HISTORY - PapaCambridge … · 6 2582 Jun05 Italian Unification 1848–70 Study the four Sources on...

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OXFORD CAMBRIDGE AND RSA EXAMINATIONS

Advanced Subsidiary GCE

HISTORY 2582Document Studies 1774–1945

Wednesday 8 JUNE 2005 Afternoon 1 hour

Additional materials:one 8-page answer book

TIME 1 hour

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer book.

Write your answers on the separate answer book provided.

This question paper contains questions on the following seven Options:

• The Origins of the French Revolution 1774–92 (pages 2–3)• The Condition of England 1832–53 (pages 4–5)• Italian Unification 1848–70 (pages 6–7)• The Origins of the American Civil War 1848–61 (pages 8–9)• The Irish Question in the Age of Parnell 1877–93 (pages 10–11)• England in a New Century 1900–18 (pages 12–13)• Nazi Germany 1933–45 (pages 14–15)

Answer all three sub-questions from one Option.

Teachers may indicate to candidates in the examination room the part of the paper which covers theOption studied.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each sub-question.

You should write in continuous prose and are reminded of the need for clear and accurate writing,including structure of argument, grammar, punctuation and spelling.

The time permitted allows for reading the Sources in the one Option you have studied.

In answering these questions, you are expected to use your knowledge of the topic to help youunderstand and interpret the Sources, as well as to inform your answers.

www.XtremePapers.net

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The Origins of the French Revolution 1774–92

Study the four Sources on The Fall of the Monarchy, and then answer all the sub-questions.

It is recommended that you spend one half of your time in answering part (c).

1 (a) Study Source D

From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘the threat to Paris in theDuke of Brunswick’s manifesto’ (line 21). [20]

(b) Study Sources B and C

Compare these Sources as evidence for the motives of those who supported the attack onthe Tuileries on 10 August 1792. [40]

(c) Study all the Sources

Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that popular unrest wasthe main cause of the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

The Fall of the Monarchy

Source A: An eye witness to the demonstrations of 20 June 1792 gives an account of themixed feelings towards the King when the Paris crowds invaded the Tuileries.

The King was wearing the cap of liberty on his head. He told the people that he was in favourof the Constitution and he publicly swore to uphold it. The people shouted ‘Down with theveto! Long live the nation!’ I told the King, ‘The people want to love you; they want you torecall ministers in whom they have confidence. We will stick to the Constitution, but it has towork; we will lay down our lives to defend it; but if we fall, we will drag you down with us.’

An anonymous account by a speaker at the Jacobin Club, June 1792

Source B: A radical republican gives a favourable view of popular action during the attackon the Tuileries palace, 10 August 1792.

The solemn manner in which the people of Paris proceeded towards this great action was asglorious as were its motives and its aims. The sections of Paris* had been open about themotives for the attack and they arranged the moment for this courageous undertaking. Theyplanned it with a unity that only true friends of liberty can possibly display. It was not apurposeless riot stirred up by a few firebrands; it was not a conspiracy. It was the entirepeople exercising its rights.

* [‘The sections of Paris’ = 48 electoral districts of the city, many of which were dominated byradicals]

Maximilien Robespierre, article in a Jacobin newspaper, The Defender of the People, 15 August 1792

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Source C: A Frenchman writing for The Times, a London newspaper, takes an unfavourableview of the attack on the Tuileries, 10 August 1792.

The uncontrolled patriotism of Paris has ruined France, has stained the national honour. Iwrite about the most tragic event my eyes ever witnessed. The scene of bloodshed will everremain as a stain on our country. The outrages were not provoked by any wrong done by theroyal family, but were the result of cool, deliberate and premeditated revenge. It is evident thatthe decision of the Assembly not to put Lafayette on trial for his desertion to the enemy hadenraged the Jacobin mob. The sans-culottes , joined by a number of National Guards, arrivedin force at the Tuileries Palace and began their cowardly attacks.

Article in The Times, 16 August 1792

Source D: An historian comments on popular reactions to the fall of the Monarchy.

Unlike the rising of....

........of the royalist propaganda.

Gaetano Salvemini, The French Revolution 1788–1792, published in 1954

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An extract has been removed due to third party copyright restrictions

An extract from ‘The French Revolution 1788-1792’ by Gaetano Salvemini.ISBN: ASIN: B0000CIQUZ



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The Condition of England 1832–53

Study the four Sources on Attitudes to Public Health, and then answer all the sub-questions.



From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘The permissive 1848Act’ (line 27). [20]

(b) Study Sources A and B

Compare these Sources as evidence for attitudes and responses to disease in the 1830s.[40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that issues of principle(religion and individual liberty) were more important than practical issues (medical, financialand engineering) in delaying effective health reform. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

Attitudes to Public Health

Source A: A popular pamphlet, sold in the Midlands, outlines the lessons to be learnt fromcholera.

