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8/8/2019 History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 2 (Download Only)
1/33
2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
ADAADA 123123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE: HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 11
CHAPTERCHAPTER 22::ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPT
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
2: ANCIENT EGYPT
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Early Dynastic period and Old Kingdom
2.3 First Pyramids
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
TOPIC OUTLINES
Slide 2 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
2.5 Middle Kingdom
2.6 New Kingdom
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and ableto identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and
Slide 3 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
temples.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
INTRODUCTION- Land and People
As long ago as 4000 B.C.E, the Egyptians were a people already highlycivilized, and skilled in the arts of peace and war.
2.1 Introduction
Slide 4 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
river, was flanked by rocky heights, nearly vertical in many places, which
afforded abundance of excellent building stone.
At the Delta, however, the valley widened out, with the falling away of
these heights, into broad lowlands, from which there was access to theouter world.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
Starts: 4000-3000 BCE
YEARS AREA
ACHIEVEMENTS
PRE-DYNASTICPERIOD=
Nile River, IFDU, MEMPHIS,
Upper+Lower Egypt
ARCHITECTURE
2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom
Slide 5 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
1-Develop WRITING= HIEROGLYPHS= Pictorial &
Phonetic Symbols
2-Introduced medium ofRECORD= PAPYRUS
3-Believed inAFTERWORLD=PYRAMID
(GHIZEH)=Preserve Mummy
4-Unified states of UPPER+LOWER Egypt by Menes
(The Pharoah King o f Upper Egypt)
Influenced by the RULER POWER:
FUNERARY MONUMENT=PYRAMID,
STATUES,
TEMPLE,
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom
Slide 6 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
EGYPTIAN HISTORY
divided into 30 dynastiesbut 5 significant Era
& OLD KINGDOM =
2920-2134 BCE
1000-324 BCE
324 BCE-330 AD
NEW KINGDOM =
2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom
Slide 7 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
1ST PYRAMIDS =
-
4th DYNASTY PYRAMIDS
AT GIZA=
1700-1000 BCE
MIDDLE KINGDOM=
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD & OLD KINGDOM2920-2134 BCE
It comes largely from funerary monuments and inscription, caused
by an Egyptian believed afterlife.
2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom
Slide 8 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
Religion taught earthly existence was followed by an afterlife in
which ka /life-force was reunited with ba /physical manifestation tobecome akh /spirit (ka + ba = akh), thus the transformation must be
successful through ritual activity.
The Pharaoh's ka who is not prepared for afterlife should be well
kept / served thus led to the construction of enduring tombs forroyalty and development of mummification.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
& OLD KINGDOM =1st 8th Dynasties
Earliest Tomb= Mastabas an eternal houses constructed ofreed, thatch and wood then using brick. Providing room for
2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom
Slide 9 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS /AREA
Greatly in fluenced by the
FUNERARY AFTERWOLD
2920-2134 BCE Revision Mastabas=made of brick was a blocklike structureabove ground placing chamber for serdab the deceased statue& added deep shaft under building to place body at its base.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 1ST PYRAMIDS2600 BCE
Priesthood prescribed significant ritual for Pharaoh led to enlargementof Mastabas to form PYRAMID.
It is important for Pharaoh lifted skyward in his eternal home, thus,-
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 10 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
morning light was the symbol of the Sun God as worshipped atHeliopolis.
PYRAMID shape is a symbolic reference to the annual rebirth of nature,for as flood draw away, first sign of plant life appear on the small
hillocks. The shape represented both daily and yearly rebirththroughout eternity.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contd2600 BCE
1st built for Djosers Funerary constructed in stone, large rectangle inplan, cover 35 acre, surroundes by wall 33 H and 1 mile long.
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 11 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
Only 1 entrance, small door at southeast corner lead to narrowcolonnaded processional hall. End of Corridor one enter tocourtyard dominated by Dyosers stepped pyramid.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
1ST PYRAMID
3
Djosers STEPPED PYRAMID= 197ft above 397 X 358 foot base.Begun with Mastaba, built up to 6 steps. Outside faade waslimestone and Internal part resemblance of Djosers Palace atMemphis.
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 12 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2630-2611 BCE -SAQQARA
ARCHITECT
IMHOTEP-3RD dynasty
1. Mastaba2. Southern Tomb3. Token Palace4. Throne Dais5. Boundary Caim s
6. Mortuary Temple7. Serdab8. Robing Hall9. Palace of the South10. Palace of the North
124
5 6
78
9 10
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
1ST PYRAMID
Djosers STEPPED PYRAMID= 197ft above 397 X 358 foot base.Begun with Mastaba, built up to 6 steps. Outside faade waslimestone and Internal part resemblance of Djosers Palace atMemphis.
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 13 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2630-2611 BCE -SAQQARA
ARCHITECT
IMHOTEP-3RD dynasty
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contd2600 BCE
The typical material areimmitated in stone: reed-bundle
and papyrus-stalk columns, log
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 14 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
immobile stone door.
A statue of Djoser looking
outward sit in the serdab with
small aperture cut in the wallbeing the only access to theoutside world.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contdSneferu Pyramid at Meidum2575-2551 BCE
The evolution of pyramid begun for
Sneferu-one of the 1st pharaouh of the
4th dynasty at Meidum.
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 15 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
yet reached 302 ft height with its step
core rising above the rubble thusnamely as ONION PYRAMID.
Entrance was through a sloping
corridor opening off the North-side,descending below ground then rising
short distance vertically to burial
chamber at the centre of the pyramid
base.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
1ST PYRAMID
Sneferu PYRAMID developed= added outer layer, began with steppedcore of 7 layers and transformed into true pyramid with 2 overbuildings.302 ft H and called as ONION PYRAMID.
