History and History and Anthology of Anthology of

English LiteratureEnglish Literature

Mickey XuMickey Xu

Chapter IV Chapter IV The Eighteenth Century The Eighteenth Century

Section ISection I The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and

EnglandEngland

►18th century England18th century England►The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment►The English EnlightenersThe English Enlighteners

►Classicism Classicism The classicists modeled The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works.Greek and Latin works.

Section II. ClassicistsSection II. Classicists

Addison and Steele Addison and Steele Life-long friendship and Life-long friendship and partnership in literary career. partnership in literary career. They were born in the same year, They were born in the same year, educated at the same school, and educated at the same school, and then went to Oxford together.then went to Oxford together.

Steele (1672--1729) and “ The Tatler”Steele (1672--1729) and “ The Tatler”

► LifeLife

• • born in 1672, in Dublin. Charterhouse born in 1672, in Dublin. Charterhouse School and College education in Oxford. School and College education in Oxford. • Impulsive and affectionate. Many jobs: after • Impulsive and affectionate. Many jobs: after graduation, he entered the Horse Guards, and graduation, he entered the Horse Guards, and then soldier, captain, poet, playwright, then soldier, captain, poet, playwright, essayist, member of parliament, manager of a essayist, member of parliament, manager of a theater, publisher of a newspaper, etc. theater, publisher of a newspaper, etc. • Steele fought for the “cloth breeches”.• Steele fought for the “cloth breeches”.• Youth in a riotous living and heavily in debt.• Youth in a riotous living and heavily in debt.• In his last years, quarrels with Addison. He • In his last years, quarrels with Addison. He was forced to leave London due to financial was forced to leave London due to financial difficulties.difficulties.• He died at Carmarthen, Wales, in 1729.• He died at Carmarthen, Wales, in 1729.

► WorksWorks• pamphlet• pamphlet

• • PapersPapers The Tatler “The Tatler “ 这张报纸的宗旨是揭露生活中虚伪这张报纸的宗旨是揭露生活中虚伪

装饰，剥去教化虚荣和矫揉造作的伪装，从衣着言装饰，剥去教化虚荣和矫揉造作的伪装，从衣着言谈移一直到举止行为都提倡一种简洁。” 谈移一直到举止行为都提倡一种简洁。” Steele Steele was called “the Censor of Great Britain”.was called “the Censor of Great Britain”. The Spectator (with Addison during 1711-12) The Spectator (with Addison during 1711-12) The Theater The Theater (a bi-weekly from 1717---1720)(a bi-weekly from 1717---1720) • The Tatler: -- Aim : to entertain as well as to e • The Tatler: -- Aim : to entertain as well as to enlighten his fellow coffeehouse-goers, thus for nlighten his fellow coffeehouse-goers, thus for middle class.middle class. -- Circulation: three times a week, a penny a co -- Circulation: three times a week, a penny a copy.py. -- Time: 1709---Jan, 2, 1711 -- Time: 1709---Jan, 2, 1711

► Form: Form: • Essays: Under the pseudonym of “Isa• Essays: Under the pseudonym of “Isaac Bickerstaff”ac Bickerstaff”

► Content: contempt for feudal prejudices Content: contempt for feudal prejudices and the arrogance of the rich. Expression and the arrogance of the rich. Expression of public antipathy for gambling and duelof public antipathy for gambling and dueling. Warning his readers against swindlering. Warning his readers against swindlers and sharpers and spoke for women and s and sharpers and spoke for women and children.children.

Addison(1672--1719) and “The Spectator”:Addison(1672--1719) and “The Spectator”:

► life:life:• the son of a scholarly clergyman, same educati• the son of a scholarly clergyman, same education with Steele.on with Steele.• Travel on the Continent from 1699-1703, to qua• Travel on the Continent from 1699-1703, to qualify himself for the diplomatic service.lify himself for the diplomatic service.• under-secretary of state, member of Parliamen• under-secretary of state, member of Parliament, Secretary for Ireland,, and Secretary of State.t, Secretary for Ireland,, and Secretary of State.• 1716, he married a widow, the Countess of War• 1716, he married a widow, the Countess of Warwick, only lasted three years, so a clubman. wick, only lasted three years, so a clubman. • He retired from office in 1718 and died in 1719.• He retired from office in 1718 and died in 1719.

