History - Combined (Chapter 1-28)

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CHAPTER 1: THE SETTING

THE PEOPLE

-A Filipino is basically a Malay.

COMMON TRAITSHospitality - makes life worth living for you.

Close family ties -father is the head of thefamily.-the mother governs.-the grandparents’ opinions and decisions are

the most sought.-the tyranny of the elders has remainedbasically the same.

Respect for elders - the filipino parent exercisealmost absolute powers.-the elders believe and demand that they mustbe obeyed- whether right or wrong.-Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom.-the closeness of the family ties, the collectiveresponsibility, accounts for late development ofFilipino nationalism.

Fatalistic - he believes that whatever happensto him is a work of fate.-“bahala na” - such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense ofresignation.-bahala na attitude prevents him from being acrackpot.

Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishmentthat can be meted out to a person whobetrayed his friend.

Sensitive- the “Anglo Saxon” frankness is

something the Filipino seldom appreciates.-He would not tolerate anyone berating hiscountryman.

Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of thetropical climate.-also because of abundance of Nature.

Lack of Iniative- explained by filipino’s fear of

competition.-filipinos are cooperative, not competitive.- the segurista attitude of Filipinos.

Curious- tainted with sympathy.-filipinos are solicitous. They offer unsolicited

help.

Individualistic

Jealousy- A Filipino requires complete faith andloyalty of his wife or sweetheart. YUN OHHH!XD <3-blood is required to wash his stain of honor.

Regionalistic- lalo na kapag political situations.

-Tagalogs are the least, if, all, regionalistic.-Thye Filipino region looks down upon hiscountryman of another region.-influenced by the “divide and conquer” ofSpain.

Pakikisama - most discussed trait.-nagbago na ang meaning as time pass by.-mabuting pakikisama= stealing at government.-masamang pakikisama= too honest.

REGIONAL TRAITS

- Poor isolated regions are frugal andindustrious.

- More opulent areas are known for theircareless abandon and love for finer things.

Ilocano- also called as Samtoy.-adventurous, industrious, hardy, patient,

frugal.-carves fortune and most of his timesucceeds.- not born humorist. Serious.-epic type sa writings.-elephantine.-most regionalistic.

Tagalog - feeling superior



-ethics are strict, pride is fierce.-strongest tendency to live with his parentseven after marriage.-lyrical in writing.- a dreamer.

Bicolano- calm temper and is religious.

Visayan - happy go lucky.-spendthrift.-afflicted with wanderlust.-hedonist.-more in music.

Muslim - fiercest lover of freedom.

CHAPTER 2: BEFORE THE CONQUEST

- Philippines was part of mainland China dawnung Pleistocene or Ice Age.

- Dr Fritjof Voss : Philippines was never amainland of Asia but it rose from thebottom of the sea.

- H. Otley Beyer - Malays migrated to thePhils.

- Landa Jocano - fossil evidences are found inPhils. Tabon cave in Palawan etc..

- Mudum founded Islam in Malaysia.- Serif Kabungsuan spreaded Islam in

Mindanao. First sultan of Mindanao.- Orang Dampuan , or the Men form Champa,

established trading posts in Sulu,resulting toflourishing trade between Sulu andSouthern Annam.

- Ming emperor Yung Lo sent a large fleetconsisting of more than sixty vessels undercommand of Admiral Cheng Ho.

- The Ten Bornean Datus, reached Panay,which was inhabited by Atis, to buy landwhere their families could settle peacefully.

- The Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw - by thirrdchief of Panay, Datu Kalantiyaw.

- China influences Filipino life were mainlyeconomic .

- Indian influences were mainly reflected onPhilippine languages .

Chapter 3 - EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES

[CULTURE CLOSE TO MALAYS]CLOTHING

- Male – KANGGAN – upper, black or blue collarless jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG – strip of cloth;thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG – cloth wrappedaround the head.

- Woman – BARO/CAMISA – jacket with sleeves. SAYA – by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG – by the Visayas.TAPIS – cloth wrapped around the waist.

ORNAMENTS – Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, goldornaments, and tatoos.Pintados – the Visayans or ‘tattooed people’ called

by the early Spanish writers

HOUSESBarrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bambooand nipa-palm leaves)

- Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – houseson tree tops

- Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) – houses on boats

SOCIAL CLASSES3 Classes of the Philippine Society:1. Nobles – cheifs and their families, tremendous

influence. In the Taglog region they are are calledGAT of LAKAN.

2. Mahadlika/Freeman – dependents who earnedfreedom.

3. Alipin/Dependents – acquired his status by

inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay hisdebts, by purchase, or by commiting crime. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – has own family andhouse, helps his master. ALIPING SAGIGILID – no property of his own, livedwith his master, cannot marry without master’s

consent.VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so)TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-daywork)



POSITION OF WOMEN- Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property,

engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay inthe absence of a male heir, right to give names totheir children.

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

- No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, andwedding festival

- BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents- PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mother’s nocturnal

efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.- BIGAY-SUSO girl’s wet nurse who fed her during her

infancy with her own milk.- HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in

feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents- SAMBON bribe to be given to the girl’s relatives;

from the Zamblas- PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship

immediately before the marriage(Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39)

- PEGKAWIGwedding festival; six days of festivity;seventh night is when the groom spends the nightwith his bride

- HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple

MIXED MARRIAGES

- If a couple belonged to different classes, they woulddivide their children in so far as social status wasconcerned

INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION- The legitimate children automatically inherits the

property of their parents. - Property was divided among the children (favoritism

may occur) - The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed

his father, if he died without leaving an heir thesecond son will follow.

- In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter willbecame chiefcaptain.

GOVERNMENT- BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat)

- Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge andsupreme commander in time of war)

- Consisted from 30-100 families

- BUWIS or tributes paid to the chieftain; crops

- SANGDUGUAN/blood compact, a treaty of friendshipand alliance; “blood -brothers”

- VENGEANCE motive power that drove the men ofthe barangays to cut each other’s throat.

LAWS- Customary laws handed down orally from

generation to another and consisted the bulk of thelaws of the barangay

- Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders;Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws

- Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine- Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small

fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for anumber of hours

HOW A LAW WAS MADE- ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains

decisions; the jury - UMALOHOKANor public announcer; announcer of

new rules and regulations; carries a bell to callattention

JUDICIAL PROCESS- Trials were held publicly and decisions were

rendered promptly

TRIAL BY ORDEAL- Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel

with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scaldedhand=guilty

- Lighted candles; fire out=guilty- Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the

surface first=guilty- Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out;

thick saliva=guilty

IFUGAOS- BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty- ALAW/combat;loser=guilty

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS- Immortality of the soul and life after death- BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity- BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of

the earth and man



Deities:Idiyanale - agricultureSidapa – deathBalangaw – rainbowMandarangan – warAgni – fireMagwayen – other world

Lalahon – harvestSiginarugan – hellDiyan Masalanta – love

- Importance of the relationship between man andthe object of Nature

- Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan) - Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses

BURIAL- MOROTAL mourning for a woman

- MAGLAHI mourning for a man- LARAWmourning for a dead chief- SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables- BALATAor avenging the death of a relative from an

act of foul play or battle- PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person- TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead- TIBAW the play so staged

DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS

- Interpreted signs in NatureBeings:

- PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody whocared to know beforehand what the days aheadhad in store for him

- ASUWANG or poltergeist (European)- MANGKUKULAMpricking an image of a man in any

part of the anatomy- MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he

wanted to destroy

- TIYANAKsucking blood from unborn babies- TIKBALANGmisleads travelers by shifting its own

formCharms:

Anting-anting/agimat – insured against dangersGayuma – makes a man lovable to all the ladiesOdom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) – makes a Bicolanoinvisible

Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) – walk in astorm or swim in a river without getting wetTagahupa – the unfortunate drinker will be avassal to the man with the magic potion

ECONOMIC LIFE- AGRICULTUREis the main source of livelihood

- Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage - Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam,

Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and otherislands of the old Malaysia.

- Barter System was used- Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs

Chapter 4 – PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE

LANGUAGES- 8 major languages; Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,

Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao

SYSTEM OF WRITING- TAGALOG has four qualities of the four greatest

languages of the world; Hebrew, Greek, Latin,and Spanish.

- Ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves

and bamboo tubes, using their knives, daggers,pointed sticks or iron as pens

LITERATURE- Floating or oral literature and written literature.- Examples: sabi, sawikain, bugtong, suliranin and

indulanin, talindaw, diyuma,kumintang,tagumpay,hiliraw,uyayi and hele

MUSIC and DANCE

- Filipinos are born musicians, for they easilylearn tunes by ear

- KUDYAPI small guitar; symbol of poetry- Numerous musical instruments, songs, and

dances around the country(pp.62-64)

ART



- First glimpse of artistic sense are through toolsand weapons

- Zizag designs on combs, rough jewalries orweapons before now smoothened,embroidered garments

- Basketry, weaving, metal work, wood carving,wood painting, multi-colored paintings by the

Lanao Muslims-

Chapter 5 – UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN

GOSPEL – spreading of the Catholic religion GOLD – economic ideals, riches, spices, minerals GLORY- to be known throughout the world; strongcountry, more territories

Maritime discovery of the Philippines, (1) byPortugal (2) by Spain

EAST MEETS WEST- Food more palatable; search for spices: pepper,

cinnamon, cloves,nutmeg and ginger- Black pepper (very expensive) = buy land, pay

taxes, liberate a city, pay dowries-

The POPE, only known power in Europeanrelations

LUISTANIAN-HISPANIC RIVALRY IN MARITIMEDISCOVERIES

- PORTUGAL was the first country to useinnovation in seamanship and boatbuilding withthe eastablishment by HENRY ‘THE NAVIGATOR’ of the first navigational school in the globe atSAGRES POINT in 1419

- Paolo Toscanelli a Florentine mapmaker - Christopher Columbus wanted to discover

westward sea route to India; his voyagegenerated misapprehension and disputebetween Spain and Portugal.

- King John (OF Portugal) protested thatColumbus’ voyage was an incursion by Spain ohhis sphere of influence

- Pope Alexander VI mediated between Spain andPortugal

- INTER CAETERA and EXIMIAE DEVOTIONISgiving Spain the right over any lands newly-discovered by Columbus equivalent to thePortuguese territories; the Portuguese did notagree and worked on its revision.

THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION(1518-1521)- RUY FALEIRO a brilliant cosmographer that

egged to serve Spain as he was then not in thegood graces of Lisbon court

- FERDINAND MAGELLAN received royalinstruction to sail directly to the Maluku and tobring back a cargo of the priceless spices; fiveantiquated shipes and with a crew of 235 men

- MARCH 17, 1521 Magellan reached thePhilippines

- APRIL 1521 Magellan was defeated and killed inbattle in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,the chieftans of Mactan

- VICTORIA the only ship that completed thevoyage back to Spain in 1522, led by JUANSEBASTIAN DEL CANO; 18 Europeans and 4Malays survived

MALUKU and the PHILIPPINES- Three Spanish expeditions that followed

Magellan’s; Saavedra (1527), Villalobos(1541 -46), Legazpi(1564)

- Seven ships, with a crew of 450 under the jointcommand of GARCIA JOFRE DE LOAISA andJUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; the twocommanders died and was replaced byHERNANDO DE LA TORRE

- ALONSO DE SAAVEDRA CERON, squadron of 3ships and 150 men; search for any survivors ofthe Magellan, Loaisa, and Cabot(1526)

TREATY OF ZARAGOZA(1529)- Lack of proper geographical knowleadge



- King Charles V ceded his alleged rights toMaluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000ducats.

VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546)- RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370

men - Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543

as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprincePhilip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE,commander of the ship San Juan de Letran

LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564)- Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached

Cebu and contracted blood compacts with SiKatunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol.

- VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDADDEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after thediscovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became thefirst Spanish town established in theArchipelago.

THE SPANISH INDIO- it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an

almost bloodless conquest of the Philippinesconsidering its physical and human geography

- with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, theindios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS- 1565-1821, the Philippines was a captaincy-

general administered by the Spanish kingthrough the viceroyalty of NuevaEspana(Mexico)

- Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real ySupremo Consejo de las Indias) governed allSpanish possesions

- The King is the paramount lawmaker andadministrator over-seeing the colonies of theSpanish empire.

- The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681

- Diff. levels of administration: Central orNational, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barriolevels

- Intramuros , seat of power in Manila - GOBERNADOR-GENERALcommander-in-chief of

the army and the navy; president of the RealAudiencia ( Supreme Court - highest judicialbody); power over ecclesiastical appointmentsin the church; supervise mission work; salaryP40,000 per annum

- ALCALDE MAYORfor the pacified provinces;corregimientos were headed by corregidores;executive, military and judicial powers; engagingin trade; only a SPANIARD

- Villas were governed by the AYUNTAMIENTO

RESIDENCIA AND VISITA- RESIDENCIAthe judicial review of a

residenciado conducted at the end of his termof office, supervised publicly by a juez deresidencia; if guilty of misconduct= fines,dismissed from office, expelled from colony, or acombination of all

- VISITA specific visita, an investigation of a singleofficial or a province; general visita, aninvestigation of the whole viceroyalty (Mexicoor Philippines)

FILIPINO BUREAUCRATS- Gobrnadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio - GOBERNADORCILLOthe highest government

position a Filipino could attain during theSpanish regime.

- CABEZA DE BARANGAYtax and contributionscollector for the gobernadorcillo.

THE AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE- ANTI-FRIAR DEMONSTRATION by DOROTEO

CORTES - FRAILOCRACIA/FRIAROCRACY friars or monast

orders ruled supreme



- Filipinos against the church, its ECONOMIC ROLEAS LANDOWNERS, the Dominicans,Augustinians, and the Recollects

CHAPTER 6: Institutional Impact of SpanishRule

Fr. Juan de Plasencia - presented the reduccion(resettlement) plan, a device tomake the Filipinos law -abiding citizens and into little

brown Spaniards

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: mediquillos -Filipinos who had medical experience but no title

bandala -from the word mandala (a round stack of rice stalks to

be threshed) -annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods.

buwis (tribute) -may be paid in cash or in kind, partly or wholly, as

palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax andspecial regional produce, depending on the area of thecountry

Polo y servicio -forced labor among Filipino or Chinese mestizosranging from 16 to 60 years old, for forty days until1884, when labor was reduced to fifteen days.

Negative effects: 1. Upsetting of the village economy because labor draftsusually coincided with the planting and harvestingseasons. 2. Forced separation from the family and relocation tothe Philippines. 3. Decimation of the male population

Encomienda -from the word encomendar, to entrust

-a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritoriousSpaniard to exercise control over a specific placeincluding its inhabitants.

Encomendero -granted the right of imposing tribute according to thelimit and kind set by higher authorities

TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA 1. Royal or crown

-lands reserved for the crown and included the principaltowns and ports 2. Private -were granted to individuals who were either the King's

proteges or men who served with merit during theconquest and pacification campaigns

The Manila -Acapulco Galleon Trade -trade between Manila and Acapulco, reaching as far asCallao in Peru. -a trip lasted 200 days, the return voyage taking 70 days

Damaging effects: 1. the neglect of native extractive industries likeagriculture 2. arrest of population growth

Royal Philippine Company -created by Charles III -has a 25 -year charter for the main purpose of unitingAmerican and Asian commerce

Compana de los Tranvias de Filipinas -established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo Zobel deZangroniz and Adolfo Bayo

provided street car service lines

Puente Colgante -the first suspension bridge in the Far East designed byGustave Eiffel

EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION: College of the Immaculate Concepcion - now ADMU, founded by Jesuits

Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario -now UST, converted into a Dominican University

College of San Juan de Letran -originally founded as the Seminario de NinosHuerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphanedSpanish children -considered as the oldest secondary school in thePhilippines

first boarding schools for Spanish girls: 1. Colegio Santa Potenciana 2. Colegio Santa Isabel - oldest school for girls in thearchipelago

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION: Governor Narciso Claveria -decreed the adoption of Hispanic names -obligated Filipinos to adopt surnames based oncompiled names of saints etc.



La Funeraria - first funeral parlor established by Carlos March inManila

CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: Doctrina Christiana -first published book, 1593

Francisco Telloinstructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccionsuccessful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian andthe friars should learn the language of the Indians

Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay -first Filipino engraver

Juan de los Santos -sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church

Franciscan friars -most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization

CHAPTER 7 : FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO

**Personal Motives** Lakandula and Soliman -last of the Manila chieftains -revolted against Lavezares, who sequestered theirlanded properties and even tolerated the encomendero'sabuse and oppression of their people

Conspiracy of the Maharlikas -led by the kin related datus of Manila and towns ofBulacan and Pampanga, under Agustin de Legazpi, sonof Lakandula and his first cousin, Martin Pangan

Antonio Susabao and Amarlahagi -divulged the plot led by Agustin de Legazpi to theSpanish authorities

Tamblot (of Bohol) -employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving

people to abandon Christianity and return to their former beliefs -cut a bamboo with a small knife and wine allegedlygushed forth, even rice emerged

Bankaw -datu of Limasawa-apostasized in his old age

Pagali -a babaylan who helped Bankaw build an appropriatetemple to the diwata and pressed six towns to rise up inarms

-said woman or child could easily change the enemiesinto clay

Francisco Dagohoy -led the longest revolt in Phil. history -cabeza de barangay of Bohol

Fr. Gaspar Morales -refused to give Sagarino, Dagohoy's brother, a Christian

burial

Sagarino - brother of Dahohoy, his rotten corpse was exposed forthree days in front of Inabangan church

**RELIGIOUS MOTIVES**

Miguel Lanab, Francisco Rivera, Ermano Apolinario dela Cruz, Muslims and Igorots

Miguel Lanab and Alabanan -Christianized Isnegs -revolted by beheading Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garciaand Bro. Onofre Palao (Fr. Garcia was cut into pieces and was thrown into pigs)

Tapar -a newly Christianized babaylan- proclaimed himself God Almighty and went about inthe garb of a woman

Francisco Rivera - a visionary who appropriated for himself the title ofPapa Rey

Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz -founded the Confradia de San Jose

Ermano Pule -founded the confradia centering around the cults of SanFrancisco and the famous brown image Our Lady ofPeace and Good Voyage of Antipolo

**RESISTANCE TO SPANISH -IMPOSEDINSTITUTIONS**

Magalat -chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tributecollection

Gen Luis Magtangaga -chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to riseup in arms

Juan Caragay -led a revolt in Pangasinan



Juan de la Cruz Palaris -spearheaded a rebellion against Joaquin deGamboa( alcalde mayor, Pangasinan)

Diego Silang -opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of onereal fuente)

**PEASANT UNREST** Maginoos of Silang - disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion ofthe communal lands in Latag and Lantic Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, IgnacioMarvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido,Francisco Gonzales - principales of Silang, assaulted the controversialhacienda and razed granaries

Casimiro Camerino -unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards

**THE MORO RESISTANCE** Moro raids -in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captivesto slavery and razing their homes

**FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS**

Reasons for the failure -insular make -up of the Philippines -no lingua franca

**FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS**

-Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas -The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards

born in the Phil.

Divide and Rule Policy -

**ACCELERATORS**

•The Philippines in World Commerce *Manila proper and the suburban areas developed byleaps and bounds with the official and permanentopening of the port to international trade.

Banco Espanol -Filipino de Isabel II -first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money

•Rise of the Clase Media *The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derivedfrom expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on

by the rising native entrepreneurs

principalia -an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos andminor native bureaucrats

•European Liberalism John Locke -wrote Two Treatises on Govt - posited that social contract between the King, who didnot exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, meansthat if the king failed to do his duty and did not respondto natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrowhim.

Jacques Rousseau -re echoed the same in The Social Contract -if a govt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the reasonto alter the govtto whatever they thought best

Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre -abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom ofspeech -led a group of elites in a toast of liberty

•Racial Discrimination Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante -opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanishlanguage or be civilized -indio will always be an indio...

Francisco Canamaque -hated Filipino laziness and incapacity

Pablo Feced -described rural folks as carabao herd

Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin -quoted that God created the indios with the rattan

•Regular -Secular Conflicts Fr. Jose Burgos

Francisco Baluyot -first known indio priest

•La Algarada Cavitena *there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavitearsenal workers' measly wages caused by the impositionof new tribute ordered by Izquierdo *they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption

privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales *believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike ofthe Cavite arsenal



GOMBURZA -accused as agitators of the Spanish movement

Archbishop Meliton Martinez -refused to defrock Gomburza

Rafael de Izquierdo - said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and asword in the other

CHAPTER 8

The Campaign for Reforms

Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain.

Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines. Theywere also called Filipinos.

Indios – the name given to the Filipinos by theSpaniards.

Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin – the indios werecalled Filipinos during his regime.

Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre – thegovernor whom the Filipino middle class found asan ally.

July 12, 1869 – the Filipino middle class went toGov. Gen. De la Torre’s residence.

Assimilation – thez transformation of thePhilippines to a province of Spain and making theFilipinos fellow-Spaniards.

Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Great Orator . Hewas born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His

parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena.He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 inBarcelona.

Fray Botod – one of the works of Lopez Jaena thatdeals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality ofa friar.

Botod (fat) – Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man.The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.

La Solidaridad – the mouthpiece of the Filipinos inSpain. It was the newspaper founded by the Filipinoreformists in 1889 to promote interests of thePhilippines and the Filipinos. Financer: PabloRianzares ; Editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena .

Discursos y Articulos Varios - a book where

Lopez Jaena compiled his speeches and articles.Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the Great Reformist andPolitical Analyst . He is the political analyst of theFilipino colony in Spain. He was born in Kupang,Bulakan, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850. His parentsare: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan. Hedied on July 4, 1896.

Marciana del Pilar – Marcelo’s first cousin whomhe married.

Diariong Tagalog – the nationalistic newspaperfounded by Del Pilar in 1882.

Caingat Cayo – one of the pamphlets issued by theSpanish friar, Jose Rodriguez stating that Rizal is anenemy of the holy Catholic religion.

Parodied works of Del Pilar: Dasalan at Toksohana parody of the Prayer Book; Amain Namin , a

prody of “Our Father” and; Ten Commandmentsof the Friars .

The additional aims of the Sol during Del Pilar’seditorship: The removal of the friars and thesecularization of the parishes; Active participationin the affairs of the government; Freedom ofspeech, of the press, and of assembly; A widersocial and political freedom; Equality before thelaw; Assimilation, and; Representation in the

Spanish Cortes.Jose Rizal – was born in Calamba, Laguna on June19, 1861. His parents are: Francisco Mercado andTeodora Alonzo. He died on Dec. 30, 1896.

