SINCE WHEN?

Exclusive Interviews

Subjects you do not Know About Them

Opinions

FactsNot Cover information

History for You

The crusades were some catholich military at-temps, to recover the territory of Holy Land that was in hands of the Muslims.

They organized six crusades, and the only one that succeded was the first crusade.

1

The CrusadesDid you Know??????That the crusades last almost for 200 years, and not all the crusades acomplished the goal

Like History?CONTINUE REA-DINGSWITCH PAGE.

Luis Carlos Campos LlamasSince When Corp.

2

The First Crusade (1096-99)

Western European regions formed four armies of crusaders led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond of Taranto, also a less organized band of knights led by Peter the Hermit called themselves “the people cru-sades” went to war before the other four main ar-mies but their army was crushed by the Muslims at Cibotus.

After this the four main European armies arrived

and they achieved their goal of capturing Jerusalem.

Key InfoCatholic fought for their lands in control of the Muslims

The Crusader States and the Second Crusade (1147-49)

The crusaders after their victory at the first Crusade established four western settlements ors crusaders sta-tes in Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch and Tripoli. But the Muslims began gaining territory in their holy war against the Europeans Then the Muslims captured Edes-sa, When the news of this arrived in Europe they send the second Crusade led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany but they were defea-

ted in the Syrian stronghold of Damascus.

The Third Crusade (1189-92)

Saladin assumed control of the Muslim forces and defeated the army of the Chris-tians in the battle of Hattin, this inspired the third Crusade led by King Philip II

of France and King Richard I of England (known as Richard the Lionheart). Ri-chard's forces defea-

From the Fourth to the Sixth Crusade (1198-1229)

The crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea, but where forced to surrender to Muslim defendersEmperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil.” The peace treaty expired a decade later, and Muslims ea-sily regained control of Jerusalem.

End of the Cru-sades

The Seventh Crusade led by Thibault IV of Champagne, briefly recaptured Jerusalem, though it was lost again to Khwarazmian forces In 1249, King Louis IX of France led the Eighth Crusade against Egypt, which ended in defeat at Mansura, the Crusaders, captured Tripoli in 1289. In what was considered the “last Crusade”, a fleet of warships from Venice and Aragon arrived to defend what remained of the Crusader states. Then a year later al-Ashraf Khalil, marched with a huge army against the coastal port of Acre, the capital of the Crusaders, After only seven weeks of battle, Acre fell, ending the Crusades in the Holy Land after nearly two centuries.

We already know that the renaissance started in Italy, which was influenced by the ancient Roman traditions to make a chan-ge, because was one of the countries that had remained the sa-me.

While this time was running Italy had failed in establishing a monarchical state, making possible that a number of city-states to remain independent, as Milan, Venice, Florence and the Pa-pal State remained independent, so they were able to prospe-red and grow.

When the trade started to emerge in the medieval Europe, ga-ve powerful ideals and believes to the growth of cities, this left a very important fight between the cities in Italy. The cities of Italy soon were known as good centers of banking, commerce, and industry.

During the 15th century Naples, Milan, and Venice were known as the five most important and developed cities in the Western Europe.

So know lets explain in a clear way how this cities controlled themselves, resolve problems, manage economy and the most important who controlled the city and how did they make it.

3

Italian StatesMario O´Connor CórdovaSince When Corp.

4

Milan:

The city of Milan was one of the most important cities since the eleventh century, when the cardinal Ottone Visconti became lord of Milan and he star-ted one of the most important and famous Renaissance dynasties. Later in the century, one of the Visconti was appointed by the emperor to be vicar or uncharged of Lombardy, this created a very important connection with the emperors, so they can prove how useful the family was so they can take them into consideration for the succeeding years of controlled, but in the 14 century Della Torre had returned to power but thanked to the connection of the Visconti with the Emperor Henry VII was used by the Visconti to re-gain their dominant position.

The Visconti family extended all their power until Lombardy and esta-blished themselves as Dukes, the first Visconti dynasty started in 1354 (as official).

Milan, as we know is located in north Italy at the crossroads of the most im-portant routes of the entire Italian coast, so this made Milan such a rich city, the city was managed in an efficient way creating taxes and creating good revenues for the government, creating this a great development and the evolution of Milan

But the Visconti family needed to fall and in 1447 the last Visconti ruler died, so they needed a successor and Francesco Sforza conquered the city and established as Duke, he manage al the situation with the rest of the powerful family and joined traveled Milan and stated Milan as it was.