Ought we not to view the recent fatal disease, which made such havoc among friends andneighbours, as a direct punishment from God? Should we not enquire whether the design ofGod has been achieved? Are we a more obedient and thankful people? We ought to feelgrateful to God, who preserved us alive. Let each of us consider the salvation of our souls.

An anonymous leaflet, 1832

Source B: The Reverend Vaughan Thomas gives the citizens of Oxford advice on how toavoid cholera.

Filthiness, foul smells and nastiness, especially in confined spaces, produce diseases. If youwish to preserve the healthiness of your city, be clean in your person and premises. If thepump is handy, clean your pavements; if not, throw down buckets of water. Nothing is morelikely to spread disease than the foul smells coming off stagnant filth.

Memorials of the Malignant Cholera in Oxford, 1835

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Source C: Edwin Chadwick, Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, argues that municipalservices would be more cost-e�ective than those supplied by private companies.He believed that strong local government would be able to improve sanitaryprovision.

In Manchester, gas has been supplied by a body appointed under a Local Act by an electedcommittee of ratepayers. The supplies are of a better quality and cheaper than from privatecompanies and the pro�ts are reserved in a public fund for further improvements. In London,three companies compete – three sets of gas pipes, three o�cers, high charges and lowreturns for shareholders. A proposal in Manchester, to obtain water supplies in the samemanner as gas, was e�ectively opposed by the owners of private pumps who have amonopoly of the convenient springs.

Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 1842

Source D: A modern historian considers some of the obstacles to public health reform.

Chadwick supported glazed round. . . . .

........was the uneasy compromise.

Rosemary Rees, Poverty and Public Health, 2001

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Details:

An extract from ‘Poverty and Public Health’ by Rosemary Rees. ISBN: 978-0435327156



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Italian Unification 1848–70

Study the four Sources on The Role of Austria, and then answer all the sub-questions.


3 (a) Study Source C

From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘A peace has been agreedat Villafranca’ (line 8). [20]

(b) Study Sources A and D

Compare these Sources as evidence for public attitudes in Italy towards Austria. [40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that Austria was too weakto resist the unification of Italy. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

The Role of Austria

Source A: An Englishman living in Florence, the capital of Tuscany, records his recollectionsof events in Italy, 1848–49.

When news of the revolution in Milan reached Tuscany, students here held meetings insupport. They were determined to join Charles Albert and formed a regiment to fight theAustrians. Since the Austrians regained control in Milan those who took part against themhave fled. Those who were favourable to them are ill-treated by their own countrymen. Here,some speak of the unjust attack on Austria and of the revolutions in the north, Naples andFlorence throwing Italy back for a century. They say Italians hate one another more than theyhate Austria.

William Senior, Journals Kept in France and Italy, 1850

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Source B: A political cartoon comments on the agreement at Plombières in January 1858. Atthe centre, the Austrian Emperor, Franz Joseph, is tied to a stake. He issurrounded (from left to right) by Victor Emmanuel II, Cavour and Napoleon III.

Title of Cartoon: TAMING THE HABSBURG EAGLE BY CLIPPING ITS CLAWS

A cartoon, January 1858

Source C: The Emperor of France proclaims the conclusion of peace to French soldiers inhis government’s newspaper.

Soldiers! A peace has been agreed at Villafranca with the Emperor of Austria. The principalobject of the war has been attained; Italy will become a nation. There will be a confederacy ofall the states of Italy under the honorary presidency of the Pope. Venice, it is true, will remainunder Austria, but Italy is now the mistress of her own destiny. Soldiers! You have gainedglory at Magenta and Solferino, liberated Lombardy and have only stopped because theconflict was assuming a magnitude no longer in the interests of France.

Napoleon III, Le Moniteur, July 1859

Source D: Following a visit to Venice, a British diplomat at the Austrian court records hisimpressions of the public mood in Venetia.

The Austrians have not gained an inch in the affections of the Venetians who remain attachedto Victor Emmanuel and the national cause. The people are patient in their desire for therealisation of national unity. There are objectors to this patient policy, just as there areindividual exceptions to the dominant anti-Austrian feeling. The young think Italy has an armystrong enough to defeat Austria in battle and war should be waged now, and a few Venetiansare willing to accept office under the Austrians. But the persons composing both thesecategories are numerically small.

Julian Fane, letter to Lord John Russell, the British Foreign Secretary, October 1863

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The Origins of the American Civil War 1848–61

Study the four Sources on Economic Grievances and Secession, and then answer all the sub-questions.


