History Of Orissa

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Ancient names of Orissa Kalinga Utkal Utkalraata Udra Odra Odrabisha Oda Odrarashtra Trikalinga Koshala Kangoda Toshali Chedi (Mahabharata) Matsa (Mahabharata) History of Orissa History of Orissa, which acquired indelible fame and glory under its past names, ‘Kalinga’ and ‘Utkal’ The State was known, far and wide, for the heroic deeds, maritime trade and over-sea expansion of its people. The Oriyas were famous for their handlooms, silk fabrics, trade and commerce, Etc. and were particularly known for seafaring and marine trade with oversea countries like Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya, etc

Transcript of History Of Orissa

Page 1: History Of Orissa

Ancient names of Orissa

Kalinga

Utkal

Utkalraata

Udra

Odra

Odrabisha

Oda

Odrarashtra

Trikalinga

Koshala

Kangoda

Toshali

Chedi (Mahabharata)

Matsa (Mahabharata)

History of OrissaHistory of Orissa, which acquired indelible fame and glory under its past names, ‘Kalinga’ and ‘Utkal’The State was known, far and wide, for the heroic deeds, maritime trade and over-sea expansion of its people.

The Oriyas were famous for their handlooms, silk fabrics, trade and commerce,Etc. and were particularly known for seafaring and marine trade with oversea countries like Java, Bali,Sumatra, Borneo, Malaya, etc

Name Of Some important Rulers Who Plays a Major Role in the Route of Orissa’s Development

Mukunda Dev--(Who was the last Hindu monarch)Langula Narsingha Dev—(Builder Of Konark Temple)

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History of Orissa

¤ Medieval History

According to the Puranas Kalinga is known to be a powerful kingdom as early as the time of the

Kurukshetra battle. Mahapadmananda conquered and instituted Kalinga to his extensive empire.

Although Kalinga lost her independence, she became economically prosperous under the Nanda rule.

The last Nanda king was overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Maurya rule in Magadha.

Kalinga under the Mauryan.

¤ The Reign of Ashoka

The son of Vindusara - Ashoka The Great.... who invaded Kalinga

in 261 B.C. and succeeded in occupying Kalinga. The Kalinga War

was one of the most dreadful and ponderous nature taking the

lives of as many as 1,00,000 people. 1,50,000 were taken as

prisoner of war, while about the same number died as a

consequences of the war. Ashoka could not the bear the

horrendous slaughter caused by the war and therefore took up the

path of non-violence and become the follower of Buddhism.

Ashoka tried to placate the unconquered Atavika people and

desired to conquer their heart by love. That was the principle of

Dharmavijaya and was followed by Asoka after the Kalinga War.

Kalinga became one of the administrative provisions in the empire

of Magadha with headquarters of a Kumara (Viceroy) located at Tosali.

Asoka believed in generous administration and a well organized government. Buddhism spared over

Kalinga and was accepted as a state religion. Ashoka also took a great deal of interest in developing

the art of stone masonry, edicts were engraved on the Dhauli and Jaugada rocks to teach the religious

principles to the people. Asoka died in 232 B.C. and the Maurya empire lasted up to 185 B.C.

¤ Mahameghavahana Kharavela

In the second half of the 1st century BC, the third ruler of this dynasty was Kahravela. The Hatigumpha

inscription in Udayagiri near Bhubaneswar purveys detailed accounts about the life and flourishing of

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Kharavela kingdom. On the premature death of Kharavela's father, he took up the administration and

become the most successful ruler of his times.

The Hatigumpha inscription records the work of Kharavela up to his thirteenth ruling year after that

records are not available. He was probably succeeded by his son Kudepasiri. It is known from some

recently discovered inscriptions of Guntupalli and Velpuru in Andhra Pradesh that the

Mahameghavahana dynasty continued to rule over Kalinga and Mahishaka up to the 1st century AD.

¤ The Satavahanas and the Murundas

The Satavahana king Goutamiputra Satakarni ruled Kalinga early in the second century. According to

some scholars, Mahrarja Rajadhiraja Dharmadamadhara's gold coin was found from Sisupalgarh

excavation who is considered as a Jaina king belonging to Murunda family which ruled over parts of

Bihar and Orissa. The Bhadrak stone inscription of Maharaja Ganabhadra datable to the third century

AD also indicates the rule of the Murundas in Orissa.

Thereafter the Murundas of Kalinga were conquered by the rising Naga dynasties of Kausambi,

Ahichhatra, Padmavati and Vindhyatavi.

¤ The Durjayas

About the middle of the sixth century A.D. a chief named Ranadurjaya established his rule in South

Kalinga with Pishtapura as his capital. The Mudgalas of Tosali were conquered by the Durjaya king

Prithvimaharaja. The kingdom was subsequently destroyed by Sasanka who was ruling in some parts

of Orissa .

¤ The Upcoming Of The Mandala States

Some semi-independent province known as the Mandalas developed in between the kingdom of

Bhaumas and the Somavamsis remained faithfulness to the Bhauma rulers. The ruling dynasties of

those Mandalas were (1) the Bhanjas of Khinjali Mandala (2) the Bhanjas of Khijjinga Mandala (3) the

Sulkis of Kodalaka Mandala (4) the Tungas of Yamagartta Mandala (5) the Nandodbhavas of Airavatta

Mandala (6) the Mayuras of Banei Mandala and (7) and Gangas of Svetaka Mandala.

¤ The Royal Gangas

The Eastern Gangas who started their rule in Kalinga about the

end of the 5th century AD continued as a small power till the time

of Vajrahasta V who came to the throne in 1038 A.D.

¤ Mukundadeva

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Mukundadeva came to the throne in 1559 by betrayal and slaughter. He belonged to the Chalukya

family. In 1560 Sultan Ghiyasuddin Jallal Shah of Bengal invaded Orissa and marched up to Jajpur.

Mukundadeva defeated him and drove him out of Orissa. During that time Akbar was planning to

conquer Bengal and made alliance with Mukundadeva for that purpose. In 1567 when Akbar was busy

in the invasion of Chitor, Sultan Karrani invaded Orissa. The Mughal Governor of Bihar, Munim Khan

became nonchalant and Mukundadeva confronted the invasion of Bengal single-handed. He was

defeated by the Sultan Karrani and took refuge in the fort of Kotsima, where Sultan Karrani tormented

him. Mukundadeva made a treaty with Suleiman Karranim and fought against Ramachandra Bhanja

where he lost his life at the hands of Ramachandra Bhanja. Later on Ramachandra was also defeated

and killed by Bayazid and Orissa was conquered by the Afghans of Bengal in 1568 AD.

¤ Since 1568 up To Independence

The year 1568 is considered as an important state in the history of Orissa that can be divided into the

glorious era --- gratifying past and the dark, obscure period which was ahead. Orissa maintained her

political vigor with successive powerful ruling dynasties and made a distinction of her own within the

wider intricacy of Indian civilization. In the fields of art, architecture, religion, philosophy and literature,

ancient Orissa made notable achievements.

