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History of the Computer

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1-2 Brief History of Computers Calculators are used to increase speed and accuracy of numerical computations The abacus has roots dating back over 5,000 years Mechanical calculators have been relatively commonplace since late 19 th century What is a computer? A mechanical or electronic device Stores, retrieves, manipulates large amounts of information at high speed, with great accuracy Does not need human intervention Carries out instructions from a program

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The First Computers: Mechanical Computers Didnt use electricity, some used gears, wires, beads Abacus 1000-500 BC (Babylonians): mechanical aid used for counting The Salamis Tablet (Greek, 300BC) The Roman Hand Abacus

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Abacus (cont.) Modern: 1200 A.D to present Middle Ages 5 A.D to c1400 A.D Ancient times: 300 B.C. to c500A.D.

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Da Vincis Mechanical Calculator Notebook sketches c1500 Working model

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Napiers Bones Early 1600s Multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood and bones

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Oughtreds Slide Rule Rev. William Oughtred 1621 Use logs to perform multiplication and division by using addition and subtraction

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Pascals arithmetic engine Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction

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Leibnezs Step Reckoner Gottfried von Leibnez 1670 Add, subtract, multiply, divide, square roots

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Jacquards punch card Joseph Marie Jacquard 1805 punch cards used to operator loom Could reprogram loom by changing cards

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1-11 The Pioneers Mid-1800s: Charles Babbage built the Analytical Engine made from axles and gears that could store and process 40 digit numbers 1940: Howard Aitken at Harvard, and Atanasoff and Berry at Iowa State created Mark I, an electronic computer. It could not act on intermediate results. 1945: Mauchly and Eckert at U. Pennsylvania built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) Weighed 33 tons, 17,000 vacuum tubes Performed up to 5000 additions per second

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Babbages Engines Same chair at Cambridge as Newton and Hawking Designed the difference engine and later, the analytical engine Brass gears and strings of punch cards run by steam Analytical Engine never built Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

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The Worlds First Programmer Lady Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace (1815- 1952) Daughter of Lord Understood Babbages Analytical Engine Her notes anticipate future developments, including computer-generated music.

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Holleriths Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) Invented a punched card device to help analyse the 1890 US census data Founded Tabulating Machine Company 1896 1924 Tabulating Machine Company merges with others to form IBM

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MIT Differential Analyzer Purpose: to solve differential equations Mechanical computation with first use of vacuum tubes for memory Programmed by aligning gears on shafts 1930s

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Alan Turing (1912-1954) Develops theory of computability and the Turing Machine model a simple but elegant mathematical model of a general purpose computer (~1936) Helped crack German codes in WWII (1939-1945)

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Konrad Zuse 1936: Z1 first binary computer using Erector Set parts, keyboard and lights for output (relay memory) 1938: Z2 using punched tape and relays Z1

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Vacuum Tubes 1939 Atanasoff-Berry Computer First electronic-digital computer? Binary numbers, direct logic for calculation, regenerative memory Prototype 1939 2 years then to build full scale model One op per 15 secs, 300 vacuum tubes, 700 pounds, mile of wire ABC Prototype

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The first computers (cont.) 1943 British Colossus first all-electronic computer? (2,400 vacuum tubes) Decipher enigma coded messages at 5,000 chars/sec At peak, 10 machines ran 24 hours a day A German enigma coding machine

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The first computers (cont.) 1943-44 Aiken at Harvard/IBM Mark 1 first electromechanical digital computer (electromagnetic relays magnets open and close metal switches) (recreation of Analytical Engine) 8 ft tall, 50 ft long, 1 million parts 323 decimal-digit additions per sec storage for 72 23-digit numbers.

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1-21 ENIAC: the computer of the 1940s! The ENIAC computer

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ENIAC (1946) 18,000 tubes, 1500 sq ft Programmed by wire plugs into panels 5,000 decimal-digit additions/sec 20 10-decimal digit accumulators Von Neumann and ENIAC 1941 Von Neumann proposes EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Computer Computer should Use binary Have stored programs Be function-oriented

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UNIVAC-1 The worlds first commercially available (non-military) computer I think there is a world market for about five computers Thomas J. Watson, IBM Chairman

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1-24 Early Computers: 1940s 1950s 1945 1950s: First generation computers used vacuum tubes to do internal switching needed for computations 1955: about 300 computers in the world built mostly by IBM and Remington Rand, based on vacuum tubes Late 1950s: invention of the transistor was one of most important inventions of 20 th Century computers based on the transistor are the first solid-state computers

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Transistors Generation 2 Transistors replace vacuum tubes Size and cost decreased, speed increased 1960s IBM sells large mainframe computers to businesses, called 700 series Mainframes run operating systems that allow many dumb terminals to be attached Typical business applications are custom written and run in batch mode

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1-26 Early Computers: 1960s Early 1960s: DEC created the minicomputer about the size of a file cabinet Used small packages of transistors called integrated circuits Mainframes such as the IBM 360 are prominent in large companies and universities

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Integrated Circuits Generation 3 Integrated circuits contain many transistors on one chip 1971 Intel produces 4004 chip with all circuitry for a calculator

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VLSI Generation 4 Mid 1970s Very large scale integration 1977 Apple Corporation started by Steve Jobs sells personal computer for hobbyists 1980 IBM creates the PC to sell to businesses The PC is widely cloned and becomes widely accepted as prices drop PCs and clones use a text based operating system called DOS to programs 1984 Apple releases the MAC with a graphical user interface Generations on How Webopedia IBM PC c1982