► works: works: • essays for “The Tatler”: 1709—1711• essays for “The Tatler”: 1709—1711• essays for “ The Spectator”: 1711--1712• essays for “ The Spectator”: 1711--1712

The SpectatorThe Spectator

►Content: Content:

essays dealing with the essays dealing with the customs, manners, morals, customs, manners, morals, literature and other current literature and other current topics of the day, in a light and topics of the day, in a light and informal manner, not seriously.informal manner, not seriously.

►Aiming at social reformAiming at social reform►Style: Style:

Steele’s style is intimate, easy-Steele’s style is intimate, easy-going and careless.going and careless.

Their contribution to English Their contribution to English

Literature and SocietyLiterature and Society

►The English essay completely The English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern ushered in the dawn of modern English novel:English novel:Their writings afforded a new code of Their writings afforded a new code of social morality for the rising social morality for the rising bourgeoisie, and they gave a true bourgeoisie, and they gave a true picture of the social life in England in picture of the social life in England in the 18th.the 18th.

Section IIII. Alexander Section IIII. Alexander Pope(1688--1744)Pope(1688--1744)

► Life:Life:• The most important English poet in the first h• The most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.alf of the 18th century.• born in London in 1688. His father was a Rom• born in London in 1688. His father was a Roman Catholic merchant. an Catholic merchant. • At 12, his health ruined by a severe illness. We• At 12, his health ruined by a severe illness. Weak and deformed, body crooked. He was less thaak and deformed, body crooked. He was less than four feet high and his legs look like chicken’s n four feet high and his legs look like chicken’s legs, so he walked with difficulty, could not marlegs, so he walked with difficulty, could not marry and enjoy the common pleasure of life, he wary and enjoy the common pleasure of life, he was doomed to an existence of solitude. s doomed to an existence of solitude.

••He at first associated with Addison and then joHe at first associated with Addison and then joined in the “Scriblerus Club” to “ridicule all fained in the “Scriblerus Club” to “ridicule all false tastes in learning.”lse tastes in learning.”

WorkWork

► Classic sentences: Classic sentences:

To err is human, to forgive, To err is human, to forgive, divine.divine. A little learning is a dangerous A little learning is a dangerous thing.thing.

His achievementHis achievement

►Achievements:Achievements:The most important The most important representative of the English representative of the English classical poetry. classical poetry.

►He borrowed and adopted He borrowed and adopted words and expressions of words and expressions of other writers.other writers.

Samuel Johnson (1709--1784)Samuel Johnson (1709--1784)

► Life:Life: • lexicographer, critic and poet.• lexicographer, critic and poet.• born in Litchfield, Stafford shire, the son of a poor • born in Litchfield, Stafford shire, the son of a poor bookseller.bookseller.• He attended Oxford and quitted a year later due • He attended Oxford and quitted a year later due to poverty. to poverty. • He wrote for living and gradually became famous.• He wrote for living and gradually became famous.• In 1764, he founded the famous Literary Club, the • In 1764, he founded the famous Literary Club, the members included Reynolds the painter, Adam members included Reynolds the painter, Adam Smith the political economist, Gibbon the historian, Smith the political economist, Gibbon the historian, Burke the publicist and orator, Garrick the actor, Burke the publicist and orator, Garrick the actor, Sheridan the novelist and poet, and Boswell, Sheridan the novelist and poet, and Boswell, Johnson’s biographer. Johnson gave his verdicts Johnson’s biographer. Johnson gave his verdicts upon literature through his talks. upon literature through his talks. • He died in 1784, and was buried in Westminster • He died in 1784, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.Abbey.

Work:Work: ShakespeareShakespeare

Lives of Poets Lives of Poets

Johnson’s Dictionary of the English Johnson’s Dictionary of the English LanguageLanguage::

• •some of the explanation showed his some of the explanation showed his prejudices and personalityprejudices and personality: : “Oats, n. grain, which in England is generally “Oats, n. grain, which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people”.people”.• • It marked an epoch in English It marked an epoch in English languagelanguage..• • It also marked the end of English It also marked the end of English writers reliance on the patronage of writers reliance on the patronage of noblemen for supportnoblemen for support. .