¤ The Declining Phase of Orissa

Not very late internal disorder, wars and invasions altogether were the main cause to bring about the

downfall of mediaeval Orissa. Orissa was one of the last of the Indian territories to surrender to the

Muslims rule. The Muslim ruler of Bengal, Suleiman Karrani succeeded in vanquishing the land of

Orissa in 1568, ending thereby the independence of this powerful Hindu kingdom.

¤ The Rulers of Afghan

Orissa came under the rule of the Afghans with the victory of Karrani in Orissa. But fortunately the new

rulers could not establish their authority in the effective manner. Suleiman Karrani died in 1572. Daud

Karrani, his younger brother took up the throne as the ruler of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. During this

time Mughal Emperor Akbar whose aim was to extend his empire, had his eyes over the state for the

long time as he got the opportunity he fought a battle and captured Orissa. There started the rule of

Mughals Empire in Orissa.

¤ The Glorious Phase of Mughal Rule

Mughals could never had a very strong footing on the land of Orissa due to its terrain. Akbar was

contented that the territory of Orissa is added into its province. Thus, in most parts of Orissa, local

rulers enjoyed their autonomous authority and semi-independent status. Akbar, true to his liberal

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policies and principles, even paid respect to Raja Ramachandra Deva-I of Khordha, authorizing him to

enjoy the courtly position of a subordinate king.

Orissa constituted into a separate province in 1607and Cuttack was declared its capital during the rule

of Akbar's son Jahangir and his successors. Orissa enjoyed this status till the end of the rule of the

Great Mughals.

Orissa was ruled by Mughals for about two centuries, but there was no endeavor on their part to

convert the people to Islam. When the Mughal Empire began to decay, the Nazim of Bengal, Bihar and

Orissa, Aliverdi Khan, became independent. The Marathas played a major role in declining of the

Mughal Empire. There started a conflict between Aliverdi and the Marathas, which finally ended in the

Maratha acquisition of Orissa.

¤ Marathas Brought Great Development To The Region

The Maratha administration of Orissa functionally began from the year 1751. Maratha brought lot of

developments into the region. They encouraged pilgrimage to Orissa from other parts of India, due to

the increasing esteem and fame of the Jagannath Temple. The great festivals of Puri received sufficient

patronage. Marathas aslo had a great role in the boosting up of Oriya literature. It made a rapid

progress-- the Kavya and Padya literature, prose and biographical literature, Puranic and historical

writings, besides devotional poetry, made immense advancement.

But this glorious phase of Maratha rule could only lasted for not more then half a century. There rises

the British power in the region.

¤ Finally Orissa Came In The Hands Of British Rule

In 1633, the British setup a trade centre at Hariharpur, one of the first of their settlements in India.

Their subsequent establishment at Baleshwar on river Burhabalanga and at Pipili on river

Subarnarekha grew into booming trade centres.

After the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and Buxar in 1764 the craving of the British Empire reached its

heights, and they wanted to acquire as much of Indian territories as possible. With all means of hook

and crook slowly and steadily they started capturing the territories of Indian sub-continent and Orissa

being so near to Bengal was never a hassle. The treaty of Deogarh, signed on 17 December 1803,

ended the Maratha rule and Orissa was under the regime of British Rule.

Orissa in fact had been much deformed and reduced in size and population when the British rule

began. There left only the three coastal districts - Baleshwar, Cuttack and Puri.

¤ Great Orissa Famine

The indications of famine were quite prominent since October,1865. It was a complete default of the

British Government to realize the urgency of the situation. The government was even fail to meet the

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food demand, that led to a mortality of one million. Nearly one man in every three in Orissa died in the

famine. Orissa took time to recover from the effects of the Great Famine. Thereafter British were

compelled to pay some focus towards the development of the affected region.

¤ Freedom Struggle In Orissa

The Indian National Congress was born in 1885, the Orissa was all ready for taking up a initiative in the

advancing of the Congress beliefs and programs.

Orissa marched on the path of freedom struggle with the rest of India for national independence. With

the active participation of Oriya inhabitants, started the struggle of freedom movement in a daring

spirit. The current of the Non-Co-operation Movement swept over Orissa. Gandhiji's visit to Orissa in

1921 was a major success as he got the tremendous response for his struggle from all sections of the

people. The message touched the hearts of the rural mass as well as the elite of Orissa. Many of the

renowned lawyers gave up their legal profession --- Gopabandhu Choudhury, Surendra Nath Das and

Muhammed Hanif gave up their government jobs. Pandit Nilakantha Das left the job of Calcutta

University to serve in a national school. Orissa national movement was further strengthened by the

visit of other great leaders like, Motital Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose in 1922.

As the ultimate effort of the National Congress to secure the complete independence, the Quit India

Movement was started in August 1942, Orissa had an active role in this revolution. The revolution in

Orissa arose in the hearts of poor and common people who required no leadership to rise, but occupied

an impulsive determination to take part in revolution.

With the coming of the independence in August 1947 the issue of the merger of the states was taken

up immediately, for which the grounds had long been prepared by the Praja Mandal Movements.

With the merger of the states, the new Orissa became nearly twice as big in size, and with the addition

of 50 per cent more people to its existing population, it became one of the major territories of the

Indian sub-continent. Today Orissa has far reached its goals, treasuring immense resources of

unlimited minerals, dense forests, fertile lands and numerous rivers.

Ranipur-Jharial

Ranipur-Jharial is an important archeological site situated in Balangir district of Orissa[1]. The site is situated at a distance of 104 km from Balangir town and 35 km from Titilagarh town. The site consists of the twin villages of Ranipur abd Jharial. It has been mentioned as Soma Tirtha in scriptures, the place combined a cross section of religious faiths like Saivism, Buddhism, Vaisnivism and Tantrism. In the past, queens used to live at Ranipur and Jharial was a fort.

The Somavanshi Keshari kings built many temples here that can be dated back to the 9th/10th century AD. It is said that there were at least 200 temples covering an area of about half a mile in length and a quarter of a mile in width. The largest stone

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temple is 'Someswar Siva', which stands on the banks of the river. It was constructed by a famous Mattamayura Shaivacharya Gagana Siva whose inscription can be found on the lintel of the temple.

[edit] The Hypaethral Temple

Ranipur-Jharial houses one among the four existing rare monuments of Hypaethral temples (temples without roofs) dedicated to 64 yoginis in India (the other three are at Hirapur near Bhubaneswar, Khajurao and Bheraghat near Jabalpur). Some other ancient temples are also situated at the site.

While the images at Hirapur are made of black chlorite stone, the images at Ranipur-Jharial are made of sandstone. The temple of 64 yoginis of Ranipur-Jharial is famous not only for its beautiful architecture but also for its religious significance. Three-faced Shiva embracing Parvati stands at the centre of the temple encircled by 64 images of the yogini goddesses in various positions . Unfortunately, out of 64 yoginis, many are missing at present. The cult of yogini worship in Orissa began in the 9th century. Shivaratri mela is also celebrated in Ranipur-Jharial each year where devotees from far off places come.

