History Grade 10 Notebox Exam Notes (2)
Transcript of History Grade 10 Notebox Exam Notes (2)
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[History10][ExamNotes]
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TableofContents
WorldWarOne........................................................................................................................4 Causes...................................................................................................................................................4LongTerm..........................................................................................................................................................4
Battles...................................................................................................................................................5SecondBattleofYpres.......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......5BattleoftheSomme(July1,1916)..........................................................................................................5 BattleofVimyRidge(April9,1917)......................................................................................................5 BattleofPasschendaele................................................................................................................................5 Canadas100Days..........................................................................................................................................6
CanadasResponseontheHomeFront.....................................................................................6FinancingtheWar...........................................................................................................................................6 Propaganda........................................................................................................................................................6WomensChangingRoles.............................................................................................................................6 WarMeasuresAct...........................................................................................................................................7Conscription......................................................................................................................................................7MilitaryServiceAct,1917......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .........7MilitaryVotersAct,1917.............................................................................................................................7
HalifaxExplosion..............................................................................................................................7LifeinTrenches.................................................................................................................................7
1920sand1930s.....................................................................................................................8 Prohibition..........................................................................................................................................8PersonsCase1927-1929...............................................................................................................9ResidentialSchools..........................................................................................................................9MackenzieKingandhisGovernment.........................................................................................9CanadasGrowingAutonomy........................................................................................................9
1930s.........................................................................................................................................10
CausesofGreatDepression........................................................................................................10Timeline............................................................................................................................................10ResponsetoGreatDepression...................................................................................................11Unions................................................................................................................................................11ReliefCampsOn-to-OttawaTrek...........................................................................................11
WW2..........................................................................................................................................12 Allies...................................................................................................................................................12Axis......................................................................................................................................................12Neutral...............................................................................................................................................12WhyWorldWar2aTotalWar...................................................................................................13Timeline............................................................................................................................................13SummaryofWar.............................................................................................................................13Stage119391941AxisVictories................................................................................................13