Francesco Sforza:Francesco I Sforza (July 23, 1401 – March 8, 1466) was an Italian condottiero, the founder of the Sforza

5

Venice:

Venice established itself as an important character in the Renaissance thanked to it location and what they were able to do, that is way it was a target for conquering it by Ger-mans and Hunnish.

During its arose Venice had a extended relationship bet-ween the Emperor of Constantinople, Germans, French’s so in this way they were able to established a friendship of tra-ding, creating this benefits to all the merchants and obvious-ly increasing their money and their power, Venice distribu-ted goods to the countries above mentioned.

Officially Venice was known as a republic, because they cho-se a Doge, which was its leader, soon after merchants star-ted elevating in power the constructed an aristocracy, were all the big merchants thought that they should take part in government because they gave the wealth to the nation, they made the decisions regarding their own benefits and this took Venice to be an International power and known world wide.

Andrea GrittiAndrea Gritti (1455 – December 1538) was the Doge of Venice from 1523 to 1538, following a distinguished diplomatic and military career.He was important for Venice to recover territory lost.

6

Florence:

The Visconti family has helped in the development of Florence in the way of the merchandise, where they also traded and sold goods to other cities, as the Visconti family, there were a lot more mer-chants, so they took out the Visconti´s and started creating a powerful city, the government were the merchants.

One of the merchants’ families was the Medici family, they were merchants and followed by a lot of people but also hated by a lot of people. So, Cosimo de´ Medici took control of the city, the Medici family as I already said was wealthy and controlled the government from behind Cosimo, they also used Lorenzo de´ Medici to apply power.

The economy of the nation was supported by the manufacture of clothes and the sell of goods, so in the late 1400s they suffered a cri-sis, because England and Flemish started also creating clothes and they did not have money.

As the time passed and non-resolution was seen the people started to be discomforted and Savonarola appeared and he condemned the corruption and the inefficiency of the Medici´s, he fought but after the time passed people was tired of him and stopped fo-llowing him, after a time he was condemned of heresy and senten-ced to death. The Medici returned to the power,

Cosimo de´ MediciCòsimo di Giovanni degli Mèdici (27 September 1389 – 1 August 1464) was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during much of the Italian Renaissance; also known as "Cosimo 'the Elder'" ("il Vecchio") and "Cosimo Pater

7

Naples

Naples or best known as the Kingdom of Naples, it was the unique kingdom in Italy, this means that the unique king of Italy was in Na-ples.

One of the reasons why Naples developed as it developed was that it had been a battleground for centuries; in Naples, there had been Byzantine armies, Moslems, Normans, Holy Roman emperors, and

popes trying to gain control of the land. “The popes took a particular interest in the affairs of this area, and their inter-ference had far- reaching and often harmful effects. The kingdom of Naples was a vassal state of the papacy, a fact which justified and encouraged papal interference.«“

Naples was under the rule of the Angevin dynasty, which was hereditary monarchy. The riches of Naples, which was based in metals, attracted Charles VIII and he sent men to Naples, this give a step to the 30 years war.

Charles I hired mercenaries, which after war they wanted their pay, so they yelled:

“Money! «Money! – and he answered “If you have ever drea-med of pillaging a town and laying hold of its treasures, here now is one, the richest of them all, queen of the world.”

And the mercenaries sacked Rome.

Angevin Empire:The term Angevin Empire is a modern term describing the collection of states once ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty.

8

Papal State:

The Papal State, which its capital is Rome, was controlled by the Catholic Church, who decided what to do. This city is one of the less interesting in History but want of the most important in taking decisions of the other states.

The government was in hand of the Pope and their deci-sions were not incorrect.

Lorem ipsum DolorPope Martin V (c. 1368 – 20 February 1431), born Odo (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417). He was very important for the papal state.

The famous age of exploration happened during the 15th century, and finished until the 17th century. This event is characterized as a period when people from Europe started to explore the “outer world” in a boat, searching for goods, trade routes and some partners for trading also. Also, not all the explorers sailed for economic reasons, some of them wanted to explore to know more about the world.

9

Ages of ExplorationEduardo DamySince When Corp.