The remarkable 20 m high temple of Indralath of this place is said to be the highest brick temple of ancient India.

[edit] Inchudi

Inchudi is a village situated 19 km from Balasore town. It is famous for the historic Salt Satyagraha of 1930[2]. It is said that after Dandi (where Mahatma Gandhi himself led the movement), the mass civil disobedience against Salt Laws was most successful in this village. The participation of several women in the Inchudi campaign was regarded by the then Congress High Command as the highlight of the movement.

[edit] Kaliakata

Kaliakata is a small village in Chhendipada, situated north-west of Angul town. Kaliakata has pre-historic sites that were discovered by Valentine Ball in 1876[3]. A recent investigation has revealed that the sites are very important for study of pre-historic antiquities.

[edit] Kuchai and Kuliana

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Kuchai is a pre-historic site situated at a distance of 8 km north of Baripada[4]. Excavations at Kuchai yielded yielded some Neolithic possessions of man. Potteries found here indicate the development of Microlithic culture of the late Stone Age in this area.

Several palaeolithic artifices have been found at Kuliana, which situated at a distance of 18 km from Baripada,

[edit] Vikramkhol (Bikramkhol)

Vikramkhol is a cave containing pre-historic, undeciphered pictographic inscriptions[5]

[6]. The cave is situated at a distance of 26 km to the west of Jharusguda.

The inscription is in a natural rock-shelter, six feet below the top. The rock is a rough sandstone. The rock-shelter is 115 feet in length and 27 feet 7 inches in height from the floor (35 m by 8.4 m). It faces north east. The inscribed portion is about 35 feet by 7 feet (11 m by 2.1 m). Some of the letters are sharply cut, but the incision-marks of the majority do not show sharp cutting. It seems that an iron chisel was not used. Some of the letters are partly cut and partly painted, while some letters are only in paint, but the majority are completely cut. It is evident that all the letters were first painted before being incised, which was the method regularly employed in the period of Brahmi inscription. The color of the paint is red ochre, with which we are familiar in the pre-historic and historic caves and cave-buildings in India.

The inscription was discovered by an educated Sadhu, Swami Jnamananda. An examination of the letters, which at first sight give the impression of having Brahmi forms, showed that the writing was a mixture of Brahmi forms and a developed type of the Mohenjodaro script.

[edit] Prehistoric Cave Painting Sites

[edit] Gudahandi

Gudahandi hills are situated near the Khaligarh village, at a distance of 7 km from Ampani hills. A row of caves is situated at the foot of these hills. These caves bear pre-historic pictographic paintings[7].

Pictographic paintings in red and black colours appear at the entrances of some of the caves. Even though these paintings are yet to be studied thoroughly, it is widely believed that they belong to the period of Indus Valley Civilisation. All the three hills taken together have the appearance of a pot with a lid on it.The name Gudahandi, meaning a pot with molasses, may have originated from this.

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[edit] Simlikhol

Simlikhol is situated 60 km from Padmapur in Bargarh district. The site has a 13 feet high cave that consists of pre-historic rock paintings and other things of palaeontological interest[8]

The cave was probably a natural rock shelter for the primitive man. During British Raj, the cave was used as a shelter by many freedom fighters evading arrest or detention.

During Dussehra, a festival is observed at a Durga temple located besides the cave.

[edit] Ushakothi

Ushakothi, situated 20 km from Sambalpur, is a rock-cut cave situated at the foot hill of Maheswar hill, in the midst of deep forests. It measures 150 feet in height and more than 200 feet in width. This cave contains yet to be deciphered primitive paintings[9].

[edit] Yogimath

Yogimath, situated 124 km from Bhawanipatna, is notable neolithic cave paintings[10]. The unique brick temple of Pataleswar at Budhikomna is situated at a distance of 40-50 km from Yogimath.

[edit] Famous Temples

Maa Mangala , Kakatpur, Puri

Akhandaleswara Temple

Ananta Vasudeva Temple

Baldew Jew Temple , Keonjhar town

Charchika Temple

Jagannath Temple (Puri) , Puri

Lord Krishna Temple, Sakhigopal, Puri

Lord Hanuman Temple, Siruli, Puri

Ramachandi Temple, Konark, Puri

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Baliharachandi Temple Puri

Konark Sun Temple

Lingaraj Temple ,Bhubaneswar

Maa Manikeswari Temple,Bhawanipatna

Maa Samaleswari Temple,Sambalpur

Mausimaa Temple

Mukteswara Temple

Kapilash Temple ,Dhenkanal

Majhi Ghariani Temple, Rayagada

Rajarani Temple ,Bhubaneswar

Saktiswar Temple, Bariniput, Jeypore

Sabara Sree Kshetra, Koraput

Panchanana Temple, Raju Street, Jeypore

Jagat Janani Temple, Jeypore

Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon, Keonjhar

HariShankar, Balangir

NrusingNath, Paikmal, Bargarh

Ghanteshwari, Chiplima, Bargarh

Dhyanakuda Pitha, Hajipur, Jagatsinghpur

Sarala Temple, Jhankad, Jagatsinghpur

Gorekhnath Temple, Gorekhnath, Jagatsinghpur

Tarini Temple, Biribati, Cuttack

Maa Cuttack Chandi Temple, Cuttack

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KharavelaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hathigumpha on Udayagiri Hills, Bhubaneswar

Hathigumpha inscription of King Khāravela at Udayagiri Hills

Khandagiri caves

Kharavela (IAST: Khāravela, Devanagari: खा�रवे�ल) (?209 - after 170 BCE), was the king of Kalinga, in Orissa state of India. He was responsible for the propagation of Jainism in East India. He lead many successful campaigns against Magadha, Anga and what is today Tamil Nadu. He restored the power of Kalinga after it had been devastated in a war with Maurya King Ashoka. He was the third king of the Mahameghavahana dynasty. The main source of information about Kharavela is his

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famous seventeen line Hathigumpha inscription in a cave in Udayagiri hill near Bhubaneswar in Orissa.