Boswell’s “Boswell’s “Life of Johnson”Life of Johnson”

Defoe and the RiseDefoe and the Rise of the English Novelof the English Novel

Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731)Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) Life:Life:

• • Born in London, the son of a butcher.Born in London, the son of a butcher.• After schooling, a hosier, and between 1678-1683 • After schooling, a hosier, and between 1678-1683 traveled in Spain, Italy, France and Germany as a traveled in Spain, Italy, France and Germany as a merchant. merchant. • In 1685, he took part in the rebellion against James • In 1685, he took part in the rebellion against James II, and narrowly escaped punishment. II, and narrowly escaped punishment. • An passionate supporter of the GR, a soldier and • An passionate supporter of the GR, a soldier and pamphleteer, attacking the adherents of the Stuarts.pamphleteer, attacking the adherents of the Stuarts.• Ups and downs in business.• Ups and downs in business.• In May 1703, imprisoned for enraging the Tories by • In May 1703, imprisoned for enraging the Tories by supporting the dissenters, being punished to stand supporting the dissenters, being punished to stand in the pillory in the public square, but was cheered in the pillory in the public square, but was cheered by people as a hero. Continued to write when in by people as a hero. Continued to write when in prison and when released.prison and when released.

• • Jack of all trades: a merchant, soldier, economist, Jack of all trades: a merchant, soldier, economist, politician, journalist, pamphleteer, publicist, and politician, journalist, pamphleteer, publicist, and novelist. novelist. • His journalistic writings gave rise to his creative • His journalistic writings gave rise to his creative imagination and a pure style-----smooth, easy, imagination and a pure style-----smooth, easy, colloquial. colloquial.

► Works:Works: PamphletsPamphlets: P173: P173 The Trueborn EnglishmanThe Trueborn Englishman-----A Satire -----A Satire (1701)(1701) The Shortest Way with the DissentersThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)(1702) Hymn to PilloryHymn to Pillory (1703) (1703)

Novels:Novels: Robinson Crusoe (1719)--59Robinson Crusoe (1719)--59Captain Singleton (1720)Captain Singleton (1720): a novel of : a novel of adventure in Africa West Indians, the adventure in Africa West Indians, the Indian Ocean, and the China seas, the Indian Ocean, and the China seas, the narrator is Singleton, the hero.narrator is Singleton, the hero.Moll Flanders (1722):Moll Flanders (1722):in the form of in the form of autobiography. autobiography. Colonel Jacque (1722Colonel Jacque (1722): a novel of ): a novel of adventure.adventure.

Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe► Analysis of Major CharactersAnalysis of Major Characters

Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe While he is not a hero or grand epic adventurer, While he is not a hero or grand epic adventurer, Robinson Crusoe displays character traits that Robinson Crusoe displays character traits that have won him the approval of generations of have won him the approval of generations of readers. readers.

Admirable qualities: Admirable qualities: •perseverance:•perseverance: spending months making a spending months making a canoe, and in practicing pottery making until he canoe, and in practicing pottery making until he gets it right, is praiseworthy.gets it right, is praiseworthy.Resourcefulness:Resourcefulness: building a home, dairy, building a home, dairy, grape arbor, country house, and goat stable grape arbor, country house, and goat stable from practically nothing is clearly remarkable.from practically nothing is clearly remarkable.

►Friday Friday • • his cultural importance:his cultural importance: Probably the first nonwhite Probably the first nonwhite character to be given a character to be given a realistic, individualized, and realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural huge literary and cultural importance.importance.

► 一生为自由呐喊，一生为自由呐喊， 为自由随时准备献身，为自由随时准备献身， 为自由不怕孤立无援，为自由不怕孤立无援， 为自由放弃了自己的自由。为自由放弃了自己的自由。

