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Hannah Gray 1/23/12

U.S History The Americans ch. 11 sec. 1 notes

S = South N = North U = Union C = Confederacy

The Civil War Begins

Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter

Confederate States of America formed on Feb. 4, 1861 War quickly begins at Fort Sumter in SC

o One of few forts in S still part of Uo Fort commander: Major Anderson of U

Lincolns Dilemma

C says surrender Fort Sumter or suffer an attack Lincoln didnt want to be the one to start violence but didnt want to recognize the

Confederacy as a nation

First Shots

Lincoln decides to send food, responding neutrally Davis now has his own dilemma

o Chooses to go to war C starts firing shots & Anderson surrenders

Virginia Secedes

Fort Sumter N is unitedo People rush to enlist

VA doesnt want to fight S, secedeso Huge loss for NVA is most populated & industrialized state in So AK, TN, & NC follow11 C stateso WV is created because part of VA doesnt want to secede

MD, DE, KY, & MO remain in U despite slavery, serve as border statesAmericans Expect a Short War

Everyone expects short, glorious warUnion and Confederate Strategies

U has huge advantage More fighting power More factories Greater food production More extensive railroad system Lincoln = decisive yet patient leader, good at balancing factions

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C has advantages too Huge profits from cotton industry on world market First rate generals Strong military tradition Motivated soldiers PROBLEM: weak govt

Us strategycalled Anaconda plan1. Block S ports2. Move down MS River & split C into 23. Capture C capital at Richmond, VA

Cs strategy Protect itself as a nation Defensive

Bull Run

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major bloodshed: 3 months into waro Bull Run

Between 2 inexperienced armies Close to U capital, so Lincoln tells McDowell to attack Back and forth battle C wins first victory led by Stonewall Jackson

Too tired to go after U capital but morale soarsUnion Armies in the West

U trains & prepares large army led by George McClellanForts Henry and Donelson

U army invades TN led by Ulysses S. Granto Captures 2 strategic C forts within 11 days

Fort Henry on TN River Fort Donelson on Cumberland River C surrenders, Grant gets reputation as being tough

Shiloh

Grant gathers troops at small TN church named Shiloh near MS border C army surprise attacks Grant comes back strong & forces C to retreat Taught both sides a strategic lesson

o Generals must send out scouts, dig trenches, and build fortso Foreshadowed how bloody the war would become

Ended in a tie but helped U in the long runFarragut on the Lower Mississippi

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David G. Farragut of U sets out to capture New OrleansCs largest city/busiest porto Successfulmarches thru firing C armyo Farragut later captures Baton Rouge & Natchez

Making important progress toward victoryA Revolution in Warfare

Ironclad ship & other technological advancements = key to successIronclads

Could splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon fire, and resist burning Battle between Moniter&Merrimack

o U & C both create ironclad ships and they battle Ends in a tie The end of wooden fighting ships

New Weapons

Rifle & mini balldeadly technologyo Riflemore accurate than musketso Mini ballmore destructive than earlier bullets

Hand grenades & land mines Could kill mass amounts of people while hiding

The War for the Capitals

3rd part of Us strategy is a struggle cannot capture C capitalo McClellan is too cautious and wont make a move

U is frustrated with McClellanOn to Richmond

In spring of 1862, McClellan finally moves toward C capital Robert E. Lee takes over C army

o modest, innovative with military techniques, originally opposed secession butremained loyal to VA (his home state) when they joined the C

C at huge disadvantage but Lee saves Richmond because of his unorthodox tacticsAntietam

C army is struggling McClellan, by chance, finds Lees plans & makes an attack

o Near a creek called the Antietamo Bloodiest battle in American history

Enormous casualties Ends in a standoff because McClellan is too cautious but C retreats Lincoln fires McClellan for being a wimp