Sa Aking Kabata – a tagalog poem allegedly saidto be written by Rizal at the age of eight.

A la Juventud Filipina – written by Rizal ateighteen, won the first prize in a literary contest.



Noli Me Tangere – is a socio-historical novel ofRizal based on facts that he gathered while he wasin the Philippines which he finished at the age of26.

El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel, a political novel in which he predicted the coming of

a revolution.Feb. 15, 1889 – the first number of La Solidaridadcame out in Barcelona. First editor: GracianoLopez Jaena succeeded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar .

Pen Names : Jose Rizal – Dimas Alang and LaongLaan; Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang, Naning,Kalipulako; Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog; MarceloH. Del Pilar – Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban – Jomapa.

Hispano – Filipino Association – a societycomposed of Filipinos and Spaniards who bandedtogether thier resources and efforts in the campaignto have thier voices heard in the PeninsularGovernment.

Miguel Morayta – was the elected President of theHispano – Filipino Assocation.

3 Sections of the Hispano – Filipino Association: Political Section – under Marcelo H. Del Pilar;Literary Section – under Mariano Ponce; SportsSection – under Tomas Arejola

La Propaganda – a civil society establishedsimultaneously with the introduction of Masonry inthe Philippines.

La Liga Filipina – a civic society founded by Rizalon July 3, 1892. Officers: President – AmbrosioSalvador; Fiscal – Agustin de la Rosa; Treasurer – Bonifacio Arevalo and; Secretary – DeodatoArellano

CHAPTER 9Bonifacio and the Katipunan

Katipunan – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan naKatipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formedon July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, nearElcano Street, Tondo.

Triangle Method – a recruitment technique used by the Katipunan in order for the society to increasein number.

3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian – the highest governing body of the society and wascomposed of the president, fiscal, treasurer andcomptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan – represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay – represents the municipality or town.

Sangguniang Hukuman – a sort of a court where judicial matters affecting the member of the societywere referred.

3 Grades of the Society : Katipon – wore blackhood. Password: Anak ng Bayan; Kawal – woregreen hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za; Bayani – wore red mask and sash with green borders.Password: Rizal.

Katipunan Codes – a system of writing made byBonifacio to maintain the secrets of their society’scommunications.

Andres Bonifacio – the founder and organizer ofthe Katipunan . He was born in Tondo, Manila on

Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacioand Catalina de Castro.

Siblings of Bonifacio : Ciriaco, Procopio,Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima

Monica – Andres Bonifacio’s first wife who died ofleprosy.

Gregoria De Jesus – second wife of Bonifaciowhom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in theWomen’s Chapter of the Katipunan and was calledthe Lakambini of the Katipunan.



Emilio Jacinto – the Brains of the Katipunan . Hewas born in Tondo on Dec. 15, 1875. His parentsare: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He joinedthe Katipunan at the age of 18, making the youngestmember of all. He studied at San Juan de LetranCollege then in University of Santo Tomas. He isthe editor of the Kalayaan newspaper.

Kalayaan – the Katipunan society’s newspaper.

Kartilla – written by Emilio Jacinto, a primer toindoctrinate the members of the society. It consistsof 13 teachings.

Chapter 10 THE REVOLUTION: THE FIRST PHASE

Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to

go to Dapitan in June 1896 to know Rizal’sopinion on the necessity of rising in armsagainst the Spaniards.

The revolution might break out prematurelybecause of the impatience of the masses.

Rizal was not against the revolution in itself,but pointed out that a revolution withoutsufficient arms should not be started againstan armed nation .

The first Cuban revolution against Spain failedbecause of lack of arms.

Rizal suggested that influential and wealthyFilipinos be attracted to the cause of thesociety (Katipunan) to ensure the success of therevolution. (To have unity among all classes ofFilipinos)

Further suggested Antonio Luna be appointedto direct all military operations against theSpaniards

Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winningover the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunanside; Rizal failed to give a solution to thisproblem.

Kongo – Japanese warship on which AdmiralKanimura was on board Jose Moritaro Tagawa – Japanese employee of

a Japanese bazaar through whom contacts weremade to Kanimura

Bonifacio led the Katipunan committee to seekthe aid of Admiral Kanimura in the struggle fornational liberation. However, the admiralrefused to commit his country to therevolutionary plans of the society.

Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – Katipunerosemployed in the Maestranza (arsenal); orderedby Bonifacio to steal rifles and pistols from thearsenal so as to increase the weapons of theKatipunan. However, the quantity of suchweapons was still insufficient to start arevolution.

The increase in the number of the Katipunan

affiliates, while advantageous to Bonifacio, wasin a way a disadvantage: The new memberswere impatience, and in their impatience theymet nightly, arousing the suspicion of theauthorities.

Rumors about the secret meetings circulatedwhich the friars used to force then governor-general Blanco to act in order to prevent theuprising. However, Blanco was not sympatheticand refused to take any action.

Father Mariano Gil, disgusted over thegovernor’s attitude, next ran to the militarygovernor of Manila, Gen. Echaluce , andrevealed what he knew about the Katipunan.

Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño – hada misunderstanding. Patiño took revenge ondela Cruz by telling thea secrets of the societyto his sister Honoria.

August 19, 1896 Patiño exposed the society toFr. Mariano Gil

Proofs were found in the premises of theprinting shop of Diario de Manila (lithographicstone used to print the receipts, dagger and

the rules of the society along with otherpertinent documents were found in the lockerof Policarpio Turla)

Following the discovery of the Katipunan weremass arrests of Filipino suspects —prominentmen, even those who were innocent, werethrown into jail and convicted of illegalassociation.

The wealthy Filipinos refused to join theKatipunan. In order to force them into joiningthe society, Bonifacio had some Katipunerosforge the wealthy Filipinos’ signatures on somedocuments, making it seem like they were insympathy with the principles of the society.Instead being forced to join, the wealthyFilipinos denied any knowledge of the societybut were still implicated since the authoritiessimply refused to believe them.

“Cry of Balintawak” – August 23, 1986,Pugadlawin Katipuneros tore their cedulas

Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora” – Mother ofthe Katipunan



Reign of Terror – Gov-gen. Ramon Blancoissued a decree on August 30 declaring theprovinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija ina state of war and placing them under martiallaw. Those who were accused of treachery andwere against the government would be handedover to the military court or trial unless they

surrendered within 48hrs. Taking advantage ofthis particular provision, some Katipunerossurrendered but were immediately forced toconfess what they knew about the society andits members. Torture was employed to makethem squeal. Hundreds were arrested andjailed. Some were even massacred. More often,the suspects were simply shot without any trial.

Katipunan’s 2 factions: Magdalo (headed byBaldomero Aguinaldo at Kawit) and Magdiwang(headed by Mariano Alvarez at Noveleta)

Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Gen. Aguirre’stroops in Imus and was afterwards recognizedhero of the hour. From then on the Caviteñoscalled him General Miong, not Capitan Miong.

The successive defeats of the Spaniards led thefriars to agitate against Gov-Gen. Blanco.

Blanco was finally relieved as governor by thebrutal Gen. Camilo de Polavieja on Dec. 13,1896

Polavieja began his campaigns in Cavite andpartially succeeded in driving away the rebelsfrom several places. His order to massacre the

civilians led Bonifacio to issue a proclamationdenouncing the Spanish brutality. TheSpaniards captured the territory they had lostuntil about 1/3 of Cavite fell into their hands.

Magdalo vs. Magdiwang: On Dec31, anassembly was held to determine whether theKatipunan should be superseded by anotherform of government.

o Magdalo: with the outbreak of therevolution the Katipunan has ceased tobe a secret society and should,therefore, be superseded by one ormore in keeping with the demands ofthe period.

o Magdiwang: the Katipunan shouldremain the gov’t of the revolutionistsbecause it already had a constitutionand by-laws recognized by all.

The conflict was not resolved.

Tejeros Convention – Magdalo and Magdiwangfactions met to solve their internal problem.

Bonifacio, as chairman, reminded theconvention before the election that whoevershould get elected to any position should berespected. This proposal was approved and theelection got underway. Elected were:

1) Emilio Aguinaldo (President)2) Mariano Trias (Vice-President)3) Artemio Ricarte (Captain General)

4) Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director ofWar)5) Andres Bonifacio (Directory of the

Interior)

Daniel Tirona (Magdalo), when Bonifacio wasbeing proclamated, declared that the positionof Director of Interior should not be given tohim as it was not proper that a person withouta lawyer’s diploma should occupy it, andinsisted that it should be given to Jose delRosario instead, a lawyer. Bonifacio, feeling

insulted, demanded Tirona to retract what hesaid, but Tirona merely disappeared from thescene. Tirona was almost shot by Bonifacio ifnot for Ricarte who held Bonifacio’s arm.Bonifacio, as President of the Supreme Councilof the Katipunan, declared the assemblydissolved and annulled the results of themeeting.

Acta de Tejeros – document stating thereasons why Bonifacio and his men, convincedthat the election held was invalid, could notaccept the results of the Tejeros Convention.

Naik Military Agreement – another documentdrawn by Bonifacio and his men in which theyresolved to establish a governmentindependent of, and separate from, thatestablished at Tejeros; posed a potentialdanger to the cause of the Revolution, for itmeant a definite split in the ranks of therevolutionists and almost certain defeat in theface of a united and well-armed enemy.

Aguinaldo, realizing the significance of

Bonifacio’s intentions through the Naik MilitaryAgreement, ordered the arrest of the Bonifaciobrothers. Col. Agapito Bonzon was dispatchedto effect the arrest.

Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were foundguilty of treason despite the evidence beinginsufficient to prove their alleged guilt. TheCouncil of War decided to have the brothersexecuted, but Aguinaldo commuted the deathsentence to banishment. Under pressure fromBonifacio’s haters, however, Aguinaldo



withdrew his order and the original decision ofthe Council of War stood.

May 10 – The brothers were executed at Mt.Tala

Polavieja, tired of the endless battles, askedfor his relief as gov-gen. and was replaced byFernando Primo de Rivera .

Primo de Rivera issued a decree granting

pardon to those who, up to May 17, would giveup their arms and surrender to the government.Most Filipinos ignored this decree. He thenissued another decree in the hopes of winningover the Filipinos to his policy of attraction. Afew took advantage of his decree, while therest continued their resistance against theenemy.

Biyak-na-Bato Republic – republicangovernment established by Aguinaldo at Biyak-na-bato

The provisional constitution of the Biyak-na-bato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer andIsabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-for-word the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu

Truce of Biyak-na-Bato –Pedro Paterno servedas mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos tostop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldoand Primo de Rivera. The truce provided:

1) that Aguinaldo and his companionswould go into voluntary exile abroad

2) that Primo de Rivera would pay thesum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3

installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldoupon his departure from Biyak-na-bato,(b) P200,000 when the armssurrendered by the revolutionistsexceeded 700, and (c) the remainingP200,000 when the Te Deum was sungand general amnesty proclaimed by thegovernor;

3) that Primo de Rivera would pay theadditional sum of P900,000 to thefamilies of the non-combatant Filipinoswho suffered during the armed conflict

To make sure the Spanish authorities weresincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2Spanish generals were to remain at Biyak-na-Bato as hostages and another, Col.Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governor’snephew, to accompany the exiles to HongKong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldowent to Hong Kong with his men and Pedroand Maximo Paterno, and thus receivedP400,000.