Contents

[hide]

1 Origin

2 Hathigumpha inscription

3 Salient features of

inscriptions

3.1 Hathigumpha

inscription

3.2 Other minor

inscriptions

4 His war expeditions

5 Queens of Kharavela

6 Period of Kharavela

7 Dynasty of Kharavela

8 Remembering Kharavela

9 See also

10 External links

11 References

[edit] Origin

According to the inscription Kharavela belonged to the Chedi clan, and was a descendant of the sage king Vasu. Some historians have tried to speculate the origin of Kharavela. Suniti Kumar Chatterji is of the opinion that Kharavela belonged to Dravidian stock. But how he came to the conclusion has not been explained. It would be better to take Kharavela as the prakrit form of Sanskrit word Ksharavela (Devanagari:क्षा�रवे�ल). It is significant to note here that the letter Khā (Devanagari:खा�) in the Hathigumpha inscription invariably stands for kshā (Devanagari:क्षा�) So, Khāra

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(Devanagari:खा�र) has to be taken as Kshāra (Devanagari:क्षा�र) meaning saltish and Vela means wave or shore. The word Khāra(Devanagari:खा�र) is still in vogue in many a northwestern Indian language in the sense “Saltish”, and the second component, vela, is also reminiscent of the word vela meaning wave or shore. [1]Khāra (Devanagari:खा�र) word of Hindi indicates its linkages with northwest India. In northwest India, we find mention of Khārvel as a clan originated from samrat Kharavela, in the list of Jat clans given by Jat historians. Similarly in Jat history books Ail (ऐल) has been mentioned as habitation of Aryans in northwest and Air (ऐर) as a Jat clan originated from Nagavanshi ruler named Airawat.[2] It needs more research to find the exact origin of Kharavela.

[edit] Hathigumpha inscription

The main source of information about Kharavela is his Hathigumpha inscription at Udayagiri caves. This inscription, consisting of seventeen lines has been incised in deep cut Brahmi letters of the 1st Century BC on the overhanging brow of a natural cavern called Hathigumpha in the southern side of the Udayagiri hill. It faces straight towards the rock Edicts of Asoka at Dhauli situated at a distance of about six miles. The inscription was first noticed by A. Stirling in 1820who published an eye copy of it in Asiatic Researches , XV , as well as , in his book An Account, Geographical , Statistical and Historical of Orissa or Cuttack. Credit goes to James prinsep who succeeded for the first time in deciphering the inscription and his reading along with the facsimile prepared by Kittoe was Published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society Bengal, VI (1837). But according to Prinsep the author of this inscription was the king named Aira. Towards the end of 1871 a plaster cast of the inscription was prepared by H. Locke which is now preserved in the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Alexander Cunningham published this inscription in 1877 in the Corpus Inscriptionum indicarrum Vol. I and in 1880 R.L. Mitra published a slightly modified version in his Antiquities of Orissa, Vol. II.

Bhagwan Lal indraji is credited with the first authentic reading which he presented before the Sixth International Congress of Orientalists, 1885 it is to be noted here that Pandit Indraji was the first scholar to declare that the king eulogised in the Hathigumpha inscription was named Kharavela. It is a fact that there is a large number of lacuna in the inscription, which obstruct its correct reading and because of its mutilated condition has given rise to unnecessary controversies.

[edit] Salient features of inscriptions

[edit] Hathigumpha inscription

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The Hathigumpha inscription starts with a version of the Jain Namokar Mantra: नमो� अरहं�ता�न� [।।] णमो� सवेसिसधा�न� [।।]

The text mentions that:

In the very first year of his coronation ( His Majesty) caused to be repaired the

gate, rampart and structures of the fort of Kalinga Nagari, which had been

damaged by storm, and caused to be built flight of steps for the cool tanks and

laid all gardens at the cost of thirty five hundred thousand (coins) and thus

pleased all his subjects.

In the second year, without caring for Satakarni [His Majesty] sent to the west

a large army consisting of horse, elephant, infantry and chariot, and struck terror

to Asikanagara with that troop that marched up to the river Kanhavemna.

Then in the fourth year, (His Majesty] .... the Vidhadhara tract, that had been

established by the former kings of Kalinga and had never been crossed before.

The Rathika and Bhojaka chiefs with their crown cast off, their umbrella and royal

insignia thrown aside, and their Jewelry and wealth confiscated, were, made to

pay obeisance at the feet [of His Majesty).

And in the fifth year, [His Majesty] caused the aqueducts that had been

excavated by king Nanda three hundred years before , to flow into [Kalinga]

Nagri through Tanasuli.

And in the seventh year of his reign [the Queen] of Vajiraghara, blessed with

a son attained motherhood.

In the 8th year of his reign, he attacked Rajagriha in Magadha and forced the

Indo-Greek king Demetrius (described as the Yavana king ("Yavana-raja")

named Dimi{ta}) to retreat to Mathura.

In the 12th year of his reign, he attacked the king of Uttarapatha. Then

brought back the image of Kalinga Jina with its thrown and endowment that had

been taken away by king Nanda and the jewels plundered by him (King Nanda)

from the Kalinga royal palace, along with the treasures of Anga and Magadha.

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He then attacks the kingdom of Magadha, and in Pataliputra, the capital of the

Sunga, makes king "Bahasatimita" (thought to be a Sunga king Bruhaspatimitra,

or Pusyamitra himself) bow at his feet.

The inscription states the Jain king's liberal spirit. He describes himself as

सवे पा�स�ड पा�जको� सवेदे�वे�यतान स�को�र को�रको�

i.e. the worshipper of all religious order, the restorer of all shrines of gods.

[edit] Other minor inscriptions

Besides Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela there are some other minor Brahmi inscriptions in the twin hillocks of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which were deciphered earlier by Prof RD Banergy during 1915-16 (Epigraphic Indica-XIII) and BM Baraua (Indian Historical Quarterly-XIV). Sadananda Agrawal has given further clarifications about them and are produced as under:

I- Mancapuri cave inscription (Upper storey)

This inscription is engraved on the raised space between the second and third doorways of the cave. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

L.1- अरहं�ता पास�दे�य कोलिंल�गा�न� समोन�न� ल�न� को�रिरता� र�जिजन� लल�कोस

L.2- हंसि!सिसहंस पापा�तास धा"ता"न� कोलिंल�गा चकोवेतितान� सिसरिरखा�रवे�लस

L.3- अगामोतिहंसिसन� को�रिरता�

Translation - By the blessings of Arhats the chief queen of Kharavela, the Cakravarti monarch of Kalinga, the great granddaughter of Hathisiha (Hasti Simha) and the daughter of Lalāka or Lalārka caused to be excavated the cave for the sramanas of Kalinga.

II- Mancapuri cave inscription (Upper storey)-A

This inscription is incised on a raised bend between the 3rd and 4th doorways from the left and contains single line. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

ऐरस मोहं�र�जस कोलिंल�गा�धिधापातितान� मोहं�मो�घवे�हंनस को" दे�पासिसरिरन� ल�ण�

Translation - This is the cave of Aira Mahameghavahana Maharaja Kudepasiri, the overlord of Kalinga.

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Note:- Kudepasiri seems to be the immediate successor of Kharavela.

III-Manchapuri cave inscription 'B' (Lower storey)

This inscription has been engraved on the right wall of Veranda, to the right of the entrance to the right-hand side chamber of the main wing, consisting of one line. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

को" मो�र� वेड"खास ल�ण� (IAST: kumāro vadukhas lenam)

Translation - [This is] the cave of Prince Vaḍukha.

Note:- On palaeographic ground Prof Banergy considers this inscription to be a little earlier than the inscription of king Kudepasiri. According to Sadananda Agrawal, Prince Badukha stands an obscure figure in history, but Badukha seems to be the son or brother of Kudepasiri.