4 (a) Study Source C

From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘the abuse of the powersthey had delegated to Congress’ (lines 15–16). [20]


Compare these Sources as evidence that the economic policies of the Union were unjust tothe South. [40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that economic grievanceswere the main reason why the Southern States opted for secession. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

Economic Grievances and Secession

Source A: The outstanding Southern politician of his generation, a former Vice Presidentand Secretary of State, explains the economic grievances of the South. He wastoo ill to make the speech, which was read for him. He died soon afterwards.

The Government has derived its revenue mainly from duties on imports. Such duties fallmainly on the Southern States, which have paid vastly more than their due portion of therevenue. A far greater portion of the revenue has been spent in the North than its due share.The joint effect of these causes has been to transfer a vast amount from South to North.Moreover many of the duties were not imposed for revenue but for protection – that is, theywere intended to put money, not in the treasury, but directly into the pockets of themanufacturers.

J. C. Calhoun, last speech to the Senate, March 1850

Source B: A Congressman from Texas gives a Southern view of the causes andconsequences of secession.

You are not content with the millions we pay you annually under the operation of the revenuelaw and the navigation laws, and by making your people our manufacturers, our merchants,our shippers. You are not satisfied with the vast tribute we pay you to build up your greatcities, your railroads, your canals. You are not satisfied with all this; but you must also wage arelentless crusade against our rights and institutions. Your folly and injustice will compel us tomanufacture for ourselves, to build up our own commerce, our own great cities, our ownrailroads and canals.

John H. Reagan, speech to Congress, January 1861

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Source C: The President of the newly formed Confederacy outlines some of the reasons forsecession. This extract is part of his response to Lincoln’s declaration in April1861 that the Southern States were in rebellion.

The Southern States have long felt a deep-seated resentment at the abuse of the powersthey had delegated to Congress. They have been used for the purpose of enriching themanufacturing and shipping classes of the North at the expense of the South. In addition,there has existed for nearly half a century another subject of discord. As soon as theNorthern States had reached a number sufficient to control the Congress, a persistent andorganized system of hostile measures against the rights of the slave-owners in the SouthernStates was begun and gradually extended.

Jefferson Davis, Message to the Confederate Congress, 29 April 1861

Source D: A leading Northern writer and intellectual gives his view of the fundamentalissue.

The fault of the Free States in the eyes of the South is that they are free, and that their habitsand concerns are those of Freedom. The crime of the Free States is the census of 1860.Their increase in numbers, wealth and power is a permanent aggression to the South. Itwould not be enough to please the Southern States that we should stop asking them toabolish slavery – what they demand of us is nothing less than that we should abolish the spiritof the age.

James Russell Lowell, The Question of the Hour, May 1861

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The Irish Question in the Age of Parnell 1877–93

Study the four Sources on The Nature of the Irish Question from 1877 to the early 1880s, and thenanswer all the sub-questions.



From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘boycotting’ (line 16). [20]


Compare these Sources as evidence for the likely support for revolt among the Irish people.[40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that the main problemthat British governments faced in Ireland from 1877 to the early 1880s came from politicalrather than social and economic factors. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

The Nature of the Irish Question from 1877 to the early 1880s

Source A: The founder of the Home Rule Party expresses his belief that political change willstop agrarian unrest.

The Irish people were essentially against change. It was only misgovernment that had driventhem into revolt. Give them fair play and there was no people on earth who would be moreattached to traditional principles than the Irish nation. The geographical position of Irelandmade it in her interest to be united with England. The Irish people were tied by family and self-interest to England; the way to maintain those ties was to allow them to manage their owninternal affairs. This would stop the miserable series of failed revolts.

Isaac Butt, speech in the House of Commons, 1877

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Source B: A cartoon in an English popular magazine gives a pessimistic view of Irishsupport for violence. The devil of ‘Murder’ and ‘Communism’ has beensummoned up by a mixture of ‘Ignorance’, ‘Disa�ection’ (unrest) and ‘Parnell’sPolitical Petroleum’. The Irish peasant (left) is drawn to this ‘devil’ but is beingheld back by a Catholic priest (far left). The respectable citizen (right) turns awayin horror.

J udy, 15 October 1879

Source C: A modern historian comments on the strength of opposition in Ireland in 1879.

As the value of.....

.......movement of this sort.

K. Theodore Hoppen, Ireland since 1800, published 1989

Source D: The founder of the Land League expresses his satisfaction at the growing powerof the organization and its work.

The enormous growth and power of the Land League means that it now virtually rules thecountry. We are sparing no money in the work of organization, boycotting, relief to evictedpeople, and legal �ghts with landlords. The London press is now saying that all the Leaguehas to do now in order to have the complete government of the country in its hands is to issuea League currency. You would be astonished by the class of men who are now joining us.