Stage21942 1944TheTideTurns..................................................................................14Stage319331945TheAlliedVictory.......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... .14
PolicyofAppeasement.................................................................................................................14Anschluss..........................................................................................................................................14HitlersPactwithRussia..............................................................................................................15Battles................................................................................................................................................15HitlerTurnsonRussia...............................................................................................................................15
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BattleofDunkirk..........................................................................................................................................15DisasteratDieppe........................................................................................................................................15D-Day.................................................................................................................................................................15HongKong.......................................................................................................................................................16BattleuptheBoot......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ...16
InternmentCamps.........................................................................................................................16WomansroleinMilitary.............................................................................................................16Holocaust..........................................................................................................................................16FinalSolution..................................................................................................................................17NuclearHiroshimaandNagasaki..........................................................................................17
PostWar...................................................................................................................................17 PierreTrudeau...............................................................................................................................17LesterB.Pearson............................................................................................................................17BrianMulroney...............................................................................................................................18ColdWar............................................................................................................................................18SuezCrisis.........................................................................................................................................18QuebecSovereignty.......................................................................................................................18
OctoberCrisis..................................................................................................................................19JohnDiefenbaker...........................................................................................................................19InternationalSecurityCanadasParticipation..................................................................19NORADNorthAmericanAerospaceDefenceCommand.........................................................20NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... .......... ......... ........20CanadaintheUN..........................................................................................................................................20Commonwealth.............................................................................................................................................20DARTTheCanadianForcesDisasterAssistanceResponseTeam.......................................20
CanadainUNPeacekeeping.......................................................................................................20NewFlag............................................................................................................................................21AboriginalsinCanada...................................................................................................................21