The truce failed because of suspicions amongthe two parties. Some Filipino leaders refusedto surrender their arms. The Spanishauthorities, on the other hand, did not trustthe Filipinos. The consequence of this mutualsuspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.

CHAPTER 11THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE

Gen. Basilio Augustin succeeded Primo deRivera, which was unfortunate, for he wasignorant of the actual conditions in thePhilippines. Immediately upon his assumptionof office, he announced that he would continuePrimo de Rivera’s work of pacification.

The Spanish-American relations were turningfor the worse. Spain wanted to avoid gettinginto conflict with US, which was a rising

powerful nation.

Reasons for Spanish-American War:1) Cuban Revolution – US sided with the

Cuban rebels due to economic interestsin the island.

2) Dupuy de Lome ’s letter to his friend inHavana calling then President WilliamMcKinley a weakling and a lowpolitician was stolen and published in aNew York periodical, rousing the angerof the American public.

3) Blowing up of American warship Maine at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15,1898)

Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wanted war betweenSpain and US to break out in order to expandthe navy; conceived the idea of attackingManila in the event that war should break outbetween Spain and US

Commodore George Dewey – instructed byRoosevelt to take offensive action against theSpanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war

with Spain Admiral Patricio Montojo – leader of the

Spanish fleet defeated by Dewey in the Battleof Manila Bay (May 1,1898)

The naval battle was one-sided, for while theSpanish ships outnumbered those of theAmericans, the Spaniards were poorly armed.

The Battle of Manila Bay enmeshed the US inthe coils of world politics and signalized herentrance into the ―Days of Empire‖



Aguinaldo deposited the P400,000 he receivedfrom Primo de Rivera in two Hong Kong banks.Only the interest was withdrawn and used forthe expenses of the exiles. Isabelo Artacho,however, wanted the money to be dividedamong them. Aguinaldo refused and Artachosued him. To avoid appearing in court, hesecretly left for Saigon where he took another

ship to Singapore. E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to casthis lot with the Americans, saying that the UShad Cuba at their door but were disclaimingany desire to possess it, whereas thePhilippines was 10,000miles away.

Pratt cabled Dewey and arranged forAguinaldo’s departure. Unfortunately, Deweyhad already sailed for Manila Bay whenAguinaldo arrived.

Rounseville Wildman – American consul atHong Kong tasked by Dewey with makingarran gements for Aguinaldo’s return to thePhilippines; suggested that Aguinaldo shouldestablish a dictatorial government but, afterthe war and peace has been restored,Aguinaldo should establish a governmentsimilar to that of the US.

Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms andammunition for the Filipinos. He gave WildmanP50,000 for 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds ofammunition and, before his departure, P67,000for another shipment of arms. The first

shipment was accomplished, but the secondone was never realized, nor did Wildman returnor account for the money given to him byAguinaldo.

Hong Kong Junta – unanimously decided thatAguinaldo should return to the Philippines tolead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.

McCulloch – revenue cutter on which Aguinaldowas supposed to board, but the master of theship told Aguinaldo that Dewey did not instructhim to take Aguinaldo on board. It wasn’t untilits 2 nd return to Hong Kong that Aguinaldofinally got on the ship.

Upon arrival of the McCulloch at Cavite,Dewey’s launch took him to the Olympia wherehe was given honors due a general. Aguinaldoalleged that in his conference with Dewey, hewas told that the US would recognize PhilippineIndependence. Dewey, however, denied hemade such a statement to Aguinaldo andasserted that he treated the Filipino general ina personal manner without committing the USgovernment.

The news of Aguinaldo’s return spreadthroughout Central Luzon. A number of Filipinovolunteers in the Spanish army defected to theFilipino forces. So sweeping were Filipinovictories that practically the whole Luzon,except the port of Cavite and Manila, were inrebel hands by June 1898.

“Viva La Autonomia!” was a handbill

circulated by some Spaniards in which theystated that the ―salvation of the unity of theIslands, the unity of its liberties, and the unityof its local and central government‖ lay withSpain. Pedro Paterno was behind this circular.

Conservative Assembly – called by Gen.Augustin, appointing prominent mestizos to sitin it, in order to win over to his side thewealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos(the mestizos) and to make it appear that hehad the welfare of the Filipinos at heart.Actually, the assembly was nothing but adecoration for its function was purely advisoryand did not have the right to initiate reforms.

Augustin’s attempts to win over the Filipinos tothe side of Spain failed.

City of Manila – Intramuros (Walled City) arrabales – districts outside the City; suburbs Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish

ships from entering or leaving the bay. Hethought it was useless to conquer the city byarms for he did not have enough men to occupyit, so he waited for reinforcements.

The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besiegedthe city to starve out the enemy within itswalls; Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food andwater supply. So effective was the strategythat the people inside the city —Spaniards, aswell as Filipinos and aliens —suffered fromhunger and thirst.

Aguinaldo offered Augustin honourablesurrender, but Augustin, thinking more ofSpanish honor than his life, stubbornly refused.

1st reinforcements – under the command ofGen. Thomas Anderson

2nd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Francis V.Greene

3 rd reinforcements – headed by Gen. ArthurMac-Arthur

When the Peninsular Gov’t heard of Augustin’splan to surrender it relieved him as governorand appointed General Fermin Jaudenesinstead.

Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that theSpanish position was hopeless. To save face, heinsisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of



honor there should be a mock battle, afterwhich the Spanish forces would surrender. Hefurther insisted that the Filipino rebels shouldbe excluded from participating in the surrenderof Manila

Mock Battle – secret agreement betweenJaudenes, Dewey and Meritt of a fake battlebetween the Spanish and American forces;

August 13 Beginnings of Filipino-American Rift: o Meritt asked Aguinaldo’s troops to

vacate the bay side area so that theAmericans could occupy it. Aguinaldodemanded that the request be made inwriting, but Greene only made a verbalpromise which he did not even keep.

o continuous stream of Americanreinforcements

o General Anderson’s insolence towardsAguinaldo, evidenced by his telegraphprohibiting Aguinaldo’s troops fromentering Manila without permissionfrom their American commander

Terms of Capitulation – The Spanish authoritiesagreed to surrender the Spanish troops and theFilipino volunteers found inside the WalledCity. The Americans, on the other hand, agreedto safeguard the city, its inhabitants, itschurches and religious worship.

Protocol of Peace – Before the mock assault onManila, Spain and US were negotiating for the

cessation of hostilities. Spain agreed to theterms of the peace treaty and consequently, onAugust 12, Pres. McKinley issued aproclamation directing that ―all militaryoperations against the enemy be suspended.‖However, Meritt did not receive theproclamation until August 16, when the mockbattle of Manila had already been ―fought‖ andthe terms of capitulation had been signed,because Dewey had cut the cable earlier.

CHAPTER 12THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC

When Aguinaldo arrived from HK he had withhim a draft of a plan prepared by MarianoPonce for the establishment of a revolutionarygovernment

Consul Wildman had advised Aguinaldo earlierto establish a dictatorial government whichlater on could be the nucleus of a republicangovernment like that of the US

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’sadviser, told him to form a dictatorialgovernment.

May 24, 1898 Aguinaldo inaugurated adictatorial government under a decreenullifying the orders issued under the authorityof the Biyak-na-bato Republic and asserted thatthe Dictatorial Government was temporary in

nature. In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanishprisoners with justice. But there were timeswhen, due to hatred of the former masters, theFilipinos maltreated some Spaniards. Aguinaldoappealed to them to treat the Spanish prisonershumanely by issuing a circular (May 29, 1898)urging the people to stop the disgracefultreatment of the Spanish prisoners.

With a government in operation, Aguinaldothought it necessary to declare PhilippineIndependence. Mabini objected, saying that itwas more important to reorganize thegovernment in such a manner as to convincethe foreign powers of the competence andstability of the new government. Aguinaldo,however, stood his ground and won.

Julian Felipe – composer of the NationalAnthem

Marcha Filipina Magdalo MarchaNacional Filipina (Philippine National March)

Marcela Agoncillo (assisted by LorenzaAgoncillo and Delfina Herboza) – made the

Philippine National Flag The Act of the Declaration of Independencewas prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,who also read it.

Apolinario Mabini – Aguina ldo’s adviser, “DarkChambers of the President” , “Brains of theRevolution”

Reorganization of Local Government: Town Chief + Headman for each barrio + 3Delegates (delegate for police & internalorder, delegate for justice and civil registry,delegate for taxes and property) = POPULARASSEMBLY

Town chief – President of the Assembly Headman – Vice President Delegate for Justice&Civil Registry – Secretary Chiefs of the towns, in consultation with their

respective popular assemblies, elect theprovincial chief and 3 councilors.

Provincial Chief + Chief of the Capital andProvince + 3 Councilors = PROVINCIALCOUNCIL



Provincial Council – chief duty was to proposemeasures for the general welfare of the provice

Revolutionary Congress- made up of delegatesfrom each province elected by the town chiefs(For the City of Manila and the province ofCavite: 3 delegates each, for the province ofthe 1 st class: 2 delegates each, for the rest ofthe provinces: 1 delegate each); main function:

―to propose…measures conce rning thepreservation of internal order and externalsecurity of these islands…‖

In order to secure maximum efficiency in theimplementation of the rules regarding theholding of elections, the decree provided forthe appointment of a commissioner of theCentral Government for each province. Themilitary commanders who liberated any townfrom the Spaniards became automaticallycommissioners ―by virtue of their office.‖

Administration of Justice: The decree providedthat the Spanish Penal Code, when notcontrary to the decree of the government,was to remain in force for the time being.

Town chief was automatically the judge of thetown.

Revolutionary Government – decree changedthe title of the chief of state from Dictator toPresident and defined the object of thegovernment as the ―struggle for theindependence of the Philippines until allnations, including the Spanish, shall expressly

recognize it, and to prepare the country so thatthe true republic may be established.‖

Malolos Congress – convocation ofRevolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos.First significant act: ratification, on September29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawiton June 12.

o President: Pedro Paterno o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo

Malolos Constitution – 1st democraticconstitution in Asia; 1 st important Filipinodocument ever produced by the people’srepresentatives. It is anchored in democratictraditions that ultimately had their roots onAmerican soil. It created a Filipino state whosegovernment was ―popular, representative, andresponsible‖ with 3 branches: executive,legislative and judicial. The constitutionspecifically provided for safeguards againstabuses and enumerated the national andindividual rights not only of the Filipinos, but

also of the aliens; is unique for 3 reasons:(1)because of the provisions making theAssembly or the legislative branch superior toeither the executive or the judicial branch,(2)because it provided for a PermanentCommission to sit as a legislative body whenthe Assembly was not in session. and(3)because it established a unicameral

legislature. Calderon purposely provided for a stronglegislative arm so that the executive would notbe able to create an oligarchy composed ofignoramuses. As to the unicameral legislature,he pointed out that there was no conflict ofinterests among the people to justify thecreation of a bicameral legislature.

Mabini envisioned the Congress as an advisorybody of the President, but his idea wascontradicted by Congress when it proposed todraft a constitution. Mabini, in the minority,was defeated by the majority under theleadership of Paterno. He submitted hisConstitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic,but Congress, for the second time, overruledhim.

Paterno’s constitutional plan was also set asideby the committee tasked to draft theconstitution.

Felipe Calderon’s draft of constitution waseventually approved by Aguinaldo and used

Assembly of Representatives – legislative

branch Permanent Commission – law-making bodywhen Congress was not in session

The Cabinet or Council of Government –composed of the secretaries of the differentdepartments of the government; responsiblenot to the President, but to the Assembly.