IV- Inscriptions in the sarpagumpha (Over the door way)

This inscription consisting of one line, is incised over the doorway of the sarpagumpha. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

च�लकोमोस को�ठा�ज�य� च (IAST: cūlakamas koţhājeyā ca)

Translation - The chamber and veranda/or side chamber of cūlakama. Note:- However Dr. Sahu interpreted Ajeya being united by a Sandhi qualifying Koṭha there by denoting invincible. But he ignored the conjunction ca (Devanagari: च) which follows Koṭha(Devanagari:को�ठा�) and Jeya (Devanagari:ज�य�).

V- Inscription in the sarpagumpha ( to the left of the doorway) The text in Devanagari script is as under:

L.1- को� मोस हंलखिखा

L.2- णय च पास�दे�

Translation :- [The pavilion is the] gift of Kamma and Halakhina.

Note:- Most probably Halakhiṇa was the wife of Kamma. Chūlakamma - found in the inscription No. IV and Kamma of this record indicate official designations rather than the proper names. Kamma may be taken as minister of works (Karma saciva) and Cūlakamma appears to be a junior cadre of minister in the Department of works.

VI- Haridas cave inscription

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This inscription contains one line has been incised over one of the three entrances to the main chamber of the cave from the veranda. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

च�लकोमोस पास�ता� को�ठा�ज�य� च (IAST: cūlakamas pasāto koţhājeyā ca)

Translation :- The chamber and veranda (or side chamber) are the gift of cūlakama.

VII- Vyāghragumphā inscription

The record is incised on the outer wall of the inner chamber. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

L.1- नगार अखा�देस

L.2- स भू�तितान� ल�ण�

Translation :- The cave of Bhūti, the city judge.

VIII- Jambesavara cave inscription

This inscription has been engraved over the entrances to the inner chamber of the cave. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

मोहं�देस बरय�य नतिकोयस ल�न�

Translation :- The cave of Mahamāda Nākiya and Bāriyā.

X- Tatowāgumphā inscription (Cave No -1)

The record of this inscription is incised over one of the entrances to the inner chamber. The Text reads in Sanscrit as

पा�देमो"सिलकोस को" स"मोस ल�ण� x [।।] (IAST: pādamulikas kusumas lenam x)

Translation: The cave of Kusuma, the padamulika.

Notes:- There is a syllable after the word lenam, which may be read as ni or phi,. padamulika literally means, one who serves at the feet [of king].

According to Kishori Lal Faujdar, Here Kusuma seems to be related with Kaswan clan of Jats. He refers an article ‘Hathi Gumpha and three other inscriptions’ (page 24) in Devanagari as under[3]:

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को" सवे�न�मो+ क्षाति,य�न�� च सहं�य्यता�वेता�� प्रा�प्ता मोसिसको नगारमो+

Kusawānāṃ kshatriyānāṃ ca Sahāyyatāvatāṃ prāpt masika nagaraṃ.

Translation:- This translates that the city of 'Masikanagara ' was obtained with the help of 'Kuswan' Kshatriyas.

Note:- Sadananda Agrawal has interpreted Masikanagara as Asikanagara and identified with the city Adam (Nagpur district). In view of the evidence of a highly prosperous city unearthed at Adam, Prof AM Shastri is of the opinion that Adam itself represents the Asikanagara of Hathigumpha inscription. It is worth noting in the present context that a terracotta sealing having a legend, has been discovered from Adam [4], situated on the right bank of the river Wainganga, which reads Asakajanapadasa (Devanagari: असकोजनपादेस).

XI- Ananta Gumpha inscription (A)

The record is incised on the architrave between the left ante and the fifth pillar. The text in Devanagari script is as under:

दे�हंदे समोणन� ल�ण�

Translation :- The cave of the Dohada Śramaṇas.

[edit] His war expeditions

It is revealed from Line-4 of the Hathigumpha inscription that Kharavela in the second year of his reign dispatched a strong force comprising cavalry, elephantry, infantry and chariotry to the western quarter without caring for or bothering about Sātakarnī, and Asikanagara was frightened on its reaching the river Kanhavemṇā. Some scholars prefer to read Masikanagara instead of Asikanagara and locate it in the coastal region of Andhra Pradesh.

An article about Raja Kharavela in Orissa mentions about the rule of Kaswan in 2nd century of Vikram samvat. It has been mentioned in ‘Hathi Gumpha and three other inscriptions’ (page 24) in Sanskrit as under:

Sanskrit - को" सवे�न�मो+ क्षाति,य�न�� च सहं�य्यता�वेता�� प्रा�प्ता मोसिसको नगारमो+

IAST - “Kusawānāṃ kshatriyānāṃ ca Sahāyyatāvatāṃ prāpt masika

nagaraṃ”.

This translates that the city of 'Masiknagara' was obtained with the help of

'Kuswan' Kshatriyas [5]

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According to Sadananda Agrawal interpretation of the city as Masikanagara is not well-supported. Kanhavemṇā is commonly equated with the river Krishna coastal flowing in Andhra Pradesh. However, Krishna lies much to the south of Kalinga, and not west as averred in the epigraph (Devanagari: पासि0मोदिदेस�). But there is another stream flowing to the west of Kalinga in Vidarbha and known locally at present as Kanhan which flows about 17 km northwest of Nagpur and joins the river Vena (Wainganga), and it is the combined flow of these two streams that is spoken as Kanhavemṇā in our records.[6]

The recent find of a sealing belonging to the Asikajanapada in course of intensive archaeological excavations at Adam (Nagpur district) has solved also the problem of locating Asikanagara whose king or and people became frightful at the arrival of Kharavela's army at Kanhavemṇā. In view of the evidence of a highly prosperous city unearthed at Adam, Prof AM Shastri is of the opinion that Adam itself represents the Asikanagara of Hathigumpha inscription. It is worth noting in the present context that a terracotta sealing having a legend, has been discovered from Adam [7], situated on the right bank of the river Wainganga, which reads Asakajanapadasa (Devanagari: असकोजनपादेस).

The Hathigumpha inscription tells us that again in his fourth regnal year Kharavela directed his invasion against the Satavahana territory. In course of the campaign the army of Kalinga marched headlong against the Rathikas and Bhojakas who inhabited the western Deccan and whose chiefs might have been subordinates or vassals under Satavahana king Satakarni.

It is quite likely that the Rathikas are to be located in southern Maharashtra region and adjoining Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh where a large number of coins of some chiefs styled Mahārathi have been found in excavations. Likewise , as regards the Bhojakas, it is not impossible that they flourished in the region of Goa and adjoining parts of Karnataka where the Bhoja Kings are found a few centuries later. As a result of this victory Kharavela’s suzerainty spread over the land from the eastern sea to western sea.

The eighth regnal year of Kharavela, three years after his war in western India, heard the war trumpets of Kalinga blowing in direction of the north.

