History of Forensic Science. Forensic Science Application of science to the criminal and civil laws...
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Transcript of History of Forensic Science. Forensic Science Application of science to the criminal and civil laws...
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History of Forensic Science
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Forensic Science
Application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system
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The first written account of using medicine and entomology to solve (separate) criminal cases
1235: Sung Tzu solved a murder by instructing all suspects to bring their sickles to one location. Flies, attracted by the smell of blood, eventually gathered on a single sickle. In light of this, the murderer confessed.The book also offered advice on how to distinguish between a drowning (water in the lungs) and strangulation (broken neck cartilage).
Noticed no ashes in corpse, used pigs and set up experiment
Yi Yu Ji (A collection of criminal
cases)
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1670First powerful microscope created by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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1784Lancaster, England, John Toms was tried and convicted for murdering Edward Culshaw with a pistol. When the dead body of Culshaw was examined, a pistol wad (crushed paper used to secure powder and balls in the muzzle) found in his head wound matched perfectly with a torn newspaper found in Toms' pocket.
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Father of toxicology
1814: Scientific paper on poison published by Matthieu Orfila of Spain
•the first person to systematise the study and classification of toxic substances when he found traces of poison in the liver of a dead dog.
•Father of Forensic Toxicology
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Identification of remains (odontology and anthropometry)
1879: System of measuring people by body measurements developed by Alphonse Bertillon of FranceKnown as Father of Criminal IdentificationMost accurate until 1900s when fingerprints are used
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1850s-60sCrime photography was established Used to record criminals and crime scenes
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Francis Henry GaltonFather of forensic fingerprint
identification1892: Published Fingerprints, which is used in the present day
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Calvin Goddard
1889: Bullets were matched to gun they were fired from, the start of ballistics
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Sherlock HolmesFictional character
Author: Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Used forensics to solve crimes before police did
Brought forensics to public
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Fingerprinting (cont’d)1902: First person was convicted on fingerprint evidence1903: NYC police began fingerprint files of arrested persons
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Who is the main suspect (s)?
Someone was attacked yesterday. There was a 7.7cm sized bruise on the victim’s face. There were 24cm sized shoe prints spaced 38cm apart. Who is your main suspect?
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1905
Theodore Roosevelt establishes FBI
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Albert S. Osborn 1910Established process for questioning authenticity of documentsWrote Questioned DocumentsStill used today
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Hans Gross 1893
Publishes “Criminal Investigation” Discusses all parts of criminalisticsStart of all forensic journals
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1910 – Edmond LocardMed and law school backgroundConvinced police department in england to give him two assistant and attic for forensic evidence analysisStarted 1st forensics labLater started 1st forensic university
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Locard’s exchange principle
When 2 objects come in contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs.
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Leone Lattes 1915
Discovered the blood group of a dried blood stain
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1923First crime lab established in conjunction with LA police by August Vollmer
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1930
FBI sets up national fingerprint file in US
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1950
American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) founded in ChicagoAlso introduction of computer chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectrophotometry
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1974Electron microscopy of gunshot residue starts
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1977Automated Fingerprint Identification System of computer scans introduced in FBI
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Walter C. McCrone
Became the premier microscopist in forensics careerTaught thousands his analytical study method
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1981
FBI opens “Forensic Science Research and Training Center”
Research new methodsTrain personnel
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1984
Sir Alec Jeffreys develops DNA profiling tests1986 – DNA used to convict Colin Pitchfork of 2 murders and establish innocence of another suspect.
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1986FBI starts databases on DNA, fingerprints, bullets, and shell casing
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More emphasis on the evidence
Constitutional right to counsel has limited confessionsSatellites allow for sharing of information butNO national systems of forensics labs.Increase in drug crimes
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1990s
Increase in DNA technologyIncrease in drug analysis outways DNA cases
FBI has largest crime lab in the worldDrug Enforcement Administration labsBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and FirearmsUS Postal Inspection Service
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Crime Labs
Some states have state crime labs and work with local crime labs to share info and complete testsNYC has the largest crime lab in the stateEngland and Canada have federal system of regional labs, that charge for services
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Parts to a Crime Lab1. Physical Science Unit
• Examine trace evidence back at lab, compare crime scene evidence, chemists, physicists, geologists
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2. Biology Unit
DNA profiling, compare wood and plants
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3. Firearms UnitDetect residue, casings, shells, and firearms
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4. Document Examination Unit
Determine authenticity of documents
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5. Photography Unit
Photograph scene, use infrared, UV, x-rays
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6. Toxicology UnitBodily fluids and organs for drugs and poisons
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7. Latent Fingerprint Unit
Process and examine evidence of fingerprints
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8. Polygraph UnitDetermine authenticity of witness testimony
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9. Voiceprint analysis Unit
Tying the voice to the culprit
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10. Crime-scene Investigation Unit
Collect and preserve evidence to be processed
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11. Forensic Psychiatry
Human behavior to test competency, disorders and for criminal profiling
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12. Forensic OdontologyDental evidence, bite marks
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13. Forensic EngineeringAccident reconstruction, cause and origin of fire/explosions
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14. Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis
Preserving digital information, cell phones, computers, etc.
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15. Forensic AnthropologyUsing skeletal remains to identify information of victim
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Scientific Method
1. Question: who committed the crime?
2. Hypothesis3. Experimentation4. If validated by experimentation, it
becomes scientific evidence
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What type of evidence is the strongest?
PhysicalEyewitness accounts and confessions can be misconstruded
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Determining admissibility of evidence
Must meet “Frye Standard”
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1923
Frye vs. United StatesEvidence must widely accepted by the scientific community to be used at trial
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1993
Daubert vs. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals
Decided it was the judge’s decision to ensure that the testimony is based on evidence and proper techniques
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Start of “Expert Testimony”
Someone who possesses a skill or knowledge not expected of the average layperson.Must ensure the testimony is impartial so as not to minimize significance of the analysis.