Supreme Court – judicial branch During the inauguration of the Philippine

Republic in Malolos, Aguinaldo issued a decreegranting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of warwho were not members of the Spanish regulararmy and, at the same time, granting toSpaniards and other aliens the right to engagein business within the limits of the Republic.

Revolutionary Periodicals:o El Heraldo Filipino (changed to

Heraldo Filipino, then to IndiceOficial and finally to Graceta deFilipinas) – official organ of theRevolutionary Government; publishedthe official texts of the decrees of the

government and some news items and



tagalog poems, all nationalistic incontent

o La Independencia (edited and partlyowned by Antonio Luna), La RepublicaFilipina (Pedro Paterno) , La Libertad(Clemente Jose Zulueta) , Ang Kaibiganng Bayan, Columnas Volantes, LaFederacion, La Revolucion, La

Oportunidad, etc. Education:o Burgos Instituteo Literary University of the Philippines

Diplomatic Activities:o promulgation of decrees creating

committees abroad for the purpose ofcarrying on propaganda activities forthe Revolutionary gov’t

o establishment of Hongkong Junta whosemembers were to represent thePhilippines in diff. countries

Treaty of Pariso Dec. 10, 1898] o officially ended the Spanish-American

War o conditions:

1. Annexation or cessation of thePhilippines, Guam and PuertoRico to US Sovereignity

2. US would pay $20M for theimprovements made in the

country3. Ten-year duty-free entry ofSpanish and American goodsto the Philippines

Chapter 13The Filipino-American Hostilities

American Apostasy: There was an informal alliance between Dewey

and Aguinaldo – an alliance to fight a commonenemy, the Spaniards.

Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the Americans with suspicion.

Mckinley’s Benevolent AssimilationProclamation

Benevolent Assimilation – proclaimed onDecember 21, 1898.

- The first official indication of American policyregarding the Philippines.- It has 2 versions, the original and edited.

General Elwell Otis – published Mckinley’sproclamation with some amendments onJanuary 4, 1899.

Filipino Reaction Gen. Miller – published the original text of the

proclamation in Iloilo. A copy fell into the hands of the Revolutionary

Gov’t. Antonio Luna – led the attack on the

proclamation.- Editor of La Independencia.- He issues a counter-proclamation on Jan. 5,1899.

Attempts to Relax the Tension Florentino Torres – A well-known American

sympathizer whom Otis pleaded.

The San Juan Bridge Incident Feb. 1 – a group of American engineers was

arrested by the Filipino troops. Feb. 2 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the

presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’ssoldiers in his territory.

Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in Americanships were dismissed from the service for noreason at all.

Feb. 4 – the encounter of Private William W.Grayson with 4 armed men.

Investigation of the Incident Captain Fernando Grey – wired Malolos

saying that the Americans had started thehostilities.

Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – ordered by Aguinaldo to start an investigation.

Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of Warasked by Buencamino on Feb. 7 for inforegarding the incident.

American Victories Battle of La Loma – Major Jose Torres

Bugallon fell mortally wounded.



Luna retreated to Polo where he established hisheadquarters.

The Drive to North Gen. Henry W. Lawton – ordered by Gen. Otis

to take the offensive in the south. Gen. Wheaton – successively captured Las

Piñas,, Parañaque and other towns of Laguna. March 25, 1899 – Filipinos repulsed Gen.

Wheaton and killed Colonel Egbert. April 23, Quingua (Plaridel) – Americans

under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the handsof Gen. Gregorio del Pilar.- Colonel Stotsenberg was killed in the battle.

Gen. Lawton – killed in the battle of SanMateo.

The Fall of Mabini Apolinario Mabini – president of the cabinet.

- Most powerful man behind Aguinaldo. Secretary John Hay – offered autonomy to the

Filipinos. May 7, 1899 – Mabini was notified by Aguinaldo

of the new Cabinet under Paterno.

Assassination of Luna Antonio Luna – has an unruly temper.

- Best prepared to fight the American enemy.

- He received no less than 40 wounds. Kawit Company – group of man who ganged

up on him.- Insisted that they took orders only from Gen.

Aguinaldo. Colonel Francisco Roman – left Bayambang

Pangasinan with Aguinaldo.

American Conquest of the Visayas Gen. Miller – instructed Gen. Otis to attach

Iloilo. Gen. Martin Delgado – ordered the burning of

the city to prevent the enemy from using it. Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer – designated as

military governor of Cebu. Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro Fullon – guerilla

leaders.

The Negros Constitution Negrenses sympathized with the Americans.

Visayan Military District – Panay, Cebu, andNegros.- Issues on March 1.

The Bates Treaty Gen. John C. Bates – was appointed to

negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo.

Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains Reasons:

1. Assassination of Luna that caused someFilipinos to be demoralized.2. Army officers surrendered to the enemy.

Dec. 25, 1899 – women with him weresurrendered to the enemy.

The Battle of Pasong Tirad Gen. Gregorio del Pilar – noted the

advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.- suggested that he would stay behind andmake a last stand.- killed by a Krag rifle.

Pasong Tirad – 4,500 ft. high.- Only one man could climb up the hill.

Major March – fought Gen. del Pilar. Januario Galut – helped the American fins a

secret trail to the top.

The Capture of Aguinaldo Pardo de Tavera – founded La Democracia. Colonel Frederick Funston – planning for the

capture of Aguinaldo.- employed some Macabebes & 2 army officers(Lazaro Segovia & Hilario Tal Placido) to put hisplan into execution.

Gen. Urbano Lacuna – whose signature isordered to be forged by Funston.- Aguinaldo wrote an order to sendreinforcements to Palanan.

Tal Placido – grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.- The firing shot him in the stomach.

Colonel Simeon Villa – shielded Aguinaldofrom the bullets.

Dr. Santiago Barelona – helod Aguinaldowhen he wanted to fight back.



Barbarous Acts Brutality is an instrument to weaken an enemy’s

resistance. Gen. Jake Smith – assigned to Pacify Samar. Gen. Miguel Malvar – took over the leadership

of the Filipino gov’t. Gen. Vicente Lukban – ambushed American

soldiers. Gen. Jacob Smith – ordered the massacre ofall men and children below 10 yrs. old. :|

Macario Sakay – established a TagalogRepublic but was not serious enough toendanger American rule.

Chapter 14The Religious Schism

Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church – the Filipino church.- Only living and tangible result of therevolution.

Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene Gregorio Aglipay – appointed as Military Vicar

General on Oct. 20, 1898.- Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’smovement upon his return from the Northern

provinces. Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda – together

with Gen. Basilio Agustin, commissioned Aglipay to confer with revolutionary leaders tobring them back to the Spanish side.

Colonel Luciano San Miguel – sent by Aguinaldo to persuade Aglipay for the Filipinocause.

Validity of civil marriage was recognized by therevolutionary gov’t.

Nozaleda against Aglipay . Aglipay was assigned by … as …:

Revolutionary Gov’t – Military Vicar GeneralCatholic Hierarchy – Ecclesiastical Governor

Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation ofpower.

Juan de Vargas – punished with less thanexcommunication.

- forced to stand at the entrance of the Manilachurch for 4 months.

Mabini and the National Council Mabini directed a manifesto urging the Filipino

clergy to organize a Filipino National Church.

Chapelle and Filipinization Mons. Placido Chapelle – pro-friar.

- said that those who opposed friars will betreated as enemies of religion and order.

The Schism One of the factors was Chapelle’s undiplomatic

language. Isabelo de los Reyes – radical propagandist.

- founded the first labor union in the Philippines:Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor

Union) Establishment of Iglesia Filipina Independiente

on Aug. 2, 1902. (Phil. Independent Church)

First Converts De los Reyes had luck from some residents of

Navotas, Rizal and the defection of FatherPedro Brillantes of Ilocol Norte.

Aglipay & the Jesuits

Aglipay was invited to an interview at the Jesuithouse in Sta. Ana Manila.

Father Francisco Foradada – persuaded Aglipay to the Catholic fold.- insulted the Filipino clergy which caused

Aglipay’s anger. Father Joaquin Villalonga – Aglipay asked the

moon from him.

Significance Two bases pf Spanish prejudice:

1. Feeling of racial superiority.2. Alleged incompetence of Filipino Clergy.

Two results:1. Liquidation of the Spanish empire in theorient.2. alienation of a segment of the populationfrom the Catholic church.

God bless everyone! :)) – :))



CHAPTER 16

Compromise W/ Colonialism

Schurman Commission (1899)- 1stsignificant body by McKinley which introducednon military approach of Am. Colonialism

Military government (1898-1901)- Replacedby civil govt

Taft Commission- Phil Commission withWilliam Howard Taft as the 1 st military gen

Gregorio Araneta & Benito Legarda-

Cayetano Arellano- 1 st Chief Justice of theSupreme Court

2 reasons “why the Elite?”

1. fear of losing security of their interest

2. distrust in character of the masses

Najeeb Saleeby- itong “mama” na ito ang isamga successful na nag educate sa mgaMuslim (sori Teacher Emie <3)

Carpenter-Kiram Agreement (1915)-Changed the term in Bates Treaty; Divestedthe Sultan of all his political power and only

allowed to execise rights and duties of spiritualleader

Woodraw Wilson- elected democratic Pres in1912

Democratic Party- Labor and Farm bloc

Republican Party- Capitalist and landlords

Francis B. Harrison- 1 st democratic gov gen inPhil 1913

Cooper Act- Phil bill of 1902 (sori di komahanap )

Council of State- advisory body of ChiefExecutive

Board of Control- regulated govt participationin buss corp and firms

Phil Commission- upper house

Phil Assembly- lower house

Osmena- 1907 pres of phil assembly

Jones Law- Phil autonomy Act of 1916;created bicameral legislature composed of 24member (upper house) and House ofRepresentatives (house Chamber)

Filipinization- actual grant of substantial

participation in govt to Filipinos (elite classonly)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)- “Free Trade”only American goods didn’t have limitation;Filipino goods were limited by quota system

Underwood-Simmons Act- abolished quotason Phil exports

Tydings McDuffie Law (1934)- quotas werereimposed

Exported oriented- XD

CHAPTER 17

Colonial Politics: Towards CompleteAutonomy

Warren G. Harding (1921)- US RepublicanPresident

Wood Forbes Mission- led by CameronForbes and Leonard Wood; indicted theHarrison Era for many problems duringinvestigation

Leonard Wood- became gov gen duringHarding era

Cabinet Crisis- open break between Woodand Filipino leaders led by Manuel Quezon

Manuel Quezon- president of the Senate

Manuel Roxas- Speaker of the House

Ray Conley (American)- Chief of the vice-squad of the Secret Service Branch of ManilaPolice Dept; charged of keeping mistress,bribery from Manila gamblers known as“Conley Case”

Veto- power to reject/ not pass bills



Harrison- has the least vetoed

Wood- has the most vetoed bills; abolished theboard of control

Henry Stimson- 1928 gov gen in Phil; restoredthe Harrison era and sympathy w/ Filipinoleaders

Stimson’s Successor - Dwight Davis,Theodore Roosevelt Jr Frank Murphy

CHAPTER 18Campaign for Independence

Commission of Independence (1918)-created by Phil Legislature to study thenegotiation of Phil Independence

1918- Commission is composed originally by11 senators and 40 congressmen. Aftersubsequent recruitment, leadership remainedNacionalista. Missions were sent withNacionalista (Qurzon, osmena, Roxas, Santos,Quirino etc) and Democrata (Recto, gil, Tironaetc)

1 st Parliamentary Mission (1919)- led byQuezon and Palma with both parties; during

Wilson era; received by war sec, NewtonBaker; at bad timing of War

2nd Parliamentary Mission (1922)- led byQuezon & Osmena to present Fil viewpoints onthe questions raised by Wood Forbes Mission;missions successively sent to Washington in1923-1925. Happened during the CabinetCrisis

Manuel Roxas- led a special mission in Nov

1923to protest alleged illegal and arbitrary actsof Wood

Calvin Coolidge- delivered the the Pres. ’Reply that the American govt would takemeasures to grant the Phil independence sinceFilipinos are unprepared because they can’tcooperate with Wood administration

Fairfield Bill- Administration alternative toindependence measure after the Ind. Missions;

introduced in apr 1924; proposed a 30 yrperiod of autonomy in which the Phil wouldhave controlof insular affairs with elected govgen for “commonwealth of the Phil”.