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WorldWarOne
Causes
LongTerm
Imperialismo GreatBritain:hadmanycolonies,wantedmoreo France:hadveryfewcolonies,wantedtoachievemajorpowero Germany:hadfewAfricancolonies,feltneedtoexpandandshow
powero Austria-Hungary:lastofoldempire,nocolonieso Russia:failedtosieveterritoryfromJapan,causedthemtobeeasily
provokedandangry
Militarismo GreatBritain:StrongestNavy(notlargest)o France:Largepopulationwithproudmilitary,leaderscorrupt,out-
datedequipment,weakNavyo Germany:lotsoffundingtomilitaryandtechnologydevelopment,
believedinuseofplanes,notafraidtostartwarso Austria-Hungary:weak,onlyfoughtsmallcountries,lacksconfidenceo Russia:largearmyhoweverlargecountryhardtoprotect,canonly
winwhennotdefending
Nationalismo GreatBritain:KingGeorgeIVruledcountrywithelectedgovernment,
believedtheywerethemostcivilizednationo France:Napoleoncontrolledwholecontinent,powerfadedFrance
losttoPrussiainFranco-Prussianwaro Germany:youngbutstrongcountry,desiredtoprovestrengthinwaro Austria-Hungary:tense/politicallydivided,proudandzealouso Russia:feltalienated,wantedtoprovesomething,largepopulation
andcountrymadethemfeelinvincible
Allianceso GreatBritain:strongtieswithGermany,risingpowerinGermany
meansBritainwaslikelytobecomeallieswithenemiesofGermanyo France:hardtimemakingallies,lookingforanybodyagainst
Germanyo Germany:AlliedwithItalyandAustro-HungarianEmpire,attempted
tokeepalliancesasecret,howeverthoughtofitasanotherwaytoproveitsstrength
o Austria-Hungary:avoidsconflictswithlargercountries,allywithGermany
o Russia:readytomakealliancewithanycountryagainstGermanybecauseitalienatedtheminEurope
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Battles
SecondBattleofYpres
Germansbeganusingchlorinegaso Troopsstartedusinggasmore,howeverineffectiveduetowindthat
pushedgasbackontothem
Canadacameasreinforcements,weresuccessfulinpushingGermansoutofYpres
6000Casualties
BattleoftheSomme(July1,1916)
AlliedartillerybombardedGermanline(45kmfront)beforethebattlebegan BritishCommanderwantedtodestroyGermantrenchesandbarbedwire
planfailedo ThereforewhenNewfoundlandregimentattackedBeaumont-Hamel,
theyfailedterriblyduetointactbarbedwireandGermansreadywithmachineguns
Alliedforcessuffered60000casualtiesonfirstattack,howeverHaig(BritishCommander)orderedanotherattack.
Alliessuffered650000casualtiestotal
BattleofVimyRidge(April9,1917)
Firsttime4Canadiandivisionsfoughtasone AllieslearnedfromBattleoftheSomme SoldiersshownmapsandaerialphotosofGermanlocations Tunnelswerebuilttomovetroopshalfwaywithoutdetection Machinegunscarriedbehindfirstwavetoholdcapturedpositions VictorygaveAlliesnewhope,gaveCanadamorecreditasapowerfuland
smartforce
BattleofPasschendaele
SymbolizespointlessnessofWW1forhistorians CanadiansorderedtotakePasschendaeleRidgeo ScoutssendreporttoGermans
Neithersidemadeprogressduetowetconditions 15000Canadiansdeadandwounded
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Canadas100Days
August8,1918toNovember11,1918 AlliedforcespushbackGermanline GermanyandAlliesdeclaredarmistice(truce)onNovember11,1918
ParisPeaceConference IncludedFrance,Britain,andtheUSA Canadawasallowedtosenddelegates,howeverhadnorealsayin
discussions ResultwasTreatyofVersailles
o Germanylostallofitscolonieso Newnationscreated:
Yugoslavia,Czechoslovakia,Finland,Latvia,Estonia,andLithuania
o MonetaryCompensation:Germanyrequiredtopayback$33Milliono Germanynotallowedtobuildbattleshipsover10,000tonsorany
othertanks,airplanes,andpoisongaso GermanyforcedtoacceptblameforstartingWar
CanadasResponseontheHomeFront
FinancingtheWar
Warcostalmost$1millionaday Governmentsoldvictorybonds
o Raisemoneyforwar,bondholderspromisedthatatendoffixedterm,theywillgettheirmoneybackwithinterest
o Firstsellingofbondsraised$100+Million IncomeTax1917
o GovernmenttookportionofCanadianmoneyearnedo Supposedtobetemporary,howevergovernmentdidntstop
Propaganda
Shapingpeoplebeliefsinanefforttoachieveacertaingoal Posterspromotedpatriotism,andencouragedpeopletojointhewar
o Alsopromotedhatredofenemy(Germany)WomensChangingRoles
Womenstartedtakingonjobsthatmenwoulddo(Farming,labour,andrunningbusinesses)
o Womenworkedforlessthanhalfofwhatmenearnedforthesamepositions
Womenwereonlyallowedtovotestarting(1917provincial)
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WarMeasuresAct
Gavegovernmentunlimitedpowerextendedtopolice(couldarrestanddetainwithoutcauseandwithouttrial)
EnemyAlienso Immigrantswhosebackgroundisfromenemynationswere
forcedtobearrestedandhadlessrightsmadetoworkhardlabour
Conscription
Lawrequiringallablebodiedmetoenlistinarmy
MilitaryServiceAct,1917
PushedbyPrimeMinisterRobertBorden VolunteersforwarweredownandBritainwasaskingformoresupport Wouldallowgovernmenttotakeanynecessaryactionswithoutavoteattheirdiscretion MainIssueQuebecopposedtheidea
o FrenchCanadiansfelttheywouldlosetheirrights
MilitaryVotersAct,1917
Allmembersofmilitaryhadrighttovoteoverseas,femalerelativesofmeninmilitarycouldalsovote
Aboriginalwoman,enemyaliens,andpeopleopposedtothewarcouldntvote
PrimeMinisterRobertBordenExemptedFarmerssonsfromconscription Mostwomancouldvoteby1918
HalifaxExplosion
