TV History and UseTV History and Use

Development of TelevisionDevelopment of Television Mechanical Television (Paul Nipkow)Mechanical Television (Paul Nipkow) Several different scientists worked on Several different scientists worked on

system of scanning to produce television system of scanning to produce television pictures between pictures between 1884 and the late and the late 1920s.s.

Development of TelevisionDevelopment of Television Electronic TelevisionElectronic Television

• Philo T. Farnsworth: considered the : considered the ““fatherfather”” of of electronic television

Substantial progress in development of electronic television through the 1930s

NBC began regularly scheduled broadcasts NBC began regularly scheduled broadcasts at the NY World's Fair in 1939 at the NY World's Fair in 1939 • RCA provided regular 2 hour broadcasts on RCA provided regular 2 hour broadcasts on

NBC.NBC.• WWII slowed progress between 1939-1945WWII slowed progress between 1939-1945

LicensingLicensing

FCC granted the first 2 commercial FCC granted the first 2 commercial licenses in 1941.licenses in 1941.

By the end of WWII in 1945, there By the end of WWII in 1945, there were 9 commercial stations with FCC were 9 commercial stations with FCC licenses, and 6 were on the air.licenses, and 6 were on the air.

Licensing helped bring about Licensing helped bring about standards (standards (NTSC))

Growth of TVGrowth of TV

19461946 .02% of homes .02% of homes

19501950 9% 9%

1951 1951 23.5% 23.5%

19601960 90% 90%

19801980 98%98%

20082008 99%99%

Defining Moments in TVDefining Moments in TV

Public EventsPublic Events

1963 1963 Kennedy Assassination 1963 Nov 241963 Nov 24 Lee Harvey Oswald

assassinationassassination 1986 Jan 281986 Jan 28 Explosion of Challenger of Challenger

space shuttle space shuttle 1989 Nov 91989 Nov 9 Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall 1991 Jan-Feb1991 Jan-Feb News Coverage of First Gulf News Coverage of First Gulf

War War

Defining Moments in TVDefining Moments in TV

• 1995 Apr 191995 Apr 19 Oklahoma City Bombing

Oct. 3Oct. 3O.J. Simpson trial/verdict

• 19971997 Princess Di's death and Princess Di's death and funeralfuneral

• 19981998 Clinton Impeachment/ Clinton Impeachment/ Lewinsky ScandalLewinsky Scandal

• 19991999Killing spree at Columbine High School in Colorado

Defining Moments in TVDefining Moments in TV

2000 Nov2000 Nov Presidential Election count/FloridaPresidential Election count/Florida 2001 Sept 112001 Sept 11

Terrorist Attack on World Trade Center 2003 Mar 192003 Mar 19 US started war with IraqUS started war with Iraq Dec 14Dec 14 Capture of Saddam Hussein 2003 Feb 12003 Feb 1 Explosion of Shuttle Columbia 2006 Dec 302006 Dec 30 Execution of Saddam HusseinExecution of Saddam Hussein 2007 April 162007 April 16 Virginia Tech Shooting 2011 May 22011 May 2 President Obam a’s bin Laden speech

SPORTS EVENTSSPORTS EVENTS

20012001Dale Earnhardt death at the Daytona 500

2004 Feb 12004 Feb 1Janet Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" during Super Bowl

2006-20072006-2007 UF wins national football UF wins national football championship and two national championship and two national basketball championshipsbasketball championships

ENTERTAINMENTENTERTAINMENT

2000 May 312000 May 31 SurvivorSurvivor on CBS starts Reality TV on CBS starts Reality TV fadfad

2003 Jan2003 Jan U2's Bono used the F word on U2's Bono used the F word on TV TV and the FCC decides to crack and the FCC decides to crack

downdown Feb 27Feb 27 Death of Mr. Rogers from theDeath of Mr. Rogers from the

children's programchildren's program Sept 1 Sept 1

Britney Spears and Madonna kiss on MTV Music Awards

The American Media DietThe American Media DietTV Market PenetrationTV Market Penetration

111.4 million TV households in the 111.4 million TV households in the United States:United States:• 285 million sets285 million sets• 99% have color TV99% have color TV• average = 2.24TVs in every homeaverage = 2.24TVs in every home

75% had cable by 200075% had cable by 2000 98% of families w/ children had VCRs 98% of families w/ children had VCRs

by 1999by 1999 81% of homes in 2006 had DVD81% of homes in 2006 had DVD DVR: 7% by 2005, 30% by 2008DVR: 7% by 2005, 30% by 2008

TV UsageTV Usage In the average home the TV is on more In the average home the TV is on more

than 7 and 8 hours per day.than 7 and 8 hours per day.

Who watches the most TV?Who watches the most TV?

1. senior citizens1. senior citizens2. children up to age 122. children up to age 123. women3. women4. ethnic minorities4. ethnic minorities5. poor 5. poor

Comparisons with Other Media: Comparisons with Other Media: RadioRadio

Radio became widely available in the Radio became widely available in the 1920's. 1920's.

Most available of all media worldwideMost available of all media worldwide Traditionally/Historically, teenagers Traditionally/Historically, teenagers

listened most, but is this still true listened most, but is this still true today?today?

Entertainment and Information Entertainment and Information SourceSource

NewspapersNewspapers NewspaperNewspaper readership has been falling. readership has been falling.

1970 78% read a daily newspaper1970 78% read a daily newspaper1997 59%1997 59%2007 48%2007 48%

Readership by age groupReadership by age group

More local and regional informationMore local and regional information

Readers are older, male, better educated, Readers are older, male, better educated, Caucasian, higher socio-economic status.Caucasian, higher socio-economic status.