Roxas- showed the Fairfield Bill to special

mission in dec 1923Quezon and Osmena advised the admin thatthey get the bill accepted if the admin wouldoffer assurance that it would pass theCongress. But Fairfield himself announced thathe was unwilling to see the bill passed.

3 rd Parliamentary mission - bitter struggleensued between two parties leadership overthe Fairfield where Recto charged P20, P50and P100 i mean Quezon, Osmena Roxas,with double dealing and insincerity to FairfieldBill

Bacon Bill- separates Mindanao, Sulu, &Palawan from govt jurisdiction.

Supreme National Council- launched byQuezon, uniting all pol. parties to attract not soprominent Filipinos in the ind campaign, todecentralize the campaign and to achievepeaceful use of pol authority. The org structureis similar to insular govt. It is “Ind Commission”under diff name expect that it invited nonpolitician to participate. In 1928 it faded away.

Senate Bill 198- passed by Phil Legislaturewhich provided for plebiscite on immediateindependence in Nov 1925; aimed tocounteract the anti- independence campaign ofState.

American Interest Groups “Friends” of Phil.Independence

Labor and farm bloc Isolationist Anti imperialist Extreme patriotic societies

OsRox Mission- First to succeed in securingthe passage of independence bill, Hare HawesCutting Law on jan 17, 1933; provided for



establishment of 10 year commonwealthbefore the proclamation of ind. On jul. 4, 1946.It was rejected by Filipinos because ofprovisions affecting trade relations, power ofhigh commissioner is too indefinite & militaryand naval provisions.

Tydings McDuffie (1934)- “hare hawes cuttinglaw” under diff nameby Quezon; eliminates theprovisions for military reservations.

US- in 1934 1 st nation to voluntary relinquishsovereignty over a colony powers.

CHAPTER 19 TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE: THECOMMONWEALTH

The Framing of Constitution

Claro M. Recto – president of the PhilippineConstitutional Convention.

The Philippine Constitution followed the Americanmodel in structure.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inauguratedwith Manuel L. Quezon as president and Sergio Osmenaas vice-president.

The Sakdal Uprising

Benigno Ramos – Sakdalistas’ leader

The National Security and National Defense

Commonwealth Act No. 1 – National Defense Act

Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Field Marshal of thePhilippine Army

The Social Justice Program

Constitution of 1935 – promotion of social justice toinsure the well-being and economic security of all thepeople should be the concern of the state

Commonwealth Act No. 211 – established a minimumwage for laborers employed in public works project.

Commonwealth Act No. 213 – sought to recognize,define and regulate legitimate labor disputes and theCourt of Industrial Relations was established.

The social justice program did not prove an outstandingsuccess as it depended almost entirely on thepersonality of Quezon.

Education during the Commonwealth

National Council of Education – headed by Rafael Palma

Department of Education – headed by Sergio Osmena

Primary and adult education – main emphasis duringthe Commonwealth period

The objective of universal education was not attained.

The National Language

Article 2 of the Constitution – directed the NationalAssembly to “take steps toward the development and

adoption of a common language based on one of theexisting native languages”

Commonwealth Act No. 184 – established the Instituteof National Language

Tagalog – basis of national language

Commonwealth Act No. 570 – National Assemblydeclared that the Tagalog-based national languagewould become one of the official languages of thecountry effective upon independence on July 4, 1946

Economic Development

The other major concern of the Commonwealthgovernment was economic development.

Agriculture – most important sector of the Philippineeconomy

Industrialization was at an extremely low level

Trade Relations with the US

Trade relations – most pressing economic probleminvolving US



Colonial-type national economy – dependent onagricultural raw material exports and on manufacturedand processed goods as well as food imports

Philippine Economic Adjustment Act (also called asTydings-Kocialkowski Act) – removed the increase inexport tax

Alien Control of the Economy

Anti-Dummy Law – punished Filipinos who allowedthemselves to be used as ‘dummies’ or fronts by alienbusinessmen and investors.

National Economic Council – created to direct theeconomic activities of the Commonwealth

“Partyless Democracy”

Philippine Commonwealth – “Quezon Government”

Commonwealth era has been stagnant

CHAPTER 20 RESULTS OF THE AMERICANOCCUPATION

Progress in Education

Public Education – greatest contribution of the US toPhilippine civilization

Religion is optional

The first public school teachers were the Americansoldiers, replaced by “Thomasites”, named after S.S.Thomas

English came to be the language of instruction in allschools

University of the Philippines – established the highereducation

Public Health and Welfare

Introduction of a scientific program of public health andwelfare – next to importance to public education

Elementary principles of hygiene and sanitation wereintroduced

Asylums for the orphans, the insane, and the juvenileoffenders were founded

Salt-and-rice nutrition were replaced by balanced diet

Trade, Commerce and Industy

Free Trade relations – main reason of economic

development of the Philippines

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act – all Philippine exports, exceptrice, were allowed to enter American markets free ofduty within certain quota limits whereas Americanexports to the Philippines were unlimited and duty-free

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act – abolished the quotalimitations on Phil. export products

Mining – backbone of Philippine economy

Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act of 1934 – broughtback the quota limitations on Phil. Products

Transportation and Communications

Telephone lines were introduced in Manila and radio-telephone service

Philippines – one of America’s greatest markets in the

Orient

Individual Freedoms

Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation and Taft

Commission – basis of American policies in thePhilippines

Sedition Law of 1901 – considered it seditious of anyFilipino to advocate independence

Flag Law of 1907 – prohibited the display of Filipino flag

Political Consciousness

Partisan politics – one of the institutions which theAmericans brought to the Philippines

Municipal elections – Filipinos’ first taste of politics

Language and Literature

The development of Filipino literature in English and theadoption of American words and phrases in the



Philippine languages are some of the most lastingAmerican influences

Negative Results

Philippines – most Westernized country in the Orient

Colonial mentality has worsened

Filipino suffered a partial loss on their racial heritage

A Filipino who places his country’s interest first and

foremost is branded an anti-American

Success is measured in terms of material possessions

Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous loveaffairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption – allinfluences of Americans

CHAPTER 21 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

Background of Pearl Harbor

United States Army forces in the Far East (USAFFE) – combined forces of Phil. Reserve and United StatesArmy

Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Commander of USAFFE

Dec. 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor Bombing

Roosevelt and the War

The US declared war with only one dissenting vote(Jeannette Rankin)

Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of England whoannounced that Great Britain would declare war onJapan

The Japanese Offensive

The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to strikeimmediately at the rich Dutch and British possessions inSoutheast Asia

The subjugation of the Philippines was planned carefully

To spare Manila, Gen. MacArthur declared it as an opencity (all defensive forces have been abandoned), but theJapanese still bombed the city

Pres. Franklin Roosevelt – pledged to give the Filipinostheir independence and freedom

Quezon in Corregidor

Manuel L. Quezon, Jose Abad Santos, Sergio Osmena,Basilio Valdes and Manuel Nieto all left for Corregidor

Jose P. Laurel – former Chief Justice then promoted toSecretary of Justice; acted as the mediator between theJapanese and Filipinos

Quezon took his oath on the Corregidor marking hissecond term as President

The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

General Masaharu Homma – Japanese commander-in-chief

Europe-First Policy – the US and Great Britain prioritizedsaving the European countries

General Jonathan Wainwright – successor of MacArthuras the commander of USAFFE

Edward P. King – commander of the forces in Bataan

Death March – forced march from Bataan to SanFernando, Pampanga

General Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese,through the Voice of Freedom

Re-organization of the Government

Co-Prosperity Sphere in the Greater East Asia – “the

Philippines are for the Filipinos”

Jorge Vargas – Chairman of the Executive Commission

Central Administration Organization – the new name ofthe government under the Japanese era; composed of 6departments, namely: (1) Interior, (2) Finance, (3)Justice, (4) Agriculture and Commerce, (5) Education,Health and Public Welfare and (6) Public Works andCommunication



Commissioner – head of each department

Council of State – advisory body of the government

Educational Re-orientation

Military Order No. 2 – Japanese Education Policy;aiming to erase the Western Cultural influences

Re-opening of Elementary Schools – priority of Japanesein their educational policy

Propagation of Tagalog as the national language

The Republic

Japan’s intention was to see the Philippines become a

Republic

Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)

– instructed to form the Preparatory Commission forPhilippine Independence

Jose P. Laurel – president of KALIBAPI

The National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel Presidentof the future Republic

Economic Conditions

The people of Manila, not having an inch of agricultural

land to their credit, suffered most

Most of the people engaged in the buy-and-sellbusiness

Mickey Mouse money – cause of inflation

Kangkong – saved thousands of lives, for there wasscarcity of food

Social Conditions

Filipinos’ Five Enemies During the Japanese Era

Japanese Military (Kempetai) Diseases Guerrillas Hunger Japanese-paid Filipino Spies

Kura – most feared Japanese word; means ‘come here’

or ‘dismiss’

Cultural Aspects

Dramatic Philippines – the white hope of the stage

The Changes Brought about by the JapaneseOccupation

1) Reorganization of the Government

2) Educational Re-orientation 3) Formation of the Japanese-sponsored republic 4) The economic conditions

a) Collapse of agriculture in general b) Rise of the new social class

5) The social/cultural changes a) The importance of Tagalog language was

emphasized b) The love of Filipino culture

CHAPTER 22The “Liberation”

Guerillas

Those who refused to place themselves undert6he authority of the Japanese MilitaryAdministration fled to the mountains to join theguerillas.

Officers and soldiers of USAFFE who retreatedto Bataan organized guerilla units.

In Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija,the dominant guerilla outfit was theHUKBALAHAP led by Luis Taruc.

Functions of the Guerillas

Ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers andcivilians.

Relay important intelligence reports toMacArthur in Australia.

Liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers.

Japanese Military Brutality – neutralized theirpropaganda line of making the Philippines an importantpart of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,which explained why a great majority of Filipinos turnedguerillas and potential guerillas.



Guerilla Newspapers – given that the press and radioare controlled by the Japanese, there are two ways toget real news; Radio San Francisco and the guerilla“newspapers”.

The Government in Exile

Quezon, thinking of death, issued an Executive

Order naming Col. Manuel A. Roxas as Presidentof the Commonwealth upon his and Osmena’s

death. Osmena gave way to Quezon’s desire to

continue as President. August 1, 1944 – Quezon died at Saranac Lake,

New York. Osmena then succeeded toPrecidency.