Jonathan Swift (1667---1745)Jonathan Swift (1667---1745)► Life Life

··He was born in Dublin in 1667. His father died He was born in Dublin in 1667. His father died before he was born, and his mother was poor, before he was born, and his mother was poor, and his relatives helped him, but grudgingly. and his relatives helped him, but grudgingly. ·He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, but he ·He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, but he detested the routine curriculum, reading only detested the routine curriculum, reading only thing appealing to his nature. He was often at war thing appealing to his nature. He was often at war with authorities.with authorities.·While the nobleman feared the lash of his pen, ·While the nobleman feared the lash of his pen, the common folk felt the warmth of his kindness.the common folk felt the warmth of his kindness.·Remembering how he had suffered in his youth, ·Remembering how he had suffered in his youth, he tried to help every young man of talent who he tried to help every young man of talent who seemed deserving.seemed deserving.·He was afflicted by a brain illness from his early ·He was afflicted by a brain illness from his early youth and he did not marry. His disease ended in youth and he did not marry. His disease ended in madness and he died in 1745 in great misery.madness and he died in 1745 in great misery.·In his will, he bequeathed all his property to a ·In his will, he bequeathed all his property to a mad-house in Dublin. It is now still there, called mad-house in Dublin. It is now still there, called “Dr. Swift’s Madhouse”.“Dr. Swift’s Madhouse”.

► work: work: A tale of a TubA tale of a Tub: in the form of a parable. A s: in the form of a parable. A satire upon all religious sects of Christianity.atire upon all religious sects of Christianity.The Battle of the BooksThe Battle of the Books: unfinished. An atta: unfinished. An attack on pedantry in the literary world of the tick on pedantry in the literary world of the time by the story of the Bee and the Spider. me by the story of the Bee and the Spider.

Bickerstaff AlmanBickerstaff Almanac(1708): ac(1708): The Drapier’s LettersThe Drapier’s Letters

A Modest proposalA Modest proposalCadenus and VanessaCadenus and Vanessa: A record of his tragic : A record of his tragic love stories.love stories.Journal to StellaJournal to Stella: love-letters: love-lettersOn the Death of Dr. SwiftOn the Death of Dr. Swift: he pictures his o: he pictures his own death and what his acquaintances woulwn death and what his acquaintances would day of him •d day of him •

Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels

Four Parts:Four Parts: The 1The 1stst part: Gulliver’s travels in Lilliput (Swift satirize part: Gulliver’s travels in Lilliput (Swift satirize

d the Tories and the Whigs by the use of high and low hd the Tories and the Whigs by the use of high and low heels. Religious disputes were laughed at by the probleeels. Religious disputes were laughed at by the problem which divided the Lilliputians: “Should the egg be m which divided the Lilliputians: “Should the egg be broken at the big end or the little end?”)broken at the big end or the little end?”)

The 2nd part: the voyage to Brobdingnag. ( Gulliver lauThe 2nd part: the voyage to Brobdingnag. ( Gulliver laughed at the strutting and bowing of English lords and lghed at the strutting and bowing of English lords and ladies) adies)

The 3rd part: the Flying Island---the Island of Sorcerors. The 3rd part: the Flying Island---the Island of Sorcerors. A satire on philosophers and projectors, who lived in tA satire on philosophers and projectors, who lived in the air.he air.

The 4th part: the bitterest satire. In the country of horsThe 4th part: the bitterest satire. In the country of horses, where horses were possessed of reason, and were tes, where horses were possessed of reason, and were the governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shhe governing class, while the Yahoos, though in the shape of man, were brute beasts with vices. He praised tape of man, were brute beasts with vices. He praised the life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted he life and virtues of the horses while he was disgusted with the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of thowith the Yahoos, whose relations reminded him of those existing in English society.se existing in English society.

••. .

► Style:Style: -- One of the masters of English prose. -- One of the masters of English prose.

-- His language is simple, clear and vig-- His language is simple, clear and vigorous. Proper words in proper places. orous. Proper words in proper places. -- A master satirist, His satire is an app-- A master satirist, His satire is an apparent calmness conceals his bitter iroarent calmness conceals his bitter irony.ny.

Samuel Richardson(1689----1761)Samuel Richardson(1689----1761)► Life: Life:

•The son of a joiner, a well-behaved boy, •The son of a joiner, a well-behaved boy, nicknamed as “seriousness and gravity”nicknamed as “seriousness and gravity”•He came to London as an apprentice to a •He came to London as an apprentice to a printer, and married his master’s daughter.printer, and married his master’s daughter.•A limited education and limited •A limited education and limited experience of the world, but a passion for experience of the world, but a passion for letter-writing. letter-writing. •At 13, he used to be called on to write •At 13, he used to be called on to write love-letters for young women. Thus he has love-letters for young women. Thus he has acquired some ability in invention, some acquired some ability in invention, some insight into the secrets of the female heart, insight into the secrets of the female heart, and fluency in letters.and fluency in letters.