2.3 The First Pyramids
Slide 16 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2575-2551 BCE MEIDUM6miles of south Saqqara
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHUFU PYRAMID 2551-2528 BCE
The work of Sneferus descendent known as KHUFU, KHAFRE &MENKAURE (in Greek called Cheop, Chepren & Mycerinus)
The largest pyramid= KHUFU (2551-2528 BCE) has unprecendented
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 17 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
Khufu is not solid hence has 3 burial chambers inside whereby oneplaced at excavated out of foundation bedrock and the rest at stonemountain erected.
The lowest part is an underworld, the middle chamber=Queen Chambercontained statue as serdab while the Top is Kings Chamber built of redgranite.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHUFU PYRAMID 2551-2528 BCE CONTD
Ceiling built of 11 pairs of granite beams set as gabled braced or saddle roofextending into the mass pyramid above the chamber.
5 massive sets of horizontal granite slabs from relieving chambers stacked
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 18 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
e ween e oa roo an a ce ng o e cryp o re uce we g anpressure above.
The corbelled gallery leading to this chambers constructed of marvel, 26ftheight.
Both Kings and Queens chambers have pairs of small shaft directedupwards through the mass of pyramid as a ventilation.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHUFU
KHUFU PYRAMID = The lowest part is an underworld, the middlechamber=Queen Chamber contained statue as serdab while the Top isKings Chamber built of red granite.
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 19 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2550-2460 BCE GIZA
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE KING CHAMBER
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 20 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
THE PASSAGEWAYTHE QUEEN CHAMBER
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHAFRE PYRAMID 2520-2494 BCE
The work of Sneferus descendent known as KHUFU, KHAFRE &MENKAURE (in Greek called Cheop, Chepren & Mycerinus)
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 21 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
Slightly smaller is PYRAMID OF KHAFRE son of Khufu with 705sqft base and 471 ft height which made of original smoothlimestone.
Khafre only has 1 chamber at the centre pyramids base level,
accessed by a passageway.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHAFRE
KHUFU PYRAMID = The lowest part is an underworld, the middlechamber=Queen Chamber contained statue as serdab while the Top isKings Chamber built of red granite.
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 22 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2520-2494 BCE GIZA
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHAFRE
KHAFRE PYRAMID = Has 1 chamber at the centre pyramids baselevel, accessed by a passageway.
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 23 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHARAOH
2520-2494 BCE GIZA
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEMENKAURE PYRAMID 2490-2472 BCE
The work of Sneferus descendent known as KHUFU, KHAFRE &MENKAURE (in Greek called Cheop, Chepren & Mycerinus)
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 24 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
Slightly smaller is PYRAMID OF MENKAURE son of Khafre with 335X 343 ft base and 213 ft height.
The last Pharaouh Shepseskef chose not to have pyramid burialwhile later rulers pyramid built never exceeded Giza trio Pyramid.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHAFRE
MENKAURE PYRAMID = 335 X 343 ft base and 213 ft height.
2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza
Slide 25 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH
2490-2472 BCE GIZA
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES)
2040-1640 BCE
The era of inter-regional conflict is designated the 1st intermediateperiod then 2nd phase called the Middle Kingdom.
2.5 Middle Kingdom
Slide 26 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
The royal capital was relocated from Memphis to Thebes, and thePharaoh had significant role as feudal lord over local vessels anddivine ruler.
The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction of
Mentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES) contd
2040-1640 BCE
More temple built during this era at Beni-Hasan, which are cut intorock cliffs and provided with sheltering porticoes.
2.5 Middle Kingdom
Slide 27 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
This tomb reflect political importance by building minor nobles andcourt officials.
Most of the architectural character was created by excavation andreplicated spaces with ordinary dwellings, that is, wooden and
plastered reed structures with slightly arched roof of mats lain onthe frame.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES) 2040-1640 BCEMENTUHOTEP II TOMB 2061-2010 BCE
The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction ofMentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.
2.5 Middle Kingdom
Slide 28 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
It combined temple and tomb chamber in single composition, thecomplex approached by axial route from Nile which had 2colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.
The central axis lead to reception temple via courtyard and
hypostyle hall to Mentuhoteps actual burial vault carved in therock-cliff.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
ARCHITECTURE
MIDDLE KINGDOM=TOMB MENTUHOTEP II
MENTUHOTEP II TOMB = Temple and tomb chamber in singlecomposition, the complex approached by axial route from Nile whichhad 2 colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.
2.5 Middle Kingdom
Slide 29 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
YEARS/ AREA
2490-2472 BCE GIZA
Greatly influenced by the
RULER MORTUARY
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE NEW KINGDOM (18th -20th Dynasties)
1550-1070 BCE
The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction ofMentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.
2.6 The New Kingdom
Slide 30 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
It combined temple and tomb chamber in single composition, thecomplex approached by axial route from Nile which had 2colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.
The central axis lead to reception temple via courtyard and
hypostyle hall to Mentuhoteps actual burial vault carved in therock-cliff.
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE MENTUHOTEP II ANUBIS CHAPEL
2.6 The New Kingdom
Slide 31 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
PUNT COLONNADE
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
THE MENTUHOTEP II & WIVES
THE MENTUHOTEP II
THE MENTUHOTEP II TEMPLE
2.6 The New Kingdom
Slide 32 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
THE MENTUHOTEP II DAUGHTER-
PRINCESS AUSHEAD
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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT
YOUR NEXT SESSION WILL BE:
THANK YOU
Slide 33 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint
SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD
School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment
PLEASE READ:
Chapter 4 A World History of Architecture:THE GREEK WORLD