The Battle of the Philippine Sea – primarily an aircombat, prevented the Japanese from reinforcing theMarianas and led to the subsequent capture of theislands on the other.

Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey – concluded that theinvasion of the Philippines must begin in Leyte, not inMindanao as originally contemplated by MacArthur forthe Visayan air resistance of the Japanese was weak.

The Battle for Leyte Gulf – the greatest naval battle in

history.

Potsdam Proclamation – calling upon Japan tosurrender unconditionally or face “prompt and utter

destruction”.

The End of the War

August 6 – nuclear bomb unleashed inHiroshima.

August 9 – nuclear bomb unleashed in

Nagasaki. The same day that Russia declaredwar against Japan.

August 15 – surrender of Japan. September 2 – Japan signed the terms of

surrender on board the battleship Missouri atTokyo Bay.

PART 6: THE THIRD REPUBLIC

CHAPTER 23

Postwar Problems and the Republic

Postwar Economic Conditions

Poverty – resulting from widespreaddestruction of property, including work animals,was rampant throughout the country.

Limited Production – lack of capital to financerehabilitation of destroyed or partiallydestroyed machinery and other equipments.

The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) – providedspeedy relief for all the people of Manila and theprovinces which had been recently liberated from theJapanese rule.

Gen. Douglas MacArthur – a man of action and of amilitary temper, actually made important decisions froPresident Osmena.

The Back Pay Law – promised to give t6hree years’ back

pay to all prewar government employees after the ten-year period, that is in 1958.

“Collaboration” – officials in the Laurel Governmentwho “collaborated” to the Japanese intended to soften

the impact of the Japanese military administration.

The Bell Trade – 8 year free trade relations between theUS and Philippines with the controversial feature of“parity” rights to the Americans.

Parity Rights – Americans would have the right todispose, exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural,timber and mineral lands.

Tydings Rehabilitation Act – a complement to the BellTrade providing for an outlay of $620,000,000 incondition by the amendment to give “parity” rights to

the Americans.

The Birth of the Liberal Party – the Nacionalista Partywas split into two:



Osmena Faction - supporters of Osmena whowanted him to continue serve the countrydespite of his conclusion to retire.

Roxas Faction – supporters of Manuel Roxas.

The election resulted in the dominance of theRoxas faction, which assumed a new color andbecame the Liberal Party.

The Roxas Administration

Guerilla Amnesty – proclaimed generalamnesty of those guerillas who killed andmurdered in pursuance of the resistancemovement.

The Treaty of General Relations – United Stateswithdrew and surrendered “all rights ofpossession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, orsovereignty except bases for the mutual

protection of United States and the Philippines.

CHAPTER 24

The HUKBALAHAP movement

Banal Taruc – chairman of the committee.

The HUKBALAHAP sovereignty – unity anddiscipline of the men and women under the HUKinfluence made Central Luzon and other provinces aHUK territory who saw to it that peace and orderreigned in their respective areas.

Roxas and the HUKs – when Roxas finally won thepresidency, he instituted a campaign against theHUKs. The HUKs however, succeeded in electingTaruc and other members of the DemocraticAlliance to Congress.

The Quirino Administration

Judge Antonio Quirino – sent by his brother Pres.Quirino, to the field to contact Taruc in order toknow what the HUKs wanted.

The Murder of Mrs. Quezon – on April 28, 1949,Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, her daughter, baby,and ten others, in Nueva Ecija, were shot mercilessto death.

Gen. Rafael Jalandoni – accused the HUKs of thebastardly crime.

Gen. Alberto Ramos – contende that bandits, notthe HUKs, were responsible to the crime.

Chapter 25: THE RECOGNITION OF TAO

Ramon Magsaysay - Secretary of Nat’l Defense, Quirino

Administration; projected himself as friend of the tao;ran for the highest office and was elected by themajority; died in an accident during his popularity;Nacionalista

Tao- common man; object of pity; victim of injustices;but suffered with abundant patience and amiabletolerance like a carabao; backbone of the nation;

unheard voices; those in power have looked upon themas pure lunacy

Result of the degradation of the tao:*thoughts of negligence*bahala na attitude*indolence*fatalism augmented by ignorance*religious fanaticism

Magsaysay Administration:*geared his administration to the urgent demands ofthe public*improvement of land tenure system*easy-term credit to peasants*intensive community development with self-help asbasic factor*Agricultural Tenancy Act - freedom to choose thesystem of tenancy under which they would want towork

*Nat’l Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration(NARRA)- settlement projects for landless settlers*linked rural districts to urban centers*Agricultural Credit and Cooperative FinancingAdministration (ACCFA) - agricultural aid for farmers*Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association(FACOMAS)*Presidential Complaints and Action Committee- trulya gov’t of the people



*opened the Malacanang to the mass

The peasants misled Magsaysay’s intentions into

believing that everything would be done for them bythe gov’t

Magsaysay died on a plane crash on March 16, 1957

when he left for Cebu

President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay’s

presidency

Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- First time in thePhilippine History that a president was elected with avice president belonging to the rival party (Liberal party)

Garcia Administration:

*Austerity- temperate spending*economic independence*establish Filipino dignity*balanced economy by providing equal impetus toagriculture and industry*eradicate graft and corruption

Chapter 26: THE CONTINUING CRISIS

Diosdado Macapagal (1961):

*objectives: (1) immediate restoration of economicstability (2) alleviation of the common man’s plight (3)

dynamic basis for future growth*gave off extravagant parties*people realized that simple living was meant only forthose who could not afford three simple meals a day

Midnight Appointments:Garcia appointed more than 200 of his followers,protégés to important positions in th e gov’t

The Stonehill Scandal-of illegal and immoral transactions involving millions ofpesos-Sec. of Justice Jose W. Jocno ordered the NBI agents toraid the offices of the industrial and business andmanagement corporation on

-Arrested where Harry S. Stonehill, his associates John L.and Robert P. Brooks.-Seized during the raids where enormous amounts ofcash and a large quantity of assorted documents whichcould have filled three six by six trucks-Blue Book , containing the names of persons, in andoutside the gov’t, who allegedly received various sums

from Stonehill-Pres. Macapagal ordered the immediate deportation ofStonehill and Brooks-Senator Arturo M. Tolentino, a Nacionalista, called thepresedential order “a dangerous precedent, anyinfluential alien could commit any crime in thePhilippines and then escape punishment by agreeing tobe deported

Independence Day- Macapagal surprised the nationalist

camp with his executive order shifting the PhilippineIndependence day from the traditional July 4 to June 12the day when in 1898 the declaration of independencewas read in Kawit Cavite.

The Land Reform Code -to establish owner-cultivatorship-a dignified existence for the small farmers-viable social and economic structure in agriculture-apply all labor laws equally

-a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement-make small farmers more independent

Initial Results -in Plaridel Bulacan, survey showed that land reform intheir view had materially improved local livingconditions

The Election of 1965-Senate Pres Ferdinand E. Marcos wanted Macapagal to

give way to him for the presidency-with the land reform program in his mind, Macapagalrefused to give way to Marcos-the presidential campaign of 1965 was the dirtiest andthe most vicious of all political campaigns in the country-the Iglesia Ni Kristo was accused of openly supportingMarcos and other national and local candidates-Catholics were sharply divided into two camps: forMacapagal and Marcos



-November 9, 1965 Marcos won by a big majority

Marcos Program:Objectives:-self sufficiency-implementation of the land reform program-strengthen further our social, economic and political

baseProposed Enactment:-adjust buying price for rice and corn-provide legislative authority to borrow funds-recognize gov’t agricultural agencies

The Vietnam Aid Law-Marcos’ most acrimonious controversy was his decisionto send a military engineering battalion with armedsupport to the war in Vietnam in which the US has been

deeply involved.

Teodoro M. Locsin’s arguments against pro -VietnamAid:-sending of a military contingent to South Vietnam wastantamount to an act of war-the country was and is still too poor to waste35,000,000 a year to support the battalion to be sent-the money could be better spent in constructingirrigation systems to increase the rice yield

-Philippines has no business meddling in the internalaffairs of another country-the US wanted the Phil to join the war in order to showthe world that the war in Vietnam was not a racial war.

Deterioration of peace and order-daily newspapers publish cases of murder, homicide,rape, robbery, holdup, mayhem, and smuggling-involvement of officers of the law in many crimesincluding brutalities against peaceful citizens

-first massacre: Culatingan, Conception Tarlac. In themorning of June 13, 1966, three Phil constabularyoperations posing as Huks persuaded seven farmers-second massacre: May 21, 1967, when 32 bolowielding fanatical members of the Lapiang Malaya and aconstabulary ranger were killed in a clash near theborder of Manila and Pasay City-Luis Taruc and Dr. Jesus Lava came to suggest that theMarcos Admin extend amnesty to all the Huks

Emphasis:-the social reforms promised by Marcos must be carriedout faithfully and sincerely-they must be protected by the gov’t in such a way that

nobody would take advantage of their helplessness

The Huk Resurgence

-captureof Dr. Jesus Lava, the last brains of the Huks leftthe Huk movement destitute of ideological basis-social conditions all of which the gov’t had not solved

satisfactorily lead many desperate peasants to join theHuk-Pres Marcos discovered through his agents. He urgedthe town mayors of Pampangga to bind themselves intoan anti-Huk league in order to arrest the Hukresurgence-as if to challenge Maros, the Huk ambushed and killed

the president of the league

The Manila Summit-Sept 1966, President and Mrs Marcos went to US for astate visit-Marcos announced a meeting of a summit in Manila tohelp solve the Vietnam problem. I which the US hadbeen warring against the helpless Vietnamese peoplewho had not known peace-President Johnson of US was the brains behind the

summit meeting; he wanted the world to believe thatnot only America was in Vietnam to preservedemocracy in that helpless landAgenda:-peace talks on the war in South Vietnam-evaluation in case of the rejection of this proposals byNorth Vietnam-an assessment at the resistance and subversion inSouth Vietnam-a review and discussion of the economic stabilization

and rehabilitation of South Vietnam-discussion of the political problems of South Vietnam-a peaceful settlement of the warThe Summit Document -a joint communiqué-a declaration on peace and progress in Asia and Pacific-the goals of freedom



The demand that the North Vietnamese surrender firstbefore the summiteers would talk peace in Vietnam

The US proposed up Ngo Dinh Diem to antagonize theVietnamese people especially the Viet Cong

The Oct 24 Anti-Summit Demonstration

-preparation against it were also being plotted by thestudents of manila and the suburbs of those in road atthe UP and LPU-Oct 24, 1966 no less than 3000 students and membersof the nationalistic Kabataang Makabayan staged aprotest before the US embassy-the significance lies in the fact that the studentsformerly maligned, have finally become aware that it ispart of their duty as future leaders of the Phil to involvethemselves in National Questions

The Witch-Hunt-the militant student demonstration of Oct 24, led theintelligence agencies and congress to conduct so calledinvestigations-three committees of congress summoned somestudent leaders allegedly to investigate police brutalitybut the investigations turned out to be nothing-witch-hunt was an attempt of the anti-nationalistagainst the nationalist

-when the intelligence agencies make unfounded andunproved accusation which cannot stand in court,Filipino society has indeed returned to the dark ages-Supreme Court Justice Jesus G. Barrera said that thefounding of KM result in an uncontrollable overflowingwould sweep us all in each angry rush-the intelligence agencies however tried to salvage theirtattered image by extending an invitation to some 60students and a few professors of the UP to visit China,all expenses paid.

