European Union (EU) Switch Asia “Bamboo4SD Financial and ...
History of the European Union (EU)
description
Transcript of History of the European Union (EU)
![Page 1: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
http:/ / www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ ed
The European Union 1
All photographs and graphics courtesy of European Commission Audiovisual Libraryhttp:/ / europa.eu.int/ comm/ mediatheque/ photo/ index_ en.html
![Page 2: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
History of the European Union (EU)• 1948 – Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC) founded to administer U.S. Marshall Plan
• 1957 – Treaty of Rome established European Economic Community (EEC)
• 1967 – European Community (EC) established
![Page 4: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History of the European Union (EU)• 1991 – The Maastricht Treaty – laid
down main elements for future European gov’t
• Single currency, common foreign & security policy, common citizenship, & an EU parliament with more extensive powers
• Ratified in 1993 – called it the EU
![Page 5: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Political Institutions• 1. EU Parliament – 786 by 2009
(directly elected by pop.)• Based in France, Belgium, and
Luxembourg• EU Parl. passes laws, monitors budget,
& monitors EU institutions• 2. EU Council – ministerial
representations from each member state
![Page 6: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Political Institutions• Council passes laws, approves EU
budget, coordination of economic policies, develops foreign policy, and coordinates anti-crime strategies
• 3. EU Commission – 20 commissioners appointed by each member state every 5 years (over 21,000 employees)
• Proposes legislation, implements EU policies, law enforcement, international coordination
![Page 7: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Financial Institutions• 1. European Central Bank –
inflation target of less than 2% per year, sets short term interest rates for the whole eurozone area
• Implements and monitors Eurozone monetary policy
• 2. European Investment Bank – “owned” by member states
![Page 8: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Financial Institutions• Raise finance through financial
markets
• Invest in projects to promote aims of EU – large-scale projects
• 3. Court of Auditors – monitors legality and efficiency of EU income & expenditure
![Page 9: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Judicial Institutions• Court of Justice – one judge from
each member state
• Interprets and applies EU legislation
• The Commission or a member country can bring other member countries or the Commission to the court for failing to meet treaty obligations
![Page 10: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EU Activities• Long list includes agriculture,
fisheries, environment, regions, finance/economics, aid, employment, energy, etc.
• CAP – Common Agricultural Policy – food quality, food safety, animal welfare, farmer welfare/incomes, employment in agriculture
![Page 11: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Activities
![Page 12: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Finance/Economics• Euro – monitor introduction &
development• Tax harmonization – reduce
differences in taxes throughout the single market to aid competition & transparency
• Single Market – free movement of goods, services, labor, & capital between member states
![Page 13: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
http:/ / www.bized.ac.uk
Copyright 2006 – Biz/ ed
Eurozone 2001
Members of the Eurozone, 2001. UK, Denmark and Norway currently outside the zone
![Page 14: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Council Voting Methods
• UNANIMITY – used to be the main voting method; used in matters exclusive to the justice & home affairs & common and foreign security policy
• Certain financial and constitutional matters also require unanimity as do some legislative procedures
![Page 15: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Council Voting Methods
• SIMPLE MAJORITY – each member state has one vote & a simple majority of 8 is required
• Restricted mainly to minor procedural matters & to certain measures covered by the Common Commercial Policy (about tariffs)
![Page 16: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Council Voting Methods
• QUALIFIED MAJORITY VOTING (QMV) – each state is given a number of votes, roughly in proportion to population
• Covers broad range of policy decisions
• Adoption of acts requires 62 votes (out of 87 total or 71.3%) in favor, cast by not less than 10 member states
![Page 17: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Community Legislative Instruments
• REGULATIONS – decisions which have direct legal force in member states with immediate effects
• Mostly concerned with technical decisions, particularly relating to CAP
• Binding in their entirety and directly applicable
![Page 18: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Community Legislative Instruments
• DIRECTIVES – set out principles of legislation, but left up to member states to implement through national law
• Time limit left to do this is usually 2-3 years
• Once passed into national law, they are binding & expected to have same results in member states that apply
![Page 19: History of the European Union (EU)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081419/568145bf550346895db2ca8a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Community Legislative Instruments
• DECISIONS – similar to regulations but addressed to governments, undertakings, or individuals
• RECOMMENDATIONS and OPINIONS – not binding; used to provide additional information on specific issues