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Programming Language History Programming languages instruct computers what to do Charles Babbage's difference engine could only be made to execute tasks by changing the gears which executed the calculations US Government ENIAC could only be "programmed" by presetting switches and rewiring the entire system for each new "program" or calculation

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Programming Language History Generation 1 late 40s / early 50s: programmers coded directly in machine language it allowed the programmer to write its statements in 0's and 1's by hand 01111111010001010100110001000110000000010000001000000001000000000000 000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 100000 00000000010000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000 000000 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001010000100000 000000 00000000000000000000000000000000011010000000000000000000000000000000 000000 00000001010000000000000001000000000000000000100000000001011100111001 101101 00001110011011101000111001001110100011000010110001000000000001011100 111010 00110010101111000011101000000000000101110011100100110111101100100011 000010 11101000110000100000000001011100111001101111001011011010111010001100 001011 00010000000000010111001110011011101000111001001110100011000010110001 000000 00000101110011100100110010101101100011000010010111001110100011001010 111100 00111010000000000001011100110001101101111011011010110110101100101011 011100

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Programming Language History Generation 2 mid 1950s: assembly languages replaced numeric codes with mnemonic names an assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code input: assembly language program output: machine language program still low-level & machine- specific, but easier to program In 1951, Grace Hopper (US Rear Admiral) wrote the first compiler, A-0, which turned English-like instructions into 0's and 1's gcc2_compiled.:.global _Q_qtod.section ".rodata".align 8.LLC0:.asciz "Hello world!".section ".text".align 4.global main.type main,#function.proc 04 main: !#PROLOGUE# 0 save %sp,-112,%sp !#PROLOGUE# 1 sethi %hi(cout),%o1 or %o1,%lo(cout),%o0 sethi %hi(.LLC0),%o2 or %o2,%lo(.LLC0),%o1 call __ls__7ostreamPCc,0 nop mov %o0,%l0 mov %l0,%o0 sethi %hi(endl__FR7ostream),% or %o2,%lo(endl__FR7ostream),% call __ls__7ostreamPFR7ostream_R7ostream,0 nop mov 0,%i0 b.LL230 nop.LL230: ret restore.LLfe1:.size main,.LLfe1-main.ident "GCC: (GNU) 2.7.2"

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Programming Language History Generation 3 In 1957, IBM creates the first of the major languages called FORTRAN. Its name stands for FORmula TRANslating system. The language was designed for scientific computing. Excellent language for scientific work, difficult input/output operations

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Programming Language History In 1958, John McCarthy of MIT created the LISt Processing (or LISP) language. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. Because it was designed for such a highly specialized field, its syntax has rarely been seen before or since. Still in use today for AI research, offsprings include Scheme

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Programming Language History 1959 COBOL was developed for businesses. COBOL statements have a very English-like grammar, making it quite easy to learn. Much better input/output than FORTRAN permitting business applications Highly successful and used on most IBM mainframe computers, even today.

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Programming Language History The BASIC language was developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. BASIC is a very limited language and was designed for non-computer science people. Many versions of BASIC were developed, Bill Gates and his partner started business by writing a version of BASIC for a hobby computer Bill Gates would later start Microsoft when he licenses the DOS operating system to IBM

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Programming Languages History Pascal was begun in 1968 by Niklaus Wirth. Its development was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool. Pascal was designed in a very orderly approach, it combined many of the best features of the languages in use at the time, COBOL, FORTRAN, and ALGOL.

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Programming Language History C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie while working at Bell Labs in New Jersey. The transition in usage from the first major languages to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and C. C was built to be fast and powerful at the expense of being hard to read. Ritchie developed C for the new Unix system being created at the same time. C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux.

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Programming Language History In the late 1970's and early 1980's, a new programming method was being developed called Object Oriented Programming, or OOP. Bjarne Stroustroup liked this method and developed extensions to C known as C++, which was released in 1983. C++ was designed to organize the raw power of C using OOP, but maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of computers. C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games.

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Programming Language History Visual Basic 1 is released by Microsoft in 1991 It includes a combination of QuickBasic (Microsofts version of BASIC) and a graphical design tool for creating the User Interface (originally developed by Alan Cooper) It includes an event-driven programming paradigm

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Programming Language History In the early 1990's, interactive TV was the technology of the future. Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special, portable (can run on many types of machines), language. This language eventually became Java. In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web, which was becoming "the cool thing" after interactive TV failed. The next year, Netscape licensed Java for use in their internet browser, Navigator. At this point, Java became the language of the future.

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Programming Language History Generation 4 Often abbreviated 4GL, fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human languages than typical 3 rd generation languages. In 1969, a language called RAMIS was released Most 4GLs are used to access databases and do in a few lines of code what would require hundreds of lines of COBOL or C. For example, a typical 4GL command is FIND ALL RECORDS WHERE NAME IS "SMITH"

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1-42 The Personal Computer 1970s: The personal computer becomes available with invention of the microchip 1974: The microchip, along with the invention of the microprocessor led to creation of first personal computer Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Corporation Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Computer, Inc.

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1-43 The Personal Computer 1970s: The personal computer becomes available with invention of the microchip 1974: The microchip, along with the invention of the microprocessor led to creation of first personal computer Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft Corporation Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Computer, Inc.

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1-44 Computers Today Currently: PCs: 95% use Microsoft Windows operating system with a huge array of available software Minicomputers are still popular with small business and universities Mainframes are in use at large corporations Supercomputers are very powerful and specialized Used for massive computing problems by big corporations and government departments