HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Unit 4

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Chapter 16

Primate Evolution

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16.1 Primates

Main Idea Primates share several behavioral &

biological characteristics indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor.

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16.2 Hominoids to Hominins

Main Idea Hominoids evolved into hominins likely

in response to climate changes of the Miocene.

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16.3 Human Ancestry

Main Idea Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo

is important if we are to understand humans, the only living species of Homo.

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Chapter 17

Organizing Life’s Diversity

Big Idea:Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.

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17.1 The History of Classification

Main Idea Biologists use a system of classification

to organize information about the diversity of living things.

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Early Systems of Classification Aristotle’s System (394-322B.C.)

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Early Systems of Classification Linnaeus’s

System (1707-1778)

Taxonomy

Binomial Nomenclature

Bird of prey

Wading bird

Perching bird

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Early Systems of Classification Binomial

Nomenclature

1. Genus name2. Species name

Cardinalis cardinalisC. cardinalis

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Early Systems of Classification Modern Classification Systems

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Taxonomic Categories

Ursus americanusAmerican black bear

Ursus thibetanusAsiatic black bear

Melursus ursinusSloth bear

Ursid

a

e

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Taxonomic Categories

Ursidae Ursus americanusAmerican black bear

Felidae Panthera LeoLion

Carnivora

Canidae Canis lupus Pitbull

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Taxonomic Categories

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Systematics Applications

Dichotomous Key

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17.1 Vocabulary

Binomial Nomenclature

Class

Classification

Division

Domain

Family

Genus

Kingdom

Order

Phylum

Taxon

Taxonomy

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17.1 Key Concepts

Aristotle developed the 1st widely accepted biological classification system

Linnaeus used morphology & behavior to classify plants & animals.

Binomial nomenclature uses Latin genus & specific name to give an organism a scientific name.

Organisms are classified according to a nested hierarchical system

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17.2 Modern Classification

Main Idea Classification systems have changed

over time as information has increased.

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Determining Species

Typological Species Concept

types that have characteristics or traits in common

Common Goldfish

Fancy Goldfish

different?

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Determining Species

Biological Species Concept Interbreed

Fertile Offspring Zorse = Sterile

Phylogenetic Species Concept Evolutionary History

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Determining Species

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Characters

Morphological Characters

Biochemical Characters

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Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Character Types Ancestral Derived

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Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Cladograms

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17.2 Vocabulary

Character

Cladistics

Cladogram

Molecular Clock

Phylogeny

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17.2 Key Concepts

The definition of species has changed over time.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species, evidence for which comes from a variety of studies.

A molecular clock uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny & rate of evolutionary change.

Cladistic analysis models evolutionary relationships based on sequencing derived characters.

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17.3 Domains & Kingdoms

Main Idea The most widely used biological

classification system has 6 kingdoms within 3 domains.

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Grouping Species

3 Domains Prokaryote versus Eukaryote

6 Kingdoms

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Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Algae, Protozoans, Euglenoids

Kingdom Fungi

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Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

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17.3 Vocabulary

Archaea

Eubacteria

Fungus

Protist

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17.3 Key Concepts

Domains Bacteria & Archaea contain prokaryotes.

Organisms are classified at the kingdom level based on cell type, structures, & nutrition.

Domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes.

Because viruses are not living, they are not included in the biological classification system.