History of the Study of Animal Behaviour
-
Upload
alec-travis -
Category
Documents
-
view
48 -
download
0
description
Transcript of History of the Study of Animal Behaviour
![Page 1: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of the Study of Animal Behaviour
![Page 2: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
History of Studies of Animal Behaviour
• Scala Naturae (Aristotle)• Evolutionary Approach (J.Lamarck;
C.Darwin)• Ethology (K.Lorenz; N.Tinbergen)• Comparative Psychology (C.Morgan;
E.Thorndike; M.&H.Harlow; K.Lashley)• Sociobiology/Behavioural Ecology
(E.O.Wilson; W.D.Hamilton)
![Page 3: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Scala Naturae(the great chain of beings)
<-- Humans
![Page 4: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) Engraving in 1821
![Page 6: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)wedding portrait done in 1841
![Page 8: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Evolution according to Lamarck
According to Lamarck, constant use of certain organs led to changes in the organs themselves. For example, stretching of the neck, in the case of the giraffe, led to its gradual lengthening.
![Page 9: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Evolution according to Darwin
Darwin maintained that the mechanism of natural selectionwas responsible for the evolutionof longer-necks in giraffes:individuals with longer necks survivedto pass their ‘long-neck’ trait along.
![Page 10: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ethologists Comparative Psychologists
• Evolution, function
• Innate behaviour
• Many species
• Natural habitats
• Species differences
• Mechanisms, development
• Learned behavour
• Few species
• Laboratory
• General laws
![Page 12: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The egg retrieval response of the greylag goose
![Page 13: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fixed Action Pattern- a programmed behaviour pattern triggered by a specific environmental stimulus
• It is innate or unlearned
• It is stereotyped
• It is difficult to disrupt
![Page 14: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 15: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 17: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A gull attempting to incubate a super-egg instead of her own egg
![Page 18: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Clever Hans - a horsewith a head for numbers
![Page 19: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936)Photograph from ca. 1900
![Page 20: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Morgan’s Canon
“In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale.”
(Morgan 1891, p. 53)
![Page 21: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Thorndike’s puzzle box
![Page 23: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Margaret and Harry Harlow
Mother-Infant Bonding
Primates have a biological need for contact comfort
![Page 24: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Karl Lashley attempted to locate the locus of learning in the cerebral cortex
![Page 25: History of the Study of Animal Behaviour](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/56813373550346895d9a8719/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sociobiology/Behavioural Ecology
Alarm call by a ground squirrel
•Focus on the function of behaviour
•Cost/benefit analysis of the individual acts
•All behaviour is ultimately selfish (it maximizes individual genetic success)