December6,1917 FrenchmunitionsshipcollidedwithBelgianandcaughtfire Largestnon-atomicexplosioninhistory 1600killed,9000injured PeoplefeareditmayberesultofGermanattackortheworkofspies
LifeinTrenches
Miserableanddangerous Soldiersenduredcold,heat,orconstantrainandmud Uniformswerefilthyandinfestedwithlice
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Ratseverywhere Diseasessuchastrenchfoot-rottedthefleshofthefeet,causedbystanding
inmudandwater,footandlegmightneedtobeamputated
Mightbesurpriseraidorall-outattackatanytime Troopswerenotsafebetweenbattles Sniperstriedtoshootenemysoldiers Armytriedtolobshellsandgrenadesintootherstrenches
1920sand1930sAssimilation:Theideathatminoritygroupsshouldbeforcedtoadoptthevalues,
beliefs,customs,andlanguagesofthemajorityculture.Tariffs:DutyortaximposedbyagovernmentonimportsandorexportsRumRunner:Apersonwhosmuggledalcoholinthe1920sand1930sBootlegger:SomeonewhomakesorsellsillegalliquorTeetotaler:someonewhodoesnotconsumealcoholSpeakeasy:illicitliquorstoreornightclub
Inflation:AconstantincreaseinthepriceofconsumergoodsthatusuallydecreasesthepurchasingpowerofmoneySuffrage:campaignfortherighttovote
Prohibition
Lawsagainstmakingandsellingliquoro CreatedbecauseAlcoholwascausingsocialproblems:poverty,crime,
familyviolenceetc.o Whenmenstoppedspendingmoneyonalcohol,theycanfocuson
theirfamilieso InstatedundertheWarMeasuresAct
CanadawasabletosellalcoholtotheUSA WomensChristianTemperanceUnion
o LedbyNellieMcClungandLouiseMcKinneyadvocatedforprohibition
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In1921prohibitionwasreplacedwithgovernment-controlledliquorsalesduetoloseofalcoholtaxes
PersonsCase1927-1929
AllowedwomentobeconsideredPersonsandbeappointedtotheSenateofCanada August27,1927theFamousFivepetitionedthegovernmentaskingthe
SupremeCourttoexaminethewordPersonsintheBritishNorthAmericaActtodeterminewhetherornotitincludedfemalepersons
Supremecourtdecidedthatitonlyincludedmen IssuewastakentotheJudicialCommitteeofEnglandsPrivyCouncil
o ConcludedthatpersonsincludedMenandWomen Thisfamouscaseledtomorerightsandincreasedopportunitiesforwomen
intheworkforce,government,andingeneral CairineWilsonbecamefirstfemaleadmittedtotheCanadianSenate
ResidentialSchools
NativeChildrensentChristianresidentialschoolswherefamiliesnotallowedtovisit
o Physically,emotionally,andsexuallyabusedo Englishwasforcedaslanguageofexpressiono Taughttobeashamedoftheirpasto Suppressionofdancing
MackenzieKingandhisGovernment
PrimeMinisterduring1920sand1930s StoodforunityamongCanadians LeaderofLiberalparty Promisednoconscription,butcalledforplebiscite Supportedfreetrade Favouredprotectionism,loweringtariffsenoughtokeepinternationaltrade,
buthowenoughtonotangerindustrialists
CanadasGrowingAutonomy
ChanakCrisis,1922o GreatBritainasksCanadatohelpwiththecrisisinTurkeybysending
troopso P.M.Kingrefuses,tellsBritainthattheycannolongerexpectCanada
tosupportthem
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Parliamentwouldnowdecidewhentosendtroops HalibutTreaty,1923
o CanadasignstreatywithUSAforfishingrights,doesntincludeGreatBritain
King-Byngaffair,1925o OutcomeofthecrisisisthattheroleoftheGovernor-GeneralisgreatlyreducedinCanada
StatueofWestminster,1932o Canadagainscompletecontrolofalllaw-makinginCanadao ConsideredequaltoGreatBritain
SuezCrisis,1956o CanadadoesnotworkwithGreatBritaintoattackEgypto CreatesitsownplanandLesterB.Pearsoncomesupwithasolution
tosavethesituationandendtheCrisis
1930s
CausesofGreatDepression
Lossofjobs Inabilitytopaybackloans StockMarketCrash BankFailures ReductioninPurchasing DroughtConditionsmadecropsnotgrowdecreasingrevenueforfarmers
In1929depressionstartedo Peoplestartedlosingjobsandthereforecouldntpaydebts
ImportersandExportersAffected October4,1929TSXlost$200Millioninvalue October18,1929TSXfell$1Millionaminute
Timeline
AusterityEconomicRecession(19191924)o
Causes EndofWW1 NoJobs LowWages
o Characteristics Peoplesavingmoney NoHiring
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ProsperityEconomicRecovery(19241929)o Causes
Growthinautoindustry Growthinconstructionindustry Newproductsmanufactured
o Characteristics Riseofconsumerism Peoplebuyingoncredit Borrowingmoney
Depression-EconomicDepression(19291939)o Causes
Notabletopaybackmoney LowdemandonCanadianproducts Fallingpriceofwheat
o Characteristics Stockmarketcrash Highunemployment Hardtostartnewbusiness
ResponsetoGreatDepression
PrimeMinisterMackenzieKingo Believedstockmarketcrashwastemporaryo SaidLiberalgovernmentwouldn'thelpoutprovincialgovernmentso R.B.BennettaccusedKingofbeingunwillingandunabletodealwith
depression
PrimeMinisterBennetto Promisedtofixunemploymento WasP.M.fortheworstyearsofdepressiono IncreasedtariffstoprotectCanadianmanufacturerso Canadianexportersofresourceswereunabletoselltheirproducts
duetoUSandBritainincreasingtariffsaswell
Unions
OneBigUniono SmallerUnionsunitedtoformonebiguniono Madeupoflabourworkerso Fightingforbetterworkingconditionso Eliminatelargedividesbetweenwageearnerso Usedstrikestoachievetheirgoals
ReliefCampsOn-to-OttawaTrek
Thedepressioncausedmanypeopletolosetheirjobs Governmentcreatedreliefcampstokeepthejoblesspeopleoffthestreets
o Reliefcampshadhorribleconditionso Dutiesincludedclearingtrees,buildingroads,etc.