► Works: all epistolary novel.Works: all epistolary novel.Pamela (1740)Pamela (1740)Clarissa Harlowe (1747---48), a tragical stoClarissa Harlowe (1747---48), a tragical storyrySir Charles Grandison(1753--54)Sir Charles Grandison(1753--54)

Pamela: Pamela: Plot: in a series of letters. Pamela is a maid of 15, whPlot: in a series of letters. Pamela is a maid of 15, whose mistress had just died at the beginning of the noose mistress had just died at the beginning of the novel. The lady’s son, Mr.B, took dishonorable advantvel. The lady’s son, Mr.B, took dishonorable advantage of her and continuously so. She refused him. But age of her and continuously so. She refused him. But Mr. B laid many snares for her and one day, taking hMr. B laid many snares for her and one day, taking her to his still more lonely estate. Finally Mr. B is comer to his still more lonely estate. Finally Mr. B is compelled to marry her. The second part tells the marriapelled to marry her. The second part tells the marriage life of Pamela. She suffers the burden of a profligage life of Pamela. She suffers the burden of a profligate husband. Then she behaved herself with dignity ate husband. Then she behaved herself with dignity and humility, and finally made herself beloved of all rnd humility, and finally made herself beloved of all relationselations..

►InfluenceInfluence::

---He influenced later writers as Henry ---He influenced later writers as Henry James, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.James, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.

---the best-seller of the day.---the best-seller of the day. the “neat pocket-volumes ”of the the “neat pocket-volumes ”of the ladies.ladies. At a village, people listened to the At a village, people listened to the reading by the blacksmith, and were so reading by the blacksmith, and were so excited at hearing that Pamela was excited at hearing that Pamela was safely married that they rushed off and safely married that they rushed off and rang the church bells.rang the church bells.

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding• British writer, playwright and journalist, fou• British writer, playwright and journalist, founder of the English Realistic school in literaturnder of the English Realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson. e with Samuel Richardson.

WorksWorks::As a playwright,As a playwright, he wrote 26 plays in 9 years, i he wrote 26 plays in 9 years, include regular comedies, adaptations from thnclude regular comedies, adaptations from the French, farces, e French, farces, burlesques, and dramatic saburlesques, and dramatic satirestires ，， and was at best at the last two types. and was at best at the last two types.

As a satirist,As a satirist, he had the zeal for social reform. he had the zeal for social reform. He attacked all contemporary vices, and realizHe attacked all contemporary vices, and realized the dramatization of the real life in his time. ed the dramatization of the real life in his time.

As a novelist,As a novelist, he was the father of English rehe was the father of English realistic novel.alistic novel.

► Fielding’s theory of realism:Fielding’s theory of realism: • He is the founder of the English realistic • He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in litnovel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation:erary creation:---“Nature herself”, i.e. the exact observat---“Nature herself”, i.e. the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fiion and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding ‘s work. By “nature ”, he meant telding ‘s work. By “nature ”, he meant the close and constant study of men and wohe close and constant study of men and women in real life. men in real life. ---The center of Fielding’s working philoso---The center of Fielding’s working philosophy was a common earthly Man with his earphy was a common earthly Man with his earthly interests, needs and passions, which shthly interests, needs and passions, which should be studied and portrayed in action, in ould be studied and portrayed in action, in clashes and in development.clashes and in development.---The profound knowledge of human natur---The profound knowledge of human nature, was mainly acquired by what he himself ce, was mainly acquired by what he himself called “conversation”alled “conversation” 。。

►Features of Fielding ’s NovelFeatures of Fielding ’s Novel• The narrator was the author. • The narrator was the author.

►• • Satire abounds in his novel Satire abounds in his novel • The educational function of novels• The educational function of novels

►• • Fielding’s style: easy, unlabored, Fielding’s style: easy, unlabored, familiar, vivid, vigorous.familiar, vivid, vigorous.

► Pre-romanticismPre-romanticism In the latter half of the 18th century, a new liteIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new lite

rary movement arose in Europe, called the Rorary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by the strong prmantic Revival. It was marked by the strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by recotest against the bondage of classicism, by recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, ognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literatuand by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in re. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry, the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry, （（ whiwhich was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Cch was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton hatterton ）） , and represented by Blake and B, and represented by Blake and Burns.urns.

