History of Life on Earth Ch. 12 Biology Ms. Haut.
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Transcript of History of Life on Earth Ch. 12 Biology Ms. Haut.
![Page 1: History of Life on Earth Ch. 12 Biology Ms. Haut.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022070308/551bcf5b550346b9588b539a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
History of Life on Earth
Ch. 12
Biology
Ms. Haut
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How was the Earth Formed?
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According to the BIG BANG, the universe was created sometime between 10 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter and in all directions.
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The Origin of Life Began in Chemistry
• Spontaneous origin—molecules of nonliving matter reacted chemically to form many different simple, organic molecules
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Early Earth: Primordial Soup
• Ancient Atmospheric Gases—H2O, CH4 (methane), NH2 (ammonia)
• Additional gases (common emissions of modern volcanoes)—CO, CO2, N2, H2O vapor, H2S/FeS, HCN, H2
• Meteor bombardment
• Lightning, heat, and UV radiation served as energy sources
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Can organic compounds be generated under conditions similar to those that existed on primeval earth?
• Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1950s) designed an experiment that demonstrated the possibility that organic compounds could be generated.
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Electrical sparks simulate lightning
Condenser cools gases in a “rain”; compounds collect in an “ocean”
Early atmosphere of gases: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor
Found pyrimidines, purines, and amino acids
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Organic Chemicals Became Complex
• Many hypothesize that inorganic molecules formed RNA nucleotides
• Short chains of RNA nucleotides may have been the first self-replicating information-storage molecule (acting like enzymes)– Could have also catalyzed the assembly of the
first proteins
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First Genetic Material and Enzymes may both have been RNA
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Microspheres May Have Led to Cells
• Short chains of amino acids tend to gather into tiny vesicles called microspheres
• Other molecules of different types formed vesicles called coacervates
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microsphere Coacervates of lipid
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Prokaryotes are the Oldest Organisms
Microfossils
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Archaebacteria
• Thought to be closely related to the first bacteria
• Exist in harsh conditions (similar to early Earth)– Extreme heat– Lack of oxygen
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Photosynthetic Prokaryotes• Cyanobacteria—among the first to appear • Produced and released oxygen into the oceans• Changed the earth’s atmosphere
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Modern stromatolites in Shark Bay, Australia
Mats of photosynthetic organisms – cyanobacteria, algae and phototrophs
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Modern Microbialite domes similar to ancient reef structures
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First Eukaryotes: Endosymbiosis
• ~1.5 billion years ago• Protists
– Single cells; some cells sharing a symbiotic relationship with others
• Today’s eukaryotes contain mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Because these organelles have their own DNA, they may be descendants of symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria and cyanobacteria
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First Multicellular Organisms on Land
• Plants evolved from photosynthetic protists paired up with fungi
Plants could harvest sunlight to make food / fungi could harvest minerals from bare rock
Mycorrhizae
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Life Invaded Land
• With the development of photosynthetic bacteria came the development of an atmosphere containing oxygen
• UV radiation from the sun reacted with the oxygen to form the ozone layer around the earth– Protected organisms from destructive radiation,
allowing them to survive on the land
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Arthropods
• ~100 million years after plants/fungi covered the earth, animals could survive on land
• Arthropods are believed to be the first– Have hard outer skeleton and
jointed limbs– Lobsters, insects, crabs, spiders
• Specific traits allowed certain animals to survive and reproduce and pass on their genes
Eryon arctiformis
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Vertebrates
• Animals with backbones (endoskeletons)
• The first were jawless fishes (500 mya)
• 430 mya jawed fishes
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Vertebrates
• Amphibians –first vertebrates on land
• Had lungs, allowing them to absorb oxygen from the air
• Limbs believed to be derived from bones if fish fins
• Strong, flexible internal skeleton allowed animals to be much larger than insects
Plethodon glutinosus: Slimy Salamander
Lysorophid amphibian
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Vertebrates
• Reptiles –350 mya • Watertight skin protected
from dessication• Lay eggs with shells on
land• Better adapted to dry
climate
Iguana
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Vertebrates
• Birds
• Winged animals
• Can fly
• Hollow skeleton
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Evolution of Organisms
• Extinctions –death of a species– opens up niches for other species to become
more abundant
• Continental drift—movement of Earth’s land masses over geologic time– Contributed to geographic distribution of some
species• Marsupials in Australia and South America
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