Sports section most readSports section most read

MagazinesMagazines

11,000 different publications in 11,000 different publications in 1990s (2007 trend)1990s (2007 trend)

most narrow and segmentedmost narrow and segmented

Computer-Mediated Computer-Mediated CommunicationCommunicationAmerican MarketAmerican Market

1995 1995 10% in US had Internet access10% in US had Internet access 2000 2000 42% had home Internet42% had home Internet 20032003 >50% had Internet access>50% had Internet access 2007 71% had home Internet2007 71% had home Internet 2008 60% use broadband at home2008 60% use broadband at home Internet used mostly for email, games, Internet used mostly for email, games,

social network sites, chat, IM, accessing social network sites, chat, IM, accessing databases, discussion groups – News?databases, discussion groups – News?

Source of News Source of News Roper Studies: TIORoper Studies: TIO

News/What's Going on in the WorldNews/What's Going on in the World 1959 1963 19781959 1963 1978 19881988

TVTV 51% 55%51% 55% 67% 67% 65%65%Nwp Nwp 5757 53 53 49 49 4242RadioRadio 3434 29 29 20 20 1414MagMag 8 8 66 5 5 4 4

2008 News and Information 2008 News and Information Sources – Pew ResearchSources – Pew Research

Credibility/BelievabilityCredibility/Believability

1959 1961 19821959 1961 1982 19881988

TVTV 29% 39%29% 39% 53% 53% 49%49%

Nwp Nwp 3232 24 24 22 22 2626

RadioRadio 1212 12 12 6 6 7 7

MagMag 1010 17 17 8 8 5 5

TV and Internet News Credibility TV and Internet News Credibility Pew ResearchPew Research

Major News SourcesMajor News Sources

Regularly watchRegularly watchread, listen to... read, listen to... 1996 1998 2000 2004 20061996 1998 2000 2004 2006 Major news sources Major news sources %% % % % % % % % %

Local TV newsLocal TV news 65 65 64 64 56 59 56 59 5454

Network news Network news 42 42 38 38 30 32 30 32 3434

Newspaper Newspaper 50 50 48 48 47 42 47 42 4040

Mag (Time/Nsw) Mag (Time/Nsw) 15 15 15 15 12 13 12 13 ----

Internet NewsInternet News 25 29 25 29 3131

2007 Regular News 2007 Regular News ConsumptionConsumption

Local TV NewsLocal TV News 71%71% Daily NewspaperDaily Newspaper 54%54% Network NewsNetwork News 46%46% Fox NewsFox News 43%43% CNN NewsCNN News 39%39% Online/Google, YahooOnline/Google, Yahoo 25%25% TV News Web siteTV News Web site 22%22% Daily Show/ColbertDaily Show/Colbert 16%16% Newsp. Web siteNewsp. Web site 12%12%

2010 Where Americans Get News 2010 Where Americans Get News Pew ResearchPew Research

78% from a local TV station78% from a local TV station 73% national network or cable TV73% national network or cable TV 61% get some kind of news online61% get some kind of news online 54% listen to a radio news program54% listen to a radio news program 50% read news in a local newspaper50% read news in a local newspaper 17% read national newspaper such 17% read national newspaper such

as the New York Times or USA Today.as the New York Times or USA Today.

In-depth news sourcesIn-depth news sources

1996 1998 2000 2002 20041996 1998 2000 2002 2004

%% % % % % % % % %

NPRNPR 13 13 15 15 15 15 16 16 1616

PBSPBS 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5

C-SPAN C-SPAN 6 6 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

Specialized NewsSpecialized News

%% 20042004

Weather Channel Weather Channel 3131ESPN ESPN 2020Entertainment TV Entertainment TV 1010Business magazines Business magazines 4 4Religious radio Religious radio 1111Get news online 3 orGet news online 3 or more days per week more days per week 2929

Generational Differences in Generational Differences in Networks and CableNetworks and CableNewsNews

Watch regularly... Watch regularly... % %

118-29 30-49 50-64 65+ 8-29 30-49 50-64 65+ DiffDiff**

Network Network

2004 2004 18 18 26 26 43 43 56 56 +38+38

Cable TV Cable TV

20042004 29 29 37 37 40 40 46 + 46 +1717

* Percentage point gap between the youngest and oldest viewers.* Percentage point gap between the youngest and oldest viewers.

Average Minutes per Day Average Minutes per Day

All News—TV, newspapers, radio, onlineAll News—TV, newspapers, radio, online

19941994 2004 2004 diff.diff.

18-2418-24 51 51 35 35 -16-16

25-29 25-29 62 62 45 45 -17-17

30-34 30-34 65 65 59 59 - 6- 6

35-49 35-49 74 74 66 66 - 8- 8

50-64 50-64 83 83 76 76 - 7- 7

65+ 65+ 90 90 85 85 - 5- 5

News Consumption by AgeNews Consumption by AgePew Research 2008Pew Research 2008

Gender Gap in News Gender Gap in News

Men Women Men Women DiffDiffRegularly use %Regularly use %

Newspaper* Newspaper* 4747 37 37 -10-10Radio news* Radio news* 45 45 36 36 - 9- 9News online+ News online+ 3333 25 25 - 8- 8Talk radio Talk radio 2121 13 13 - 8- 8Cable news Cable news 41 41 35 35 - 6- 6Local TV news Local TV news 56 56 61 61 + 5+ 5Nightly network news Nightly network news 30 30 37 37 + 7+ 7Network news magazines Network news magazines 17 17 2626 + 9+ 9Network morning shows Network morning shows 16 16 2828 + +1212