Michael Davitt, letter to a supporter, 16 December 1880

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Details:

An extract from ‘Ireland since 1800’ by K. Theodore Hoppen. ISBN: 978-0582004733



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England in a New Century 1900–18

Study the four Sources on The Liberal Party and Social Welfare 1900–14, and then answer all the sub-questions.


6 (a) Study Source B

From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘New Liberalism’ (line 6).[20]

(b) Study Sources C and D

Compare these Sources as evidence for differing views on the benefits of the Liberalgovernment’s National Health Insurance Act of 1911. [40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that providing a betterfuture for the working classes was the main aim of Liberal welfare policies in the period from1900 to 1914. [60]

[Total: 120 marks]

The Liberal Party and Social Welfare 1900–14

Source A: A leading Liberal explains the need for new Liberal policies.

A great Labour party has sprung up. Unless we can prove, as I think that we can, that there isno need for a separate political party to push the claims of the working class, then you willsee the Liberal party almost wiped out. In its place you would see appear a more extremesocialist and revolutionary Labour party. It is for the next Liberal government, which we cansee on the horizon, to prevent all this from coming about.

Lloyd George, speech reported in the newspaper The Manchester Guardian, 1904

Source B: Another leading Liberal declares his support for the ‘New Liberalism’.

The cause of the Liberal party should be a ‘New Liberalism’, the cause of the left-out millions.Society must include within its scope both individual incentive and collective organization.The evergrowing complications of civilization create for us new services which have to beundertaken by the State. These services must not be allowed to pass into private hands. Ilook forward to a universal state provision of minimum standards of life and labour; also to thecontinued improvement of these standards when increases in production may allow.

Winston Churchill, a public speech, October 1906

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Source C: The Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George (seated), explains how theproposed National Health Insurance Scheme (the document in his pocket) willprotect sick workers. In the background, the slogan ‘National Insurance AgainstSickness And Disablement’ offers a better future.

A Liberal party poster, May 1911

Source D: A leading Fabian socialist and member of the Labour party comments on theLiberal government’s scheme for National Health Insurance soon after it beganto be discussed by Parliament. The National Health Insurance Act became law inDecember 1911.

George Lansbury, the Labour politician, has consulted with us about changing Lloyd George’srotten scheme of sickness insurance. The more that we examine the National Insurance Bill,the less we like it. Lansbury described to us how, after Lloyd George had explained his newscheme, Masterman, one of the Liberal MPs, had jeered that this scheme had totallyundermined all of Labour’s plans. This shows that the government is hostile to our MinorityReport on the Poor Law, and intends their Insurance Bill to be an alternative way of dealingwith poverty. Other Liberals are saying that National Insurance has finally ‘defeated theWebbs’.

Beatrice Webb, Diary, May 1911

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Nazi Germany 1933–45

Study the four Sources on The Impact of War on the Regime’s Popularity, and then answer all the sub-questions.

It is recommended that you spend one half of your time in answering part (c) .

7 (a) Study Source A

From this Source and your own knowledge, explain the reference to ‘the Nazi propaganda]02[.)7–6 senil( ’seirots eracs kivehsloB sti htiw uoy deifirret sah hcihw

(b) Study Sources B and C

Compare these Sources as evidence for the ways in which Germans reacted to the pressuresof war. [40]


Using all these Sources and your own knowledge, assess the view that Hitler’s popularityw ]06[.raw fo stceffe eht yb degamad ylsuoires sa

[Total: 120 marks]

The Impact of War on the Regime’s Popularity

Source A: Hans and Sophie Scholl, Munich university students, write to rally anti-Nazifeeling.

Hitler is leading the......

.......there is still time!

White Rose Group lea�et, 1942


Details:

An extract from a White Rose Group lea�et from 1942



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Source B: The Nazi government summarises the popular mood during the war.

Those who spread rumours. . . . .

....to strike a blow.

O�cial summary of Gauleiter reports, Spring 1943

Source C: An Englishwoman married to a German and living in Germany during the war,re�ects on Allied bombing in 1943.

I learned while I. . . .

......the people of Germany.Christabel Bielenberg, The Past is Myself, 1968

Source D: A leading supporter of attempts to assassinate Hitler discusses plans with afellow conspirator after hearing of the Allied D-Day landings in June 1944.Shortly afterwards, both took part in the ‘July Bomb Plot’, the unsuccessfulattempt to kill Hitler.

The assassination must be.....

.......this, nothing else matters.

General Tresckow, message to Colonel von Stau�enberg, June 1944


Details:

An extract from the o�cial summary of Gauleiter reports, spring 1943


Details:

An extract from ‘The Past is Myself’ by Christabel Bielenberg. ISBN: 978-0701113339


An extract from a message to Colonel van Stau�enberg from General Tresckow



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HISTORY - PapaCambridge … · 6 2582 Jun05 Italian Unification 1848–70 Study the four Sources on...

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