Famous Explorers:

There were too many famous explorers during 1400 - 1600. Now, you might ask, which are the names? What were the ma-jor accomplishments of the famous explo-rers?

Actually, most of the famous and recogni-zed explorers of that period were Euro-pean, which came from England, Portu-gal, Spain, Italy and France. Obviously, they explored for many reasons, which will be shown;▪' Money, (gold, plate).

▪' Gain power for Europe.

▪' Power for themselves.

▪' Creating better opportunities for exchan-ge and trade with other countries.

▪' Let the others to know their religion, (catholic) their intention was to spread it also.

▪' Making a better and bigger Empire for their respective countries.

There were a lot of famous European ex-plorers such as; Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco de Gama, Sir Francis Drake, Hernando Cortes, John Ca-bot and others.

Canadian Explorers:

The great discovery of the new world crea-ted new colonies and in Canada. There we-re not very many Canadian explorers, but one of the most famous of them was Louis Joliet, which discovered the Missis-sippi River.

Spanish Explorers:

There were a lot of Famous Spanish Ex-plorers, which explored the Caribbean and South America. Famous Spanish ex-plorers included Hernando Cortes, Fran-cisco Pizarro, Hernando De Soto, and Vas-co Nunez de Balboa.

English Explorers

Besides the famous Spanish explorers, the-re were also some important English ex-

10

plorers. The most famous English explorers embarked on their voyages of discovery du-ring the Elizabethan reign of Queen Eliza-beth I, so basically they explored because of the commands of the Queen. The most fa-mous English explorers included Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Martin Fro-bisher and Sir John Hawkins.Portuguese Explorers:The Portuguese explorers. They led the way when it came to exploration. The most fa-mous Portuguese explorers included Ferdi-nand Magellan, Vasco da Gama, Bartholo-mew Dias and Gaspar and Miguel Corte Re-al.Famous French Explorers:And last but not least, even though that when you think of the explorers in the age of exploration, you think of Spanish, En-glish and Portuguese, not from French, but anyways. The famous French explorers inclu-ded Jacques Cartier, Jacques Marquette and Samuel de Champlain.

11

Interview with Colon:Eduardo Damy

So, here we have an exclusive interview with the one and only, Christopher Columbus.

Reporter. We know that you set sail with three boats; did you think it was enough?

Columbus. Well you know, we were really greatly prepared, we set sail with 90 crewmembers by the command of the queen Isabella of Spain.

Reporter. Well, which were the names of the three boats you set sail on?

Columbus. La niña, la Pinta and la santa maria.

Reporter. And now, when did you set sail, and where did you wanted to arrive?

Columbus. We set sail on August 3, 1492 from Spain, and I wanted to reach India.

Reported. But you didn’t, right?

Columbus. That’s right I didn’t arrived at the destination I wanted.

Reporter. And where did you arrived then?

Columbus. Apparently on south Africa. Reporter. And when you got there, did you gained any pur-pose?

Columbus. Yes, I looked for indian slaves, but they were not Indians.

Reporter. And as a last question, when did you arrived?

Columbus. March 15, 1493.

Reporter. Thank you very much for your time, it was really interesting having this interview.

Marthin Luther committed to the idea that salvation could be reached through faith and by divine grace only, he crea-ted the 95 theses, that will indicate the correct path.

“Luther vigorously objected to the corrupt practice of se-lling indulgences. Acting on this belief, he wrote the "Dispu-tation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," also «The 95 Theses« a list of questions and propositions for debate.”

12

The 95 Theses

Interview Marthin Luther?????

What are you waiting change the pages

Luis Carlos CamposSince When Corp.

13

The 95 Theses, which would later become the foundation of the Protestant Reformation, were written in a remarka-bly humble and academic tone, questioning rather than accusing. “The overall thrust of the document was nonethe-less quite provocative”. The first two of the theses contai-ned Luther's central idea, “that God intended believers to seek repentance and that faith alone, and not deeds, would lead to salvation” The other 93 theses, a number of them di-rectly criticizing the practice of indulgences, supported the-se first two.

Luther also criticized the St Peters scandal by saying:

“Why does not the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?”

the money of poor believers?”

The 95 theses were quickly distributed throughout Germa-ny and made their way to Rome

Some of the 95 theses are:

•