Chapter 27: PROFILE OF THE ECONOMY

- There are problems because of war- The leaders could only rely to the US for financial andmaterials aid- These funds were used to rehabilitate agriculture,commerce, trade and industry (Some – pockets ofdishonest officials)

- Effects – increase gross national output and income,cost of living increased, labor grew- National economy has improved, but theimprovements are not enough to bring down the cost ofliving

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

- War affected the productive capacity of people- With the help of US, the govt partially solved theeconomic problems (first 10 years)- Increase in crop production, expanded area for foodcrops, fertilizer, irrigation, better seeds, chemicalsagainst plant pests and diseases, production of exportcrops increases (copra, sugar)- Abaca, tobacco not yet recovered- Partial recovery – fish production resulted in reducingfish importation, livestock poultry increased (meatsupply)- Lumber and timber industry soared because ofrehabilitation

DOMESTIC TRADE- The economy suffered from alien control of domestictrade (so build nationalization laws to loosen thestranglehold of the aliens)- Market Stalls Act (1946) – Filipino shall havepreferences in the lease of public market stalls- Retail Trade Nationalization Law (1954) – No non-Filipino owned companies shall engage in retail trade- Filipino Retailers’ Fund Act (1955) – provides credit

facilities to be extended to Filipino retailers- NAMARCO Act (1955) – provides the establishment ofthe National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) toassist Filipino retailers by supplying them with goods atprices that would enable them to compete in the openmarket- Effect – domestic trade in the hands of the Fil.- Only contradict are the DUMMIES (Anti-Dummy Board

– to eliminate these but only to a small effect)

FOREIGN TRADE AND COMMERCE

- Unfavorable balance of trade (so build reforms toeliminate this)- Reforms made – systems of import and exchangecontrolsMINERAL PRODUCTION- The minerals were not fully exploited- Increase production (gold, silver, base metals and non-metals

THE BELL MISSION REPORT



- Pres. Quirino asked Pres. Harry S Truman to conductsurvey to know the problems of the Phils, andsuggestions- Truman appointed Daniel W. Bell (took months)NOTES: RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN BOOK(PAGES 505-507 OF RED ONES)Summary: (Problems) – inefficient production, very lowincomes, finances of govt were worse, tax not enough,

inequality of level of income of people, increasing priceof commodity, corruption, lose faith to the govt,(Solutions): - add taxes, invest more, establish ruralbanks (for agricultural purposes), transportation, leviesimports, pass laws for education, public health, honestgovt, and assistance of American of $250 million.

- From Quirino to Pres. Garcia, they implemented therecommendations, (Rural banks, Magna Carta of Labor,and other labor laws, new industries, reorganization ofgovt employees and officials, exchange policies)

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS- Established Central Bank to ensure economic progressand financial stability (1948, signed by Quirino) (Jan. 3,1949 for economic sovereignty)- Monopoly of issuing currency, financial adviser of govt,regulates and supervises all financial institutions,

Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – later DevelopmentBank of the Philippines- (Jan 2, 1947) to provide credit facilities forrehabilitation of agriculture, commerce, industry, and to

repair damages from World War II,- built new houses, commercial buildings, and forfinancial assistance, (good effects)

UNFAVORABLE FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY- Most companies were managed by foreigners- Foreign – mining, electricity, commerce,manufacturing- Phil – fisheries, forestry and transportation

ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

- Magsaysay – pro American (don’t care about theeffects of aliens), so after him Garcia (with Claro Recto)want to diminish the share of foreign countries in theeconomy (Filipino nationalism resurgence)“Filipino First” Policy – Aug 21, 1958- Filipinos would be given preference in all matterspertaining to the economic development of the country- Finally, the Filipinos got the chance to dominate themarket, but the alien protested and spread rumor thatGarcia administration is anti-alien (specially anti-

American and anti-Chinese), because the aliencompanies will be eliminated if it will continue- Answer: Filipinos have the right for their own country,not anti-aliens- Americans: You just want to steal from others, not toenrich your nationalism (there are conflicts)

THE COURTS ON THE RETAIL TRADE AND “PARITY”

- Opposition of alien and local businessmen- Retail Trade Nationalization – 10 years for theadjustment of foreign firms, only firms that are whollyowned by Filipinos can engage with retail,Americans: Accdg to Laurel-Langley Agreement, theAmericans have the rights for the natural resources,transportation, and all economic activities in the Phils.(their parity rights)Filipinos: Ok, firms that are partially owned by a Filipinoand American can engage in business.- The matter was taken into courts- Judge Hilarion Jarencio prohibited American toconduct business- They quarrelled,Americans: How about our parity rights, we helped youin the rehabilitationFilipinos: American cannot have more rights thanFilipinos

END OF PARITYLaurel-Langley Agreement – the basis of trade relationsbetween US and Phils (it expired so there are notreaties about the trade relations of US)

Marcos: All American landholdings of the Americanswere terminated

THE GROWTH OF LABOR UNIONS- Effect of the American occupationUnion Obrera Democratica de Filipinas – (Isabelo delosReyes, Aurelio Tolentino, Lope K. Santos, etc.) voicedout the social demands of the works through literaryworks (writers) – example is Lope K. Santos’ Banaag atSikat- Effect – influenced workers so they built many union

groups because of the abuses of some capitalists,especially on cigar and cigaretteMay 1, 1913 – first Labor Day- Note: Two kinds of labor unions arose – thecommunist and the conservative. A conflict also aroseso the Japanese declared labor unions as illegal- After war, labor unions organized strikes for wage hikeand other concerns Amado V. Hernandez – lead some labor strikes, lifeimprisonment, acquitted



Committee (later Congress) Labor Organization (CLO) – most popular and powerful labor union

LABOR GAINS- Establishment of Bureau of Labor then Department ofLabor- 9 Hour Labor Law- Magna Carta of Labor – encourages workers to build

labor union and declare strike (but has limitations)- Social Security Act of 1954 – allowance for the sick,unemployed person, retirement and disability benefitsof laborers.- Termination Pay Law – payment for the worker- Blue Sunday Law – Sundays leisure of workers, andholidays- Minimum Wage Law – P 120 per month- Anti-Scab Law – right to protest,- One of the major problems is unemployment

BAD FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LABOR- Philippine labor is divided because differences inprinciples and personal ambitions- Rivalry between unions- Dishonest leaders of unions (many improper practices)- Lack of civic sense (thinking only of their own familiesnot the whole society)

Chapter 28: EXTERNAL AFFAIRS

- The Phils has anchored her policy on 3 Paramount

Planks:1. Close Association with the US (with defense andsecurity) – some criticize it because they believe thatPhils and US’s interests are not always coinciding 2. Sympathy for the aspirations of all dependentcountries, particularly of Asia (to raise the standards ofliving in the neighbouring countries)3. Close cooperation with the United Nations

FOREIGN POLICY PLANKS- July 4, 1946 - regained independence

- US helped the Phils thus, building the first plank- Because of the results of the war, many countries alsoexperienced difficulty, so plank no. 2- Joined UN for universal peace and unity (plank 3)

FIRST PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION- War made the Phils and US to have a commoninterest, to defend their respective territories, and topromote this, they agreed to have an alliance- The US army will protect and help the Phils force

- Building US bases, furnishing the arms, ammunitions,equipment, supplies- Mutual Defense Treaty –treaty for peace, defendthemselves against external armed attackRecto: If the Phils is under an external aggression, theUS might not come to assistance if the US Congressdoes make such declaration- This was proved to be true because that promise to

protect the Phils was written on water- On the economic front, the Phils and US hadconcluded agreements designed to help the formereconomically- It was slow because of the Bell Trade act of 1946(patent inequality). But it was amended through therequest of Pres. Magsaysay- On the cultural front, the Phils and US entered into anagreement under which both governments wouldexchange official publications- Exchange of professors and students between them,

PROBLEMS OF FIL-AMERICAN RELATIONS- The Americans wanted to bend the Filipinos to be likethem- Conflict – Many killings have been reported from bothparties (The behavior of the American soldiers towardsthe Filipino civilians inside the military bases)- They attempted to relax the tension, they won but italready affect ed many Filipinos’ perception about theAmericans- They doubt the so-called special relations of the US-They test the relation between the two countries and

they have proved that the special relation is just a myth- In the end, they tried to have a mutual trust but it willtake time

SECOND PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION- participating in conferences concerning cultural,economic, social questions that are important to theOrient- Diplomatic exchanges have been made- Treaties with different countries like Pakistan,Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.

MANILA PACT- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – alsocalled the Manila Pact, in 1954 (Indonesia, Thailand,Malaysia, Burma, others)- Relentless marching of communism in Asia (from MaoTse-Tung and others like Korea (North is invading South)is happening so they talked about it- This was a threat to the Westernized countries likePhils so they met in Manila to make arrangements



- They signed it, (purpose is to defend the SoutheastAsia against armed external aggression)- They will help each other if a communist aggressionwill happen to a country

THIRD PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION- Promotion of idea of One World- Even if the Phils is not one of the most significant, she

tried her best to help other countries- Human rights, and other ideas- Aside from UN, Phils is involved in non-politicalactivities (WHO, and other organization)

ANTI-COMMUNISM AS A POLICY- Many Fil. Presidents do not want communism in thecountry- They conditioned Filipino officials’ minds to absoluteanti-communism- But some says, that this will only cause trouble, butthey still go with it

MAPHILINDO (Mushawarah Maphilindo)- Magsaysay proposed a summit (Malaya, Phils,Indonesia) and approved- To strengthen cooperation, combine efforts againstcolonialism, shall cooperate in building a better world,

THE BREAK-UP- The creation of the Federation of Malaysia (Malaya,Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah)- Indo and Phil was deciding if they will accept the

Federation to the Maphilindo when the British govtmade a decision that Sarawak and Sabah is for theFederation of Malaysia (based on the answers of thecitizens in Sarawak and Sabah)- Phils and Indo didn’t believed this so Indo made anAnti-Malaysian campaign and the Phils didn’t recognizeit- Marcos re-established the diplomatic relations withMalaysia

THE DISPUTE OVER SABAH

- But after the reestablishment of the relation, therewas a new controversy- Accdg to Phils (British govt has no right to give Sabahto Malaysia)- Accdg to Malaysia (British govt turned Sabah to them)- The Malaysia wanted Sabah not only because of theestablished federation of Malaysia but also its naturalresources

f

- Phils withdrew embassy from Kuala Lumpur, samewith Malaysia in Manila

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASA)- Replaced Maphilindo that would include non-Malaypeople- to elevate the standard of living and improve thematerial welfare of their people

- This was difficult because of the conflict between Philsand Malaysia- But thanks to Marcos, it was solved and revived theASA

THE ASEAN- Association of Southeast Asian Nations – Bangkok,Thailand (Aug 8, 1967)- To hasten economic, social, and cultural progress,promote regional peace, assistance and collaboration,- Learned from the dead SEATO, it is non-political unlikethe SEATO- It focuses on economic, social, and cultural, notpolitical but they make advices

RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES- Phil-Spain relation has been established again- Spain provided scholarship to study in Spain higherlearning education- Treaties with Oriental, European, Latin Americancountries- treaty with Japan was concluded- Japan paid reparations to the countries it destroyed

History - Combined (Chapter 1-28)

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Transcript of History - Combined (Chapter 1-28)