William BlakeWilliam BlakeII ． ． Life Life ﹡﹡Born on 28 November 1757, the son of a London Born on 28 November 1757, the son of a London hosier.hosier.﹡He never went to school and he studied by hims﹡He never went to school and he studied by himself, his favorite studies in early days were Shakespeelf, his favorite studies in early days were Shakespeare, Milton and Chatterton. are, Milton and Chatterton. ﹡At 14, an apprentice to an engraver. The illustrati﹡At 14, an apprentice to an engraver. The illustrations engraved by him had a peculiar style.ons engraved by him had a peculiar style.﹡In 1782, he married Catherine Boucher, an illiter﹡In 1782, he married Catherine Boucher, an illiterate but smart girl. Blake taught her to read and helate but smart girl. Blake taught her to read and help him in engraving.p him in engraving.﹡In his old age Blake gave up poetry to devote hi﹡In his old age Blake gave up poetry to devote himself to painting and engraving. In 1809 he put on mself to painting and engraving. In 1809 he put on a one-man exhibition, but it was a total failure beca one-man exhibition, but it was a total failure because few people understood his pictures.ause few people understood his pictures.﹡In 1827, Blake died in obscurity and poverty.﹡In 1827, Blake died in obscurity and poverty.

► Works:Works:﹡﹡Poetical Sketches Poetical Sketches (1783): his first collecti(1783): his first collection of poems. He tried the Spenserian Stanzon of poems. He tried the Spenserian Stanza, Shakespearian and Miltonic blank verse, ta, Shakespearian and Miltonic blank verse, the ballad form and lyric meters. He was opphe ballad form and lyric meters. He was opposed to the classical tradition of the 18th ceosed to the classical tradition of the 18th century.ntury.

（（ Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza A nine-line stanza A nine-line stanza having eight having eight VerseVerses in iambic pentameter, its in iambic pentameter, its ninth verse in iambic hexameter, and the s ninth verse in iambic hexameter, and the rhymerhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This stanza scheme ababbcbcc. This stanza formform was first used by Edmund Spenser in h was first used by Edmund Spenser in his allegorical is allegorical poempoem The Faerie Queene. The Faerie Queene. ））

►III. III. Songs of InnocenceSongs of Innocence (1789) (1789) and and Songs of ExperienceSongs of Experience. (1794). (1794)

------The contrastThe contrast between the two between the two collections of poems is of great collections of poems is of great significance: It marks a progress in significance: It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook in life. The former the poet’s outlook in life. The former portrays a world of harmony, peace portrays a world of harmony, peace and love; while the latter revealed and love; while the latter revealed the power of evil, the great misery the power of evil, the great misery and pain of the people’s life. and pain of the people’s life.

► IV. Blake’s Position in English IV. Blake’s Position in English Literature:Literature:---A pre-romantic or a forerunner of the ---A pre-romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Romantic poetry of the 19th century.

---His lyric poetry displays the ---His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit, characteristics of the romantic spirit, emphasizing the natural sentiment and emphasizing the natural sentiment and individual originality. individual originality. ---A strong likeness between Shelly and ---A strong likeness between Shelly and Blake: the imagery and symbolism as Blake: the imagery and symbolism as well as the underlying revolutionary well as the underlying revolutionary spirit.spirit.

《扫烟囱的孩子》【威廉《扫烟囱的孩子》【威廉 •• 布莱克布莱克】】

我母亲死的时候，我还小得很， 我母亲死的时候，我还小得很， 我父亲把我拿出来卖给了别人， 我父亲把我拿出来卖给了别人， 我当时还不大喊得清，“扫呀——扫！” 我当时还不大喊得清，“扫呀——扫！” 　　我就扫你们烟囱，裹煤屑睡觉。 　　我就扫你们烟囱，裹煤屑睡觉。 　　有个小托姆，头发卷得像小羊头， 　　有个小托姆，头发卷得像小羊头， 剃光的时候，哭得好伤心，好难受，剃光的时候，哭得好伤心，好难受， 我就说：“小托姆，不要紧，光了脑袋， 我就说：“小托姆，不要紧，光了脑袋，

