauty and delight
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The Holy Qur'anThe Holy Qur'an: Chapter 55: Chapter 55
For those who fear the day of judgment,For those who fear the day of judgment,
there will be two gardensthere will be two gardens(55(55--46)46)Abounding in branchesAbounding in branches(55(55--48)48)
In them (each) will be Two SpringsIn them (each) will be Two Springs
flowing freelyflowing freely(55(55--50)50)
In them will be fruits of every kind, twoIn them will be fruits of every kind, two
and twoand two(55(55--52)52)
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
How has the Islamic faithHow has the Islamic faithinfluenced the landscape designerinfluenced the landscape designer??
Balance between physical and metaphysicalBalance between physical and metaphysical
Multiple useMultiple use
DiversityDiversity
BeautyBeauty
ModerationModeration
ContextualityContextuality
IndividualismIndividualism
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Balancin g t h e Ph y sica l an d Ba lanc in g t h e Ph y sica l an d Metaphys ica l Metaphys ica l
1.1. The concept of unityThe concept of unity2.2. The belief of the seen and unseenThe belief of the seen and unseen
3.3. The harmony among god, humans,The harmony among god, humans,and natureand nature
4.4. The duality of humans: material andThe duality of humans: material and
spiritspirit
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The m u l t i p l e use The m u l t i p l e use
1.1. Accommodating recreational activitiesAccommodating recreational activities
2.2. LifeLife--sustaining oasissustaining oasis3.3. Displaying beauty and scenic qualitiesDisplaying beauty and scenic qualities
Dive rs i t y D ive rs i t y
1.1. Science and artScience and art
2.2. Natural and urbanNatural and urban
3.3. Tangible and symbolicTangible and symbolic
4.4. Light and shadowLight and shadow
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Beau ty Beau ty
1.1. Arts were integrated into lifeArts were integrated into life
2.2. Beauty without arroganceBeauty without arrogance
3.3. Inner richness vs. Humble appearanceInner richness vs. Humble appearance
God i s beau t i f u l an d h e God i s beau t i f u l an d h e
l oves beau t y l oves beau t y (Prophet Muhammad)(Prophet Muhammad)
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Modera t i on Mode ra t i on
Reason vs. NatureReason vs. Nature
Spiritual vs. PhysicalSpiritual vs. Physical
Rational vs. ArtisticRational vs. Artistic
W e hav e i ndeed cr eat ed you a W e have ind eed c reat ed y ou a
m i d d le n a t i o n m i d d le n a t i o n (The Qur'an)(The Qur'an)
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Con tex tua l i t y Con tex tua l i t y
1.1. Zoning in city planningZoning in city planning
2.2. Harmony with nature and respect ofHarmony with nature and respect ofGodGod--made environmentmade environment
3.3. Harmony with people and respect ofHarmony with people and respect of
ones neighborones neighbor
A system of planning is evident from theA system of planning is evident from the
very many bazaars, markets, squares,very many bazaars, markets, squares,streets, and other localitiesstreets, and other localities
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I n d i v id u a l i sm I n d i v id u a l ism
1.1. Humans are responsibleHumans are responsible
2.2. No intermediaryNo intermediary
3.3. Free willFree will
4.4. The right decision is unique in spaceThe right decision is unique in spaceand timeand time
5.5. Regional variationRegional variation
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The GardenThe Gardens of Islam:s of Islam: Earthly Paradise RevisitedEarthly Paradise Revisited
In this perusal there are two clear paradoxes. The sameIn this perusal there are two clear paradoxes. The sameSemitic people, living in the same arid and hostileSemitic people, living in the same arid and hostile
environment, deriving their religious views from theenvironment, deriving their religious views from the
same source in genesis, developing two quite distinctsame source in genesis, developing two quite distinctviews of manviews of man--nature.nature.
The first, presented in Islam, emphasized that manThe first, presented in Islam, emphasized that man
could make paradise on earth, make the desert bloom,could make paradise on earth, make the desert bloom,
that he was the creator and steward. The Jews andthat he was the creator and steward. The Jews and
later Christians emphasized conquestlater Christians emphasized conquest
Ian McHargIan McHarg
Design with NatureDesign with Nature, 1969, 1969