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o Nobodylikedthem AsaresultallthementravelledtowardsOttawatovoicetheirconcernsto
P.M.Bennetto MenpreparedinVancouver,gatheringfoodandrallyingo BennettstoppedtheriotersinRegina,SKandmettrekleadersin
Ottawao ThemeetinginOttawadidntleadtoanythingandBennettconcluded
thatthecampswerefineforworkers
WW2
Allies
Canada France Britain USSR USA
Axis
Germany Italy Austria-Hungary Japan
Neutral
Spain Portugal Switzerland Sweden Turkey Greece
IdeologiesFascism:ledbyadictatorhavingcompletepower,suppressesoppositionandemphasizesaggressivenationalismandoftenracismCommunism:holdingallpropertyincommon,ownershipascribedtothewholeortothestateTotalitarianism:Governmentledbydictator,doesntacceptotheropinions,
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exercisesdictatorstylecontrolovermanyaspectsoflifeDemocracy:Governmentrunbypeopleelectedbythenation.Decisionsaremadeasagroupandeverybodyhasrightsandresponsibilities.
WhyWorldWar2aTotalWar
Waronallfronts Everycountrywaseitheratwar,insupport,oroccupied Civiliansandsoldierswereinvolved Waroftechnologybiggestandbestweapons Waratallcosts Warfortotaldomination
Timeline
1919:TreatyofVersailles
1933:HitlergainscontrolofGermanparliament
1936:GermantroopsintotheRhineland
March1938:HitlerinvadesAustriaSeptember1938:Munichagreement[BroughtapartofCzechoslovakiaslandto
German(asmallpartnearGermany)]March1939:HitleroccupiesCzechoslovakiaAugust1939:GermanysignspactwithSovietUnionSeptember1,1939:GermanyinvadesPolandSeptember3,1939:BritainandFrancedeclarewaronGermanySeptember10,1939:Canadadeclareswar(SeparatefromBritaintoshowindependence)
SummaryofWar
Stage11939 1941AxisVictories AlliedappeasementtoAxisaggression
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GermanBlitzkriegleadstoquickfallofWesternEuropeo Manystrongattacks(Bombingsespecially)lightningwar
GermanyandJapanarewinningthewar EasternEuropeandSoutheastAsiafalltotheAxis DuetoirrationalhatredforSlavicpeople,HitlerinvadesUSSR JapanattacksUSAatPearlHarbourbringingtheUSAintothewaragainst
Axis
By1941USAandUSSRenterwarontheAlliedside
Stage21942 1944TheTideTurns
GermanysuffersfirstmajordefeatinNorthAfrica BigThree(USA,USSR,andGreatBritain)coordinatewareffortinattemptto
openasecondfrontinEuropetakingpressureofftheeasternfront
CanadasuffersheavylossesatDieppeinafailedinvasionofNorthwestFrance
JapansufferslossestotheAmericannavyinthePacificwaratMidwayandCorelSea
Stage31933 1945TheAlliedVictory CanadaandAlliescontinuetheirassaultinItaly D-DayandinvasionofWesternEuropetakesplaceonJune4th,1944the
Beginningoftheend
IntenseaircampaignagainstGermanyresultsinincrediblelosses,mostlycivilian
HolocaustintensifiesandbecomesknowntoAllies GermanyisoverrunbytheAlliesGermanysurrendersunconditionally USAdecidestodrop2atomicbombsonJapan,endingWW2
PolicyofAppeasement
GrantingconcessionsinordertomaintainpeaceBasicallygivinglandtoacountrytokeepthemhappyandnotstartwar
WesternleadersusedthepolicywithGermanywhentheNazisbeganmakingterritorialclaims
ThischangedwhenHitlerdecidedtoinvadePolandinSeptember1939
Anschluss