Kharavela entered into the territory of Magadha and fought out important engagement with the army of that empire at Gorathagiri and

Page 20: History Of Orissa

stormed that outlying fortress which guarded Rajagrha, the former capital of Magadha. The strong fort was demolished and Rajagrha was put to great trouble.

Gorathagiri has been identified with the modern Barabar hill in the Gaya district in Bihar state. In the Sabhaparva of the Mahabharata this hill has been referred to by the name Gorathagiri wherefrom Girivraja (Rajagrha) the capital of Magadha was surveyed by Krishna, Bhima and Arjuna on the way of their campaign against Jarasandha.

It is worth nothing here that two small inscriptions are found engraved in that hill, which read Gorathgiri and Goradhagiri respectively. While the former belongs to Asokan period the latter seems to be incised by one of the men who had accompanied Kharavela in this campaign.

It was by that critical time that one Yavana King (Indo-Greek) who was then in occupation of Mathura was advancing against Magadha. The king's name has been read extremely doubtfully as "Dimita", and has been identified by many scholars with the famous Indo-Greek King Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus belonging to 2nd century BC.

In commemoration of this victory over the Indo-Greeks and age old enemy Magadha, Kharavela constructed the great victory palace in Kalinganagari at a cost of thirty eight hundred thousand coins which stood to personify in all its grandeur the great victory a great conqueror.

The tenth year witnessed another expedition towards north. According to Hathigumpha inscription that year he caused his army much towards Bharatavarsha. Dr Sahu remarks:

“ In the epigraphic records of India the name Bharatavarsha appears for the

first time in Hathigumpha inscription. This name however, denoted to

Northern India by that time.”

When the twelfth year of his reign dawned Kharavela marched against Uttarapatha (Northwest India) with a vast army. This was his third onslaught against North India, forcing several chiefs to submission, who were very likely the Indo-Greeks. On his return from Uttarapatha Kharavela planned for the final encounter against Magadha and the Kalingan army encamped on the banks of the Ganges not far off Pataliputra. The people of Magadha were struck with terror at the sight of the elephants and horses and Brhaspatimitra, the king of Magadha was humbled by Kharavela

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and made the Magadhan king touch his feet. Many renowned scholars equate Brhaspatimitra with Pushyamitra, the founder of Sunga dynasty.

It is worth nothing in the present context that for recording the events of his reign Kharavela chose the Hathigumpha in the southern side of Udayagiri hill which faces straight towards the Dhauli hill bearing Rock Edicts of Ashoka. In the former hill we find the inscription of the victory of Magadha and in the latter that of the victory of Kalinga. Kharavela’s inscription seems to have been intended to counter affect Asoka’s inscription.

Before his home ward march the monarch brought back from Magadha the greatest and by far the most significant war trophy to his home land was the image of Kalinga Jina that adorned the spiritual realm of Magadha. This Kalinga Jina was once the invaluable religious property of Kalinga but was carried away from Kalinga during the first wave of the northern invasion under Mahapadmananda emperor of Magadha.

Dr. N.K.Sahu aptly remarks about his expeditions:-

“ Thus within a short span of ten years (form his 2nd to 12th regnal years.)

Kharavela could achieve a series of brilliant victories extending his suzerainty

from the North-Western part of India to the farthest extend in the South. “

The political and military performances of Kharavela have, in fact, no parallel in history and this great monarch fully justifies the epithet Chakravarti given to him in the inscription of his chief queen.

He seems to have abandoned his throne in the 13th year of his reign, and was succeeded by his son Kudepasiri.

[edit] Queens of Kharavela

The Line of Hathigumpha inscription mentions that in the seventh year of his reign [the Queen] of Vajiraghara was blessed with a son attained motherhood. Sometime before his coronation the prince very probably married chief queen as per presence was essentially required in anointation ceremony. The chief queen, whose record has been engraved in the upper storey of Mancapuri

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Cave, was the great-grand daughter of Hastisimha and the daughter of king Lalaka or Lalarka. It is to be pointed out here that not much is known about Hastisimha and Lalarka from any other source. We find mention of Lal (लल) as a gotra of Jats living in Muzaffarnagar district in Uttar Pradesh, India, who originated from mahapurusha Lala (लल). The famous Panjtar stone inscription, now in (Pakistan), written in the year 122 of Saka ara, referse to one “ Lala, the protector of the Kushana dynasty of Maharaja Kanishka”. This Lala, was a Lalli “Jat” It also refers to the gift of two trees by one Moika in the eastern region of “ Kasua”. That last word Kasua is the same as Kasuan the name of the Kushana clan (and territory) which is still existing. [8] [9]

R D Banerji is inclined to identify Vayiraghara with wairagarh in modern Chanda district of Maharastra, because in some medieval inscription this place is found referred to as Vayirakara. Dr. Sahu rightly identifies this place with Vajradantadesa mentioned in the Kamasutra of Vatsyayana.

King Kharavela is known to have two queens. Line-15 of the Haithgumpha inscription refers to the queen of Simhapatha, who was very likely his second queen. Simhapatha may be same as Simhapura which was the capital of Kalinga during the rule of the Matharas in the 4th century A.D. The place is identified with modern Singupuram in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh.

[edit] Period of Kharavela

The date of Kharavela is highly controversial one and it appears to be a formidable challenge to ascertain the correct date of Kharavela and to put his reign within a chronological frame work.

In the light of the foregoing discussion of the relevant internal evidence of the Hathigumpha inscription we must reasonably date Kharavela’s reign in second half of the first century BC in a general manner, an exact time bracket being quite unthinkable at present. The exact time bracket of this Kalingan Emperor will continue to be controversial so long any other corroborative evidence has not been discovered.

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The Indian numismatist P.L.Gupta has suggested that the inscription was from the 2nd century CE:[10]:

"The Hâthîgumphâ inscription refers in line 8 to a yavana-râja, who fled to

Mathura when he realized the might of Khâravela. The name of the yavana-

râja bears three letters, of which the second letter may be fairly read as ma or

mi. It has been doubtfully restored as Dimita, meaning Demetrius the Indo-

Greek king. But as early as 1951, I thought it to be Vimaka, meaning Vima

Kadphises. The Patna Museum has a plaster cast of this inscription, which I

personally examined when I was there as Curator. It confirms my suggestion."

There are some issues with this interpretation, since the stated facts are that the name consists of three letters, of which the second is mi or ma, and that the king is categorized as yavana, not kushan or tukhara, nor saka or pahlava. It is otherwise unknown for a Kushan king to have been referred to as a yavana, and for Vima Kadphises to be referred to as Vimaka (expanded from Vema/Vima). Also, there are palaeographic problems with dating the Hâthîgumphâ text so late as Wema Kadphises (reigned 90s-110s CE). Many Indic script specialists seem to prefer the 1st century BC, or approximately contemporary with the Sanchi inscriptions from the reign of the Satavahana Satakarni.

