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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 1
By the end of this lecture students will be able to:
Identify the contributions to early studies in microbiology made by: Van Leeuwenhoek Jenner Pasteur Koch
Recognize the scientific nomenclature of microorganisms
Recognize and classify different types of microorganisms
Week 1 Lecture: Early History of Microbiology
Science of Microbiology
Dates back only to the last 200 years
Microbes or microorganisms Found almost
everywhere
Invisible
Too small to be seen by the naked eye
Milestones in Microbiology 1665: Hooke First observation of cells
1673: van Leeuwenhoek First observation of live microorganisms
1735: Linnaeus Nomenclature for organisms
1798 Jenner First vaccine
1857: Pasteur - Fermentation
1861: Pasteur - Disproved spontaneous generation
1864: Pasteur - Pasteurization
1867: Lister Aseptic surgery
1876: *Koch Germ theory of disease
1881: *Koch Pure cultures
1882: *Koch Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1883: *Koch Vibrio cholerae
* Nobel Laureate
Microorganisms - Early Studies 17th & 18th Centuries
1665: Hooke First observation of cells
1673: van Leeuwenhoek First observation of live microorganisms
1735: Linnaeus Nomenclature for organisms
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 2
The Microscope
17th century
Robert Hooke (English scientist)
Devised compound microscope (1665)
Observed and coined the term cells
Confirmed van Leeuwenhoeks observations
http
://en.w
ikiped
ia.org
/wiki/F
ile:Ho
oke
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Robert Hookes microscope. Illustration from Scheme 1.
Micrographia (1665)
The Microscope 17th century
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch cloth merchant)
Learnt to grind lenses
Made simple hand-held microscopes
Used teeth scrapings
Observed and described bacteria for the 1st time (1673-1723)
The Microscope 17th century
Course Pack Page 7 Figure 2 Tortora (11th Ed) Page 7 Fig. 1.2 Anton van Leeuwenhoeks microscope observations
Nomenclature & Classification 18th Century
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish scientist)
Established the system of scientific nomenclature (1735)
Previously non-uniform long Latin names
Gave each organism two names
Genus
Species
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 3
Nomenclature & Classification 18th Century
Genus capitalized
Species lower case
Latinized and used worldwide
Either italicized or underlined
Can be abbreviated with genus in initials
May be descriptive or honor a scientist
Nomenclature & Classification Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus bacteria commonly found on human skin
Staphylo-
clustered arrangement
-coccus
spherical shape
aur-
Latin for golden
colour of bacterial colonies
Nomenclature & Classification
Three domains of microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Course Pack Page 5 Figure 1 Tortora (11th Ed) Page 5 Fig. 1.1 Types of microorganisms
Bacteria - Prokaryotes
Do not have nuclear membranes
Relatively simple single-celled organisms
Carbohydate/protein (peptidoglycan) cell walls
Divide by binary fission
Use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 4
Archaea - Prokaryotes
Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
Fungi - Eukaryotes
Have nuclear membranes
Molds & mushrooms multicellular masses of mycelia composed of filaments
called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Protozoa - Eukaryotes
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Algae - Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis for energy
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 5
Parasites - Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Helminths - flatworms and round worms
Microscopic stages in life cycles
Insects lice, mites
Viruses
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Viruses replicate only when they are in a living host cell
Microorganisms - Early Studies 17th & 18th Centuries
1665: Hooke First observation of cells
1673: van Leeuwenhoek First observation of
live microorganisms
1735: Linnaeus Nomenclature for organisms
1798 Jenner First vaccine
Smallpox
Viral disease
Variola virus
Highly contagious
Sometimes fatal
No treatment
More WHO info on smallpox:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
factsheets/smallpox/en/
CDC/NIP/ Barbara Rice
CD
C/ D
r. Fre
d M
urp
hy
TEM
micrograph
smallpox
