History of History of PhotojournalismPhotojournalism

In the beginning In the beginning

In the mid 1800s the average person In the mid 1800s the average person was not used to seeing a was not used to seeing a photographic portrait much less photographic portrait much less images from the battlefront.images from the battlefront.

Photojournalism began when people Photojournalism began when people began to document the Civil War by began to document the Civil War by lugging, on horseback, cameras that lugging, on horseback, cameras that weighed many pounds.weighed many pounds.

Halftone process — 1870Halftone process — 1870 Image turned into dots (a pattern of black Image turned into dots (a pattern of black

and white dots) that simulate shades of grayand white dots) that simulate shades of gray

It allowed for realistic-looking photographs It allowed for realistic-looking photographs rather than an artistrather than an artist’’s wood etchings wood etching

Inaugurated an era of photojournalism and Inaugurated an era of photojournalism and these visual surrogates of reality became an these visual surrogates of reality became an integral aspect of campaigns for social integral aspect of campaigns for social reform.reform.

The timelineThe timeline

1839: Optical and chemical principles 1839: Optical and chemical principles combined to allow the creation of combined to allow the creation of camera obscura, the first camera obscura, the first ““cameracamera”” (actually the result of inventions that (actually the result of inventions that go back as far as the fifth century go back as far as the fifth century B.C.).B.C.).

1871: Canadian Illustrated News 1871: Canadian Illustrated News prints first halftone in a magazine. prints first halftone in a magazine.

The timelineThe timeline 1877: First illustrated daily newspaper, 1877: First illustrated daily newspaper,

The Daily Graphic. The Daily Graphic.

1880: The Daily Graphic publishes first 1880: The Daily Graphic publishes first halftone in American daily newspaper.halftone in American daily newspaper.

1900: Frances Benjamin Johnston and 1900: Frances Benjamin Johnston and Jessie Tarbox Beals, who followed shortly Jessie Tarbox Beals, who followed shortly after Johnston, become the first female after Johnston, become the first female photojournalists. photojournalists.

The timelineThe timeline

1903: Graflax camera introduced in 1903: Graflax camera introduced in U.S.; a single-lens reflex camera; it U.S.; a single-lens reflex camera; it used roll film; National Geographic used roll film; National Geographic magazine,started in 1888, runs its magazine,started in 1888, runs its first halftone. first halftone.

1910: Speed Graphic introduced; a 1910: Speed Graphic introduced; a 4x5 camera, it had interchangeable 4x5 camera, it had interchangeable lenses and two shutters. lenses and two shutters.

The timelineThe timeline

1923: First photograph transmitted 1923: First photograph transmitted by wire. by wire.

1924: 1924: ““Composograph,Composograph,”” first staged first staged and faked news photo, born by and faked news photo, born by combining elements from different combining elements from different photos; first Leica cameras using photos; first Leica cameras using 35mm motion picture film and 35mm motion picture film and extremely fast (f/1.8 or so) lenses. extremely fast (f/1.8 or so) lenses.

The timelineThe timeline

1925: Flashbulb invented in Germany.1925: Flashbulb invented in Germany.

1929: Speed Graphic replaces Graflex 1929: Speed Graphic replaces Graflex as primary camera of U.S. as primary camera of U.S. newspapers. newspapers.

1935: Associated Press establishes 1935: Associated Press establishes wire photo network. wire photo network.

The timelineThe timeline

1936: Lifemagazine publishes first 1936: Lifemagazine publishes first issue. issue.

1937: Kodachrome color film 1937: Kodachrome color film becomes available for 35mm still becomes available for 35mm still camera; revolutionizes color camera; revolutionizes color photography. photography.

The timelineThe timeline

1941: Portable electronic flash 1941: Portable electronic flash becomes practical.becomes practical.

1942: Kodacolor color negative film 1942: Kodacolor color negative film introduced. introduced.

1947: Polaroid camera invented. 1947: Polaroid camera invented.

The timelineThe timeline

1954: Tri-X black-and-white film 1954: Tri-X black-and-white film marketed by Kodak. marketed by Kodak.

1960: 35mm cameras becoming 1960: 35mm cameras becoming standard for photojournalists. standard for photojournalists.

1978: AP introduces electronic 1978: AP introduces electronic darkroom. darkroom.

The timelineThe timeline

1982: Digital still camera becomes 1982: Digital still camera becomes available.available.

1987: Auto and self-focusing 1987: Auto and self-focusing cameras standard. cameras standard.