LettersbetweenHitlerandKurt(PresidentofAustria)aboutwarandwhatcouldhappen(DestructionandHavoc)ifAustriadoesntteamupwithGermany
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ResultwasthatGermanyandAustriaunitedwhichwasagainsttheTreatyofVersailles
HitlersPactwithRussia
HitlerhadmadeapactwithRussiathattheydontattackGermany ProtectedGermanyfromanattackfromtheEast
Battles
HitlerTurnsonRussia
June22,1941:HitlerattacksRussiawith3milliontroops,confirmingJosephStalinssuspicions
BattleofDunkirk
800boatssavedAlliedtroopsforthebeachandferriedthembacktosafetyacrossthechannel
o ThiscameatatimewhereGermanywasdecidingwhethertoattackwithairorlandarmy
ShortlyafterDunkirk,HitlerinvadedFrancegivinghimalmostfullcontrolofwesternEurope
o ThisallowedhimtofocusonBritainnext
DisasteratDieppe
Summerof1942,SovietsurgedAlliestoattackfromWesternEurope Allieswerentprepared,howeverwantedtotestoutnewweaponsand
gatherintelligence
Missionwasspearheadedby2ndCanadianinfantry-failurefromthebeginning
ShipwasspottedbyaGermanshipandstartedtobomballies10minutesbeforetheylandedonshore
907killed,587wounded DieppewasthegreatestsacrificeofCanadianlivesduringwar
D-Day
Allieslearnedtheelementofsurpriseo Madeitlookliketherewasanattackcomingfromtheeast,however
theyreallywereattackingfromthefarwest Plannedfor5years 150,000AlliedtroopswereferriedacrossthechanneltoNormandy 14000CanadiansassignedtoJunoBeach
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o FoughtthroughGermandefencespenetratedfartherthananyotheralliedforce
HongKong
8HoursafterPearlHarbour,CanadiansoldiersjoinedalliestoattackJapan
Japancapturedtheairport,airsupportwasstopped Allieslost Canadiansweresenttoprisoner-of-war-camps
BattleuptheBoot
BenitoMussolini(ItalianDictator)overthrown ItalysurrenderedtoAllies Germanarmytookover
o AlliesfaceddifficultiesmovingupItalyduetoGermanoccupation
InternmentCamps
CanadausedWarMeasuresacttocreateinternmentandprisonerofwarcamps
Capturedenemysoldiersandmerchantsoldiers AfterPearlHarbour,CanadatookmanyinnocentJapaneseCanadiansand
consideredthemthreatso AlthoughtheRCMPrecognizedthemasharmless,thegovernment
sentthemtointernmentcampsanddeprivedthemoftheirrightso Canadaapologizedin1988andpaid$12millioninremuneration
WomansroleinMilitary
45000womanenlistedintheMilitary Tookonroleslike:
o MedicalCorpso Army(WomensDivision)o Navy(WomensDivision)o AirForce(WomensDivision)
Bytheendofthewar30000workedintheaircraftindustryo 373000wereworkinginmunitions
Holocaust
Meansgreatdestruction DeliberatemurderofmillionsofEuropeans
o SpecificallyJews,disabledpeople,gays,andpeoplewhoHitlerdefinedasUnfavourable
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FinalSolution
AfterBattleofNormandy,Germanystartedlosingpowerandoccupancy GermanyunconditionallysurrenderedtoWesternAlliesonMay7th,1945
andtotheSovietUniononMay8th,1945
NuclearHiroshimaandNagasaki
In1950s,CanadawasamiddlepowerasitproveditselfduringWW2 Didnthavealargemilitary,howevergainedinfluenceonthecountriesthat
didandthiswaskeyduringtheColdwar
September23,1949theSovietUnionannouncedthattheyexplodedtheirfirstatomicbomb2monthsearlier
Asadefence,manywesternEuropeancountriespiledupbombstotrytoachieveMutualDeterrence