viruses
Ima
ge
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m th
e C
DC
Pu
blic
he
alth
Ima
ge
Lib
rary
http
://ph
il.cd
c.g
ov
/ph
il/ho
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.asp
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 6
Head of the
3000 year-old
mummy, of
Pharaoh
Ramses V
Smallpox - Ancient Egypt
Disease similar to smallpox described in papyrus records (3730 1555 BC)
Mummies with smallpox-like skin lesions
Pharaoh Ramses V
Died in his 30s (1157 BC)
Pustules on lower face and neck
http://www.who.int/archives/fonds_collections/bytitle/fonds_6/en/index.html
Smallpox - The New World 16th century
Carried to the Americas
Immunologically nave indigenous populations highly vulnerable to European and African infectious diseases
Spanish to the Aztecs and Incas in Central & South America
French, British & Dutch to North America
CD
C/ D
r. Fre
d M
urp
hy;
Sylvia
Whitfie
ld
CDC/James Gathany
CDC/James Gathany
Smallpox Vaccine
Edward Jenner (English physician)
Demonstrated that cowpox (Vaccinia virus) inoculation protected against smallpox (1796)
Successful WHO Global Eradication Campaign
1979 no more cases
Ima
ge
s fro
m th
e C
DC
Pu
blic
he
alth
Ima
ge
Lib
rary
http
://ph
il.cd
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/ph
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.asp
Role of Microorganisms
Early studies showed microbes exist
However not associated with:
Diseases
Infections
Food/Beverages
Dairy
Bakery
Brewery
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 7
Microbiology 19th Century
Louis Pasteur (French scientist)
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air (1861)
Resolved spontaneous generation controversy
How did he do this ?
Pasteurs Experiments
Open flask Sealed flask
Growth No growth
Microbiology 19th Century
Pasteurs S-shaped flasks kept microbes out but let air in
Course Pack Page 9 Figure 3 Tortora (11th Ed) Page 9 Fig. 1.3 Pasteurs experiment disproving the theory of spontaneous generation
Fermentation & Pasteurization
From Pasteurs work till beginning of World War 1 ~ 60 years
Rapid advances in microbiology
Mainly by Pasteur Fermentation is by yeasts that convert of sugar
to alcohol during brewing
Spoilage is by bacteria that turn sugar and/or alcohol into acid
Pasteurization applies heat for a short time to kill spoilage bacteria (1864)
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 8
Microbiology 19th Century Golden Age of Microbiology
1857: Pasteur - Fermentation
1861: Pasteur - Disproved spontaneous generation
1864: Pasteur - Pasteurization
1867: Lister Aseptic surgery
1876: *Koch Germ theory of disease
1881: *Koch Pure cultures
Golden Age of Microbiology
Joseph Lister (British surgeon)
Used phenol to disinfect surgical wounds (1867)
Robert Koch (German scientist)
1st to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease (1876)
Kochs Postulates 19th century
Strict scientific criteria for associating a microorganism with a disease Found in the body in all cases of disease
Isolated from the case, grown and maintained in pure culture
Capable of producing the disease when pure culture is inoculated into susceptible animal
Retrieved from an inoculated animal
Kochs Postulates 19th century
Koch's postulate TB game
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/tuberculosis/index.html
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Ong ENH222 Winter L1 History 9
Microbiology 19th Century Golden Age
Aetiological Agents of Infectious Diseases
1857: Pasteur - Fermentation
1861: Pasteur - Disproved spontaneous generation
1864: Pasteur - Pasteurization
1867: Lister Aseptic surgery
1876: *Koch Germ theory of disease
1881: *Koch Pure cultures
Microbiology 19th Century Golden Age continues
Discovery of more aetiologies
1882: *Koch Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1883: *Koch Vibrio cholerae
1884: *Metchnikoff Phagocytosis
Gram Gram staining procedure
Escherich Escherichia coli
1887: Petri Petri dish
1889: Kitasato Clostridium tetani
Microbiology 19th early 20th Century
Golden Age ends
1890: *von Bering Diphtheria antitioxin
*Ehrlich Theory of immunity
1892: Winogradsky Sulphur cycle
1897: *Ross - Malaria transmission by mosquitoes
1898: Shiga Shigella dysenteriae
1908: *Ehrlich Syphilis
1910: Chagas Trypanosoma cruzi
1911: *Rous Tumour-causing virus (1966 Nobel Prize)
Knowledge of Microorganisms
Allows us to
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.