History of Latin & English (Take notes! There’s space in your libellus)

History of Latin & English(Take notes! There’s space in your libellus)

I. Historical linguistics A. What is it?

History of Latin & English(there’s a place to take notes in your libellus)

I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change

over timeB. Early attempts



1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology?




Greek “etymon” = word “-logy” used in making new words from

Latin and Greek to mean “study of”





Latin and Greek to mean “study of” Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” ...





Latin and Greek to mean “study of” Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came

from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious)




Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came

from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious) because breezes at night caused illness

I. Historical linguistics B. Early attempts


Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came

from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious) because breezes at night caused illness 2. modern comparative method uses

evidence based on. . .

I. Historical linguistics B. Early attempts

2. modern comparative method uses evidence based on documents, inscriptions, and comparisons between languages

(some examples soon. . . )

C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike?

1. different answers in various cultures. A story in the Bible . . .


1. The Tower of Babel


1. The Tower of Babel2. Middle Ages /Renaissance ... was

Hebrew the origin of all other languages?


1. The Tower of Babel2. Middle Ages /Renaissance ... was

Hebrew the origin of all other languages?3. modern linguistic answer: Most

modern European and Indian languages come from a language we call Indo-European

Comparison of a few words in various Indo-European languages

Sanskrit Greek Latin Gothic English pita pater pater fadar father padam poda pedem fotu foot bhratar phrater frater brothar brother bharami phero fero baira bear jivah wiwos qius quick ('living') virah wir wair were(wolf) ('man')

tris tres thri three deka decem taihun ten

he-katon centum hund(rath) hundred

Gothic is an extinct Germanic language – the homeland of the Goths was probably an area now in southern Sweden

Regions where Indo-European languages are spoken (note that in many countries more than one

language is spoken, not all Indo-European)

Evolution of the alphabet

http://edsitement.neh.gov/alphabet-historic-evolving-alphabet




II. History of LatinA. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE


2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE(time when most famous literature & history

was written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid)


2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE(time when most famous literature & history was

written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid)3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE

(after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in provinces)


2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE(time when most famous literature & history was written

– authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid)3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE


4. Medieval Latin


2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE(time when most famous literature & history was written –

authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid)3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE


4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE (Latin learned in school; used and spread by the Church)

II. History of LatinA. Historical periods

3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE(after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in

provinces) 4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE 5. Renaissance / Humanistic Latin 1300-1500CE

(Latin learned in school; used as a common language by educated people esp. for writing)

II. History of LatinA. Historical periods 4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE 5. Renaissance / Humanistic Latin 1300-1500CE

(Latin learned in school; used as a common language by educated people especially for writing)

6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars)

II. History of Latin 6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars)

B. After breakup of Roman Empire1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages?

II. History of Latin6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars)

B. After breakup of Roman Empire1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages?

Spanish, French, Italian, also Romanian, Provencal, Catalan

II. History of LatinB. After breakup of Roman Empire1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages? Spanish, French, Italian, also Romanian, Provencal, Catalan

2. Dark Ages to Middle AgesLatin was not learned by babies from their

families; was learned in school since it was the common language of educated people throughout Europe. (used in universities, scientific, religious, and other academic writing)

II. History of Latin2. Dark Ages to Middle Ages

a. Latin was not learned by babies from their families;

b. was learned in school since it was the common language of educated people throughout Europe. (used in universities, scientific, religious, and other academic writing)3. Renaissance:Dante wrote first serious literary work not in Latin (Divine Comedy) though he also wrote in Latin.

(Before then, all serious literary works were written in Latin; Romance languages were not considered appropriate for serious writing)

II. History of Latin3. Renaissance:Dante wrote first serious literary work not in Latin (Divine Comedy) though he also wrote in Latin.

(Before then, all serious literary works were written in Latin; Romance languages were not considered appropriate for serious writing)

Humanists: scholars still wrote in Latin; 4. Nationalism (Renaissance and later)

People wanted to use their national languages; upsurge in national pride; less writing in Latin though still used in universities and the Church.

II. History of Latin4. Nationalism (Renaissance and later) People wanted to use their national languages; upsurge in national pride; less writing in Latin though still used in universities and the Church.

5. Later (Modern) Latina. Latin used in universities to the

1800’sb. studied today to read ancient writings,

learn about the ancient world

III. History of EnglishA. 43 CE-410 CE Roman occupation of Britain 1. Native language was Celtic 2. Only a few Latin words came into the language


B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE

1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language.




2. Most famous piece of writing in Old English?




2. Beowulf (see next slide)

Beowulf recitation

The Lord's Prayer Old English (c. 450-1100)This version of the Lord's Prayer probably isn't recognizable by the majority of modern English

speakers. 1000 AD is before the Norman invasion of England and therefore many of the words in Modern English that were taken from French are not yet present in the Language.

Line Original Translation [1] Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum, Father ours, thou that art in heaven, [2] Si þin nama gehalgod. Be thy name hallowed. [3] To becume þin rice, Come thy rich (kingdom), [4] gewurþe ðin willa, on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. Worth (manifest) thy will, on earth also as in heaven.[5] Urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg, Our daily loaf sell (give) us today, [6] and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum. and forgive us our guilts as also we forgive our guilty (lit. guiltants).[7] And ne gelæd þu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. And lead thou us not in temptation, but loose (release) us of evil. [8] Soþlice. Soothly.

III. History of EnglishB. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE


2. Most famous work: Beowulf3. 700’s CE – some written records

What period is Latin in at this point?



2. 700’s CE – some written records (Latin is in the Late Latin period)

3. 900’s CE – good written record of English(church, legal, political/government records; translations of lives of saints and other religious works) English had a good written record a couple of centuries before much of the rest of Europe.


3. 900’s CE – good written record of English(church, legal, political/government records; translations of lives of saints and other religious works) English had a good written record a couple of centuries before much of the rest of Europe. (because of that we have fossilized spellings like “knight” and “through”)

III. History of EnglishC. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE

1. What famous battle? What year?

III. History of EnglishB. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE

1. Battle of Hastings – William the Conqueror and the Norman French – 1066 AD/CE

2. Normans were lords in England for about two centuries; eventually they assimilated into the English people but many French words were borrowed into English.

3. Most famous author in Middle English period?

III. History of EnglishC. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE

1. Battle of Hastings – William the Conqueror and the Norman French – 1066 AD/CE

2. Normans were lords in England for about two centuries; eventually they assimilated into the English people but many French words were borrowed into English.

3. Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

III. History of English3. Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

III. History of English4. French vocabulary in English

Triplets: Anglo-Saxon Latin through LatinNorman French

swine pork porcine ox, cow beef bovine chicken poultry kingly royal regal

friendly amiable amicable

III. History of English4. French vocabulary in English

Latin-through-French words that replaced English words entirely:Anglo-Saxon Latin-through-French Latinearth-tilth agriculture (agricultura)unhope despair (desperare)unwisdom ignorance (ignorantia)aethel noble (nobilis) (name: Ethel)

III. History of EnglishD. Modern English

1. 1500 CE to present

III. History of EnglishC. Modern English

1. 1500 CE to present2. Shakespeare: yes, he wrote in Modern

English!



English!3. New English words are still often created

from Latin (& Greek) roots – e.g. computer (from computare, to reckon or calculate); television (Greek tele- and Latin vis-).



English!3. New English words are still often created

from Latin (& Greek) roots – e.g. computer (from computare, to reckon or calculate); television (Greek tele- and Latin vis-).

finis!

History of Latin & English (Take notes! There’s space in your libellus)

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