o Theideathathavingalotofstockpilesofbombswouldcreateapeacefulstablesituation
CanadaassistedwiththedesignoftheAtomicBomb(withUSAandUK)
August6,1951:Hiroshimabombing August9,1951:Nagasakibombing August10,1951Japanesegovernmentsuedforpeace
PostWar
PierreTrudeau
ElectedPrimeMinisterin1958 Introducedmulticulturalism Changedimmigrationpatterns InstatedOfficialLanguagesactMakingEnglishandFrenchofficial
languagesofCanada
CreatedaconstitutionthatmadeallprovincescontentExceptQuebec ReducedhostilitybetweenUSandUSSR
LesterB.Pearson
MajorplayerintheSuezCrisis(SeeSuezCrisis) WonNobelPrizeforaccomplishmentsinEgypt ElectedasPrimeMinisterin1963 AdvocateforWorldPeace
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BrianMulroney
PlayedlargeroleintryingtobringQuebecintotheConstitution IntroducedMeechandCharlottetownaccords(rejected) IntroducedCanada-USFreeTradeAgreement IntroducedGoodsandServicesTax
ColdWar
ConflictbetweenUSandUSSR Bothcountriesarmedwithnuclearweapons Bothcountriescouldequallyretaliatecausingmassdestruction Nowarwasfoughtbetweenthem,howevertherewasaconstantthreat
o USandUSSRusedeconomicandpoliticalmeasurestofightinsteadofmilitaryaggression
SuezCrisis
GamalAbdelNassernationalizedtheSuezCanalAmajortraderouteforFranceandBritain
FranceandBritainwereangeredanddecidedtoattackEgyptalongwithIsraeltoregaincontroloftheSuez
CanadaassistedtheUNsecuritycounciltogenerateasolutiono LesterB.PearsonproposedaneutralUNmilitaryforcethatwould
createpeaceintheareao ThiswaslaterknownasUNpeacekeepingandpositionedCanadaina
peacekeepingpositiono Canadahasbeeninvolvedinallpeacekeepingmissionssince
QuebecSovereignty
InhistoryQuebechasattemptedseveraltimestobecomeitsownidentity ThefirstattemptwastheMeechLakeAccord-1987to1990
o BrianMulroneyattemptedtobringQuebecintotheconstitutiono Inthissituation,Quebecwouldbecomeadistinctsocietygiving
themmorepoweronwhatgoesonintheprovinceo AllprovincesalsoreceivedagreatersayinnominatingSenators,
SupremeCourtjudges,therighttooptoutofnationalsocialprogramsandsharedcontroloverimmigration
o Whyitfailed: 56%ofCanadiansopposedthedistinctsocietyclausebecause
itmaygivetoomuchpowertoQuebec
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AboriginalsarguedthattheyshouldreceivedistinctstatusifQuebecreceiveditawell
NationalActionCommitteeontheStatusofWomanfearedthatQuebecwouldusedistinctstatustooverridewomansrights
InlastdaysbeforedeadlineClydeWells(PremierofNewfoundland)andElijahHarper(AboriginalMemberofLegislativeAssembly)
SecondattemptwastheCharlottetownAccord-1992o BrianMulroneyproposedaconstitutionthatrecognizesaboriginal
peoplesrightstoselfgovernment,electedsenatewithequalnumberofsenatorsfromeachprovincewithareservednumberforaboriginals
o FatedeterminedbyNationalreferendum 54%ofCanadiansrejectedtheAccordsoitfailed
TheQuebecoisstartedtheBlocQuebecoiswhichisdedicatedtoQuebecSovereignty
o In1995theBlocQuebecoispromisedsovereigntyreferendum.VictorywasforCanadaastherewasaslightwinforQuebectojointhereferendum
OctoberCrisis
In1970,seriesofkidnappingsincludingJamesGreenandPierreLaportebyFLQFrontdeLibrationduQubec
PierreTrudeaurefusedtonegotiatewiththeterroristsandenactedtheWarMeasuresacttoprotectpoliticiansinCanada