　　打起来煤屑就不会糟踏你白头发。” 　　打起来煤屑就不会糟踏你白头发。”

　　他就安安静静了，当天夜里， 　　他就安安静静了，当天夜里， 　　托姆睡着了，事情就来得稀奇， 　　托姆睡着了，事情就来得稀奇， 　　他看见千千万万的扫烟囱小孩 　　他看见千千万万的扫烟囱小孩 　　阿猫阿狗全都给锁进了黑棺材。 　　阿猫阿狗全都给锁进了黑棺材。

　　　　

　　　　

后来后来来了个天使，拿了把金钥匙， 来了个天使，拿了把金钥匙， 　　开棺材放出了　　开棺材放出了孩子孩子们（真是好天使 们（真是好天使 !! ） ） 　　他们就边跳，边笑，边跑过草坪， 　　他们就边跳，边笑，边跑过草坪， 　　到河里洗了澡，太阳里晒得亮晶晶。　　到河里洗了澡，太阳里晒得亮晶晶。

光光的，白白的，把袋子都抛个一， 光光的，白白的，把袋子都抛个一，

　　他们就升上了云端，在风里游戏； 　　他们就升上了云端，在风里游戏； 　　“只要你做个好　　“只要你做个好孩子孩子, ”, ” 天使对托姆说， 天使对托姆说， 　　“上帝会做你的父亲，你永远快乐。” 　　“上帝会做你的父亲，你永远快乐。”

　　托姆就醒了；屋子里黑咕隆咚， 　　托姆就醒了；屋子里黑咕隆咚， 　　我们就起来拿袋子、扫帚去做工。 　　我们就起来拿袋子、扫帚去做工。 　　大清早尽管冷，托姆的心里可温暖； 　　大清早尽管冷，托姆的心里可温暖； 　　这叫做：各尽本分，就不怕灾难。　　这叫做：各尽本分，就不怕灾难。

Robert Burns (1759--1796)Robert Burns (1759--1796)

I. Life:I. Life:﹡born in a clay cottage, Scotland, in 1759. His fath﹡born in a clay cottage, Scotland, in 1759. His father a poor, honest peasant.er a poor, honest peasant.﹡At 6, he had a little schooling. From his early chil﹡At 6, he had a little schooling. From his early childhood, he had an intimate knowledge of Scottish fdhood, he had an intimate knowledge of Scottish folk songs and poems. Then, he had to work on the olk songs and poems. Then, he had to work on the land from morning till dawn, but he squeezed out sland from morning till dawn, but he squeezed out some time to read and write. ome time to read and write. ﹡In 1789 he was appointed exciseman with a smal﹡In 1789 he was appointed exciseman with a small salary. He was in conflict with his superiors due to l salary. He was in conflict with his superiors due to his support of the FR.his support of the FR.﹡During the last 12 years, he did a great deal in col﹡During the last 12 years, he did a great deal in collecting Scottish folk songs for two anthologies, “Slecting Scottish folk songs for two anthologies, “Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs” and “Telect Collection of Original Scottish Airs” and “The Scots Musical Museum”. In 1796, he died due the Scots Musical Museum”. In 1796, he died due to an illnesso an illness..

►II. Works:II. Works:Songs written in the Scottish Songs written in the Scottish dialectdialect

►Songs of love and friendshipSongs of love and friendship►Songs of patriotismSongs of patriotism►Songs on the theme of Songs on the theme of

revolutionrevolution►Songs showing sympathy for Songs showing sympathy for

the Negro slavesthe Negro slaves►Songs of satireSongs of satire

► III. Features of Burns’ Poetry:III. Features of Burns’ Poetry:---He is the national poet of Scotland---He is the national poet of Scotland

► ---He is a poet of the peasants, a poet ---He is a poet of the peasants, a poet of the people: rural theme. of the people: rural theme. ---He mastered the old song tradition---He mastered the old song tradition

► ---He refined the old songs into noble ---He refined the old songs into noble masterpieces with higher artistic effecmasterpieces with higher artistic effect.t.---His poems have a musical quality. E,---His poems have a musical quality. E,g, “ g, “ Auld Lang SyneAuld Lang Syne”----originally a S”----originally a Scottish song, rewritten by Burns.cottish song, rewritten by Burns.