1988: Kodak introduces ISO 3200 1988: Kodak introduces ISO 3200 film.film.

The timelineThe timeline

1995: Color negative film the 1995: Color negative film the standard for newspapers. standard for newspapers.

1998: Digital still cameras 1998: Digital still cameras widespread; high-resolution cameras widespread; high-resolution cameras (5 megapixels) retail for about (5 megapixels) retail for about $5,000.$5,000.

PhotojournalistsPhotojournalists

Mathew BradyMathew Brady Civil War Civil War

photographerphotographer Managed group of Managed group of

photographersphotographers He is given credit for He is given credit for

many photos that he many photos that he didndidn’’t actually taket actually take

Rumored that his Rumored that his team moved bodies to team moved bodies to improve compositionimprove composition

Shot glass plates not Shot glass plates not film, had wagon full of film, had wagon full of darkroom materialsdarkroom materials

Dorothea Dorothea LangeLange

Migrant MotherMigrant Mother Depicts destitute Depicts destitute

pea pickers in pea pickers in CaliforniaCalifornia

Mom and her seven Mom and her seven childrenchildren

March 1936March 1936 Depth of emotion Depth of emotion

uncommon in most uncommon in most photosphotos

Member of FSAMember of FSA

Margaret Margaret Burke Burke WhiteWhite

Documented World Documented World War II War II

Only female Only female allowed in war zone allowed in war zone in WWII by Army in WWII by Army

One of first to do a One of first to do a photo storyphoto story

Had photo on first Had photo on first cover of Life cover of Life magazinemagazine

Alfred Alfred EisenstaeEisenstae

dtdt V-J Day V-J Day Father of Father of

photojournalismphotojournalism One of first to One of first to

use 35mmuse 35mm One of four One of four

original Life original Life photographersphotographers

““Paitence, Paitence, patience, patience, patience.patience.””

Henri Henri Cartier-Cartier-BressonBresson

19321932 The decisive moment The decisive moment

— known for waiting — known for waiting hours for right photohours for right photo

Founding member of Founding member of photo agency the photo agency the Magnum GroupMagnum Group

Robert CapaRobert Capa ““If your If your

pictures pictures arenaren’’t t good good enough, enough, you arenyou aren’’t t close close enough.enough.””

Killed by Killed by land mine land mine in Vietnamin Vietnam

Founding Founding member of member of Magnum Magnum GroupGroup

W. Eugene W. Eugene SmithSmith

Born in Wichita, Born in Wichita, Kan.Kan.

Studied people in Studied people in detail before detail before photographingphotographing

Known for photo Known for photo essay on country essay on country doctor and mercury doctor and mercury poisoning of a poisoning of a fishing village in fishing village in JapanJapan

Joe RosenthalJoe Rosenthal

Raising the flag at Iwo JimaRaising the flag at Iwo Jima Feb. 23, 1945Feb. 23, 1945 Five Marines and one Navy medicFive Marines and one Navy medic Second flag raising that daySecond flag raising that day

Film from first one (different photographer) got Film from first one (different photographer) got ruinedruined

Basically he got luckyBasically he got lucky ““Flags of our FathersFlags of our Fathers””

Won the Pulitzer prize in 1945Won the Pulitzer prize in 1945 Within a month after photo shot three of Within a month after photo shot three of

the six were killed in combatthe six were killed in combat

Ansel AdamsAnsel Adams 1942 The

Tetons and the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

Landscape photographer

Large format cameras

Gordon Gordon ParksParks

American Gothic American Gothic 19421942

Grew up in poverty Grew up in poverty and inspired to make and inspired to make something of his life something of his life because of racism he because of racism he grew up withgrew up with

Black photographer Black photographer setting president for setting president for time periodtime period

Life magazineLife magazine

Eddie AdamsEddie Adams Vietcong Execution, Saigon 1968Vietcong Execution, Saigon 1968

Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc Loan Brigadier General Nguyen Ngoc Loan shoots suspected Vietcong Bay Lop in the shoots suspected Vietcong Bay Lop in the streetstreet

Photo received world attention because of Photo received world attention because of itit’’s grusomenesss grusomeness

Won the Pulitizer Prize in 1968Won the Pulitizer Prize in 1968

Sal VerderSal Verder

AP AP photographephotographerr

USAF USAF colonel colonel welcomed welcomed home after 5 home after 5 years as years as POWPOW

Won Pulitzer Won Pulitzer in 1974in 1974

The EndThe End