[edit] Dynasty of Kharavela

In the first line of Hathigumpha inscription Kharavela styles himself as

IAST-Aireṇa Mahārājena Mahāmeghavāhana Cetarāja vasa Vadhanena xxx

Kalimgādhipatinā Siri Khāravelan (Devanagari:ऐर�ण मोहं�र�ज�न मोहं�मो�घवे�हंन�न च�तार�ज वेस वेधान�न पास! स"भूलखाल�न चता"र�ताल"ठान

गा"णउपा�न�ता कोलिंल�गा�धिधापातितान� सिसरिर खा�रवे�ल�न)

While the earliest scholar Prinsep and R L Mitra take the word Aira as the name of the king of Kalinga eulogised in the inscription, other few scholars are inclined to take the word as dynastic name and connected the ancestry of Kharavela with the puranic Aila belonging to the lunar

Page 24: History Of Orissa

Kshatriya dynasty. Bhagwan Lal Indraji is the first scholar to assert that the King whose activities are glorified in the inscription in named Kharavela.

It is a significant to note here that there is also no direct evidence in Hathigumpha inscription to show that Kharavela belongs to Cedi Dynasty. The only meaning conveyed by this expression is that Kharavela was the son of Cetarāja (Devanagari:च�तार�ज). [11]

There is a small crack in the stone above the letter ta (ता) giving the impression of medial i. this crack misled some eminent scholars like R.D. Banerji and D.C. Sircar to decipher the word as Ceti (Devanagari:च�तिता) and this conjectural reading led the renowned scholars to hold the view that Kharavela belongs to Cedi dynasty. But in no way this can be accepted. It is pertinent to note in this context that a small inscription is found engraved in the Mancapuri Cave where King Kudepasiri (one of the successor of Kharavela) styled himself as Aira Maharaja Kalingadhipati Mahameghavahana (Devanagari:ऐर� मोहं�र�ज� कोलिंल�गा�धिधापातितान� मोहं�मो�घवे�हंन).

The King Sada has also been styled himself as Maharaja Kalinga Mahisika Adhipati Mahameghavahana. Both Kudepasiri and Sada, happen to be the successors of Kharavela, have never been stated in their respective inscription to be belonging to Cedi dysasty. It is significant that the word Aira has not been prefixed with the name of Sada.

The Vahana ending dynastic (and personal) names were quite popular during the few centuries preceding. The meaning of Mahameghavahana is the great one riding on clouds. Dr. Sahu takes Maha as the prefix of Megha and opines: “ Mahameghavahana literary means one whose vehicle is great cloud”.

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In line 17 of the Hathigumpha inscription Kharavela claims to have been descended from Rajarsi Vasu Kula. King Vasu recorded in Hathigumpha inscription can not be taken as Cedi king. It is pertinent to note in the context that in Mahabharata, Meghavahana as a dynastic name is found mentioned (Sabha Parva, XIV, 13) while the same epic preserves detailed accounts regarding the activities of Cedi dynasty. Cedi and Meghavahana have been flourished as two distinct dynasties since the early times, so both the dynasties should not be equated. [12]

We have already stated earlier that Cetaraja was the father of Kharavela and it seems probable that he was the immediate predecessor of Kharavela, belonging to be the second king in the Mahameghavahana line in Kalinga.

The line-7 of the Hathigumpha inscription indicates that the Queen of Vajiraghara (Chief Queen of Kharavela ?) gave birth to a son. Another inscription in the lower storey of the same caves informs us that it had been executed by the Aira Maharaja Kalingadhipati Mahameghavahana Kudepasiri. In this cave another inscription is incised which reveals the name of Kumara Badukha. It is to be noted here that Kumara Badukha has not assumed any royal title. However, it is difficult to be sure of the relationship between Kharavela and Kudepasir. As no available record speaks any thing more about prince Badukha, he stands an obscure figures, in history but seems to be the son or brother Kudepasiri.

Mahiska country denoted the modern coastal Andhra (Guntur – Krishna region) which was apparently added to the Mahameghavahana kingdom at least during the reign of Maharaja Sada.

The sada rule came to an end during end first century / early second century A.D. [13]On basis of above discussion we can say that Kharavela

Page 26: History Of Orissa

belonged to Mahameghavahana dynasty and the Genealogical chart of can be given as under:

1- Mahameghavahana

2- Cetaraja

3- Kharavela

4- Kudepasiri

5- Badukha

6- Mahasada

7- Sada’s successors.

Remembering Kharavela

Kharavela Nagar is an important commercial district of Bhubaneswar and home to the city's first mall. With the rise of industry, in particular IT and higher education, the history of ancient Kalinga and in particular Kharavela is being revived as Orissa's golden age.

DISTRICT PROFILE AREA, POPULATION AND HEADQUARTERS OF DISTRICTSSl. District No.Of No.of No.of U.L.Bs Status Area(Sq.Km.) Population Headquarters

No GPs Blocks U.L.Bs Corporation Muncipality N.A.Cs

1. Angul 209 8 3 1 2 6375 1139341 Angul

2. Balasore 289 12 4 1 3 806 2023056 Balasore

3. Bolangir 285 14 4 1 3 6575 1335760 Bolangir

4. Boudh 63 3 1 1 3098 373038 Boudh

5. Bhadrak 193 7 2 1 1 2505 1332249 Bhadrak

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6. Bargarh 248 12 3 1 2 5837 134560 Bargarh

7. Cuttack 342 14 4 1 1 2 3932 2340686 Cuttack

8. Deogarh 60 3 1 1 2940 274095 Deogarh

9. Ganjam 475 22 18 1 17 8206 3136937 Chhtrapur

10. Dhenkanal 199 8 3 1 2 4452 1065983 Dhenkanal

11. Gajapati 129 7 2 1 1 4325 518448 Parlakhamundi

12.Jagatsinghpur 194 8 2 1 1 1668 1056556 Jagatsinghpur

13. Jajpur 280 10 2 2 2899 1622868 Panikoili

14. Jharsuguda 78 5 3 2 1 2081 509056 Jharsuguda

15 . Keonjhar 286 13 4 2 2 8303 1561521 Keonjhar

16. Kalahandi 273 13 3 1 2 7920 1334372 Kalahandi

17. Koraput 226 14 4 1 3 8807 1177954 Koraput

18.Kendrapara 230 9 2 1 1 2644 1301856 Kendrapara

19. Khurda 168 10 5 1 2 2 2813 1874405 Khurda

20 Mayurbhanj 382 26 4 1 3 10418 2221782 Baripada

21.Malkangiri 108 7 2 2 5791 480232 Malkangiri

22.Nawarangpur 169 10 2 1 1 5291 1018171 Nawarangpur

23. Nayagarh 179 8 2 2 3890 863934 Nayagarh

24. Nawapada 109 5 2 2 3852 530524 Nawapada

25. Puri 230 11 4 1 3 3479 1498604 Puri

26. Khandhamal 153 12 2 2 8021 647912 Khandhamal

27.Rayagada 171 11 3 1 2 7073 823019 Rayagada

28. Sambalpur 148 9 5 1 4 6657 928889 Sambalpur

29.Sundargarh 262 17 4 4 9712 1829412 Sundargarh

30. Sonepur 96 6 3 1 2 2337 540659 Sonepur

T O T A L 6234 314 103 2 32 69 155707 hj36706920

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Per cent of population below the poverty line 1987-88 to 1999-2000Orissa Rural Urban1987-88 1993-94 1999-2000 1987-88 1993-94 1999-200050.4 43.5 41.3 20.8 15.2 15.6It Is 12 rank on basis of state ranking of indiaEmployement due to steelSouth African steel maker Posco and Australia’s mining major BHP Billiton have jointly approached the Orissa government with a proposal to set up a 10 mt integrated steel plant in the state.Vedanta plans iron ore mining