JohnDiefenbaker
PrimeMinisterduringColdWar FromGermanDescent BroughtfirstChinesememberofparliament,firstUkrainianMinisterof
Labour,andfirstwomancabinetminister
BroughtstrongQuebecsupporttoconservativeparty PassedCanadianBillofRights(1960)ledtoCanadianCharterofRightsand
Freedoms CancelledAvroArrowCausedhimtolosepopularityandbevotedout
InternationalSecurityCanadasParticipation
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NORADNorthAmericanAerospaceDefenceCommand
MaingoaltoprotectNorthAmericanairspacefromRussianbombs CanadaisrightbetweenRussiaandtheUSA,thereforebyteamingupwith
Canada,bothUSAandCanadareceiveprotectionfromnuclearbombs. NowNORADfocusesondrugtraffickingandterroristprotections
NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
Formedin1949afterColdWar Attackononecountrywasconsideredanattackonallofthem(Canada,USA,
andmanyEuropeanCountries)includedHungaryandCzechRepubliclateron
NATOtookcontrolofAfghanistanmissionin2003
CanadaintheUN
Foundingmember Drivingforcebehind1stWorldSummitforChildren
Commonwealth
Membersince1931 Membersworktogethertopromotetradeandeconomic/socialdevelopment Promotepeace,equalrights,andruleoflaw
DARTTheCanadianForcesDisasterAssistanceResponseTeam
Providesrapidmilitaryneedsinplacesinneedofhelp
Includes200skilledandtrainedCanadianforces HelpedHonduransrecoverfromhurricanein1998 HelpedTurkeyafter1999earthquake HelpedSriLankaafter2004Tsunami
CanadainUNPeacekeeping
SuezCrisis(seeabove) Rwanda
o 1933,2500UNpeacekeepers(including400Canadians)o 2maingroupsTutsisandHutuso In100days,Rwandanpresidentdied,800,000killed,90%Tutsiso Consideredafailure,RomeoDallairewarnedUNhowevertheydidnot
assist Yugoslavia
o AfterleaderofYugoslavia(JosephTito)died,manysmallergroups(whichlaterbecamecountries)startedtofightforindependence
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o OvertimedifferentcountriesgainedindependenceBosnia,Croatia,Macedonia
o UNNegotiatedceasefiressothatUNPeacekeeperscouldhelprefugeeso CommanderMacKenzieblamedUNfornotproperlyunderstanding
theprobleminYugoslaviaandsendingpeacekeeperstoamission
boundtofail Afghanistan
o 2001-2010o Stabilizeacountryemergingfromyearsofcivilwaro KeepingAfghanistansafeandrebuildingito LeadinsecuringKandaharprovinceo MaintainpeaceandorderbybuildingcapacityofAfghanNational
ArmyandPolice
NewFlag
Pearsonwantednewflagin1964 CanadiansfeltPearsonwassidingwiththeQuebecoisbecausetheywanted
togetridoftheUnionJack
ResultisthecurrentCanadianflag
AboriginalsinCanada
Beginningof1890s,CanadainstitutedprogramsaimedtoreconfigurefabricofNativelife
ResidentialSchools:o NativeChildrensentChristianresidentialschoolswherefamiliesnot
allowedtovisito Englishwasforcedaslanguageofexpressiono Taughttobeashamedoftheirpasto Suppressionofdancing
Reserves:o Povertyo HighAlcoholismo SuicideRates
LeagueofIndiansofCanadao Nativesresistedassimilationbycreatingnationalpoliticalleaguesand
newformsofculturalexpressioninart,literature,andeducationo FredrickOgilvieloftestablishedleaguein1918o Primaryconcernwaseducationo LoftsentlettersonbehalfofIndianstopoliticalofficialso Stoppedin1934