LIST OF STEEL PLANT PROJECTS FOR WHICH MoUs HAVE BEEN SIGNED BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT  (AS ON NOVEMBER 03,2005)

Sl. No Name of the Company Location

1 M/s Bhushan Group of Companies

Lapanga, Sambalpur

2 M/s Aarti Steels Ltd

Ghantikhal, Athagarh, Cuttack

3 M/s Neepaz Metalicks (P) Ltd

Chadrihariharpur, Rourkela, Sundargarh

4 M/s Scaw Industries (P) Ltd

Gundichapada, Dhenkanal

5 M/s Deo Mines & Mineral (P) Ltd

Bonai, Sundargarh

6 M/s Visa Industries Ltd

Jhakhapura, Duburi, Jajpur

7 M/s SMC Power Generation Ltd

Hirma, Jharsuguda

8 M/s Shyam DRI Power Ltd

Pandoli, Rengali, Sambalpur

9 M/s Sun-Flag Special Steels Ltd.

Bomlai, Sambalpur

10 M/s Orissa Sponge Iron Ltd.

Gurla, Govindpur, Sambalpur

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11 M/s SPS Sponge Iron Ltd.

Badmal Growth Centre, Jharsuguda

12 M/s Maharastra Seamless Ltd.

Kalinganagar Industrial Complex, Duburi, Jajpur

13 M/s OCL India Ltd.

Rajgangpur, Sundargarh

14 M/s AML Steel & Power Ltd.

Kalinganagar Industrial Complex, Duburi, Jajpur

15 M/s Maheswary Ispat (P) Ltd.

Rampei, Khuntuni, Cuttack

16 M/s Monnet Ispat Ltd.

Mangalpur, Dhenkanal

17 M/s Aryan Ispat & power (P)Ltd.

Bomlai, Rengali, Sambalpur

18 M/s Maithan Ispat  Ltd.

Kalinganagar Industrial Complex, Duburi

19 M/s Sree Metaliks Ltd.

Loidapada, Barbil, Keonjhar

20 M/s MSP Metalicks (P) Ltd.

Marakuta, Jharsuguda

21 M/s Action Ispat & Power (P) Ltd.

Pandiripathar & Marakuta, Jharsuguda

22 M/s Agrim Steel Industries Ltd.

Marakuta, Jharsuguda

23 M/s Tube Investment India  Ltd

Kalinga Nagar Industrial Complex,  Jajpur

24 M/s Patnaik Steel & Alloys Ltd

Purunapani, Joda, Keonjhar

25 M/s Rathi Udyog Ltd.

Potapally-Sikridi, Sambalpur

26 M/s Viraj Steel & Energy Ltd

Gurupali, Pandaloi, Sambalpur

27 M/s Deepak Steels & Power Ltd.

Topodih, Barbil, Keonjhar

28 M/s Konark Ispat Ltd.

Hirma, Jharsuguda

29 M/s Beekay Steel & Power Ltd

Uliburu, Barbil, Keonjhar

30 M/s BRG Iron & Steel Co. (P)  Ltd

Khurunti, Dhenkanal

31 M/s Jain Sponge (P) Ltd

Durlaga, Jharsuguda

32 M/s Jindal Duburi, Jajpur

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Stainless Ltd.

33 M/s Rungta Mines  Ltd.

Kamando, near Koira, Sundargarh and Jharaband, Dhenkanal (1 MTPA each)

34 M/s Stats Steel India (P) Ltd.

Tangi, Cuttack

35 M/s Brand Alloys Ltd.

Palaspanga, Keonjhar

36 M/s Eastern Steels & Power Ltd.

Lahandabud, Jharsuguda

37 M/s Jai Balaji Jyoti Steels Ltd.

Tanisar, near Lathikata, Sundargarh

     

Sl.No Name of the Company Location

1 M/s TATA Iron & Steel Co. Ltd

Kalinganagar Industrial Complex, Duburi, Jajpur

2 M/s Sterlite Iron and Steel Company  Ltd.

Palasponga, Keonjhar

3 M/s Hy-Grade Pellets Ltd. (ESSAR Group)

Paradeep

4 M/s POSCO India Project (P) Ltd.

Paradeep

5 M/s Jindal Steel & Power Ltd.

Benefication Plant at Deojhar, Keonjhar & Steel Plant at Angul

6 M/s Bhushan Steel & Strips Ltd.

Meramundali, Dhenkanal

     

     

Page 31: History Of Orissa

         Total         C.

     

    Gr. Total (A+B+C)

Economic Profile of Orissa

Area (Sq.km) 155707

POPULATION (2005 census) 36804660

Density (Population per Sq.km) 236

URBAN POPULATION %

Urban

14.975517238

Rural 31287422

Scheduled Caste population as percent-age of total population, 200116.5

Scheduled Tribe population as percent-age of total population, 200122.1

MALES 18612340

FEMALES 18094580

SEX RATIO (females/1000 males) 972

LITERACY RATE (census 2001) in % 63.31

MALE LITERACY in % 75.3

MALE LITERATE in numbers 11992333

FEMALE LITERACY in % 50.5

FEMALE LITERATE in numbers 7844722

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BIRTH RATE (PER 1000) (2002)P 23.1

DEATH RATE (PER 1000) 0.9

Infant Mortality Rate (per ‘000) 2001---------------------------91

Area under Food Grains (Rice) 2002-03 ('000' Hec)-------------------4274

Total Forest Area 2001 (Sq.Kms) -48838

No Of Factory(2001) 1665

Per capita Income 2003 * (in Rs.) 12,388

NSDP at current prices (2002-2003)* Rs Crores 37891 Rs Croroes

PER CAPITA NSDP (2002-03) at current prices Rs 10103 Rs

Orissa which includes Jharsuguda, Sambalpur,Bargarh and Sarnabalpur to assess the socioeconomic status of people and the extent of their dependency on forests for their livelihood in order to develop future strategy for implementation of forest policies for a sustainable forest conservation and protection.

155.71 lakh hectares in 2003-04. (37.33%)

o MINES and MINERALS Bauxite

Chromite

Coal

Diamond

Gemstones

Granite

Iron Ore

Natural Gas

Oil

According to 1991 Census, in Orissa the total strength of tribal population is approximately seven million which constitutes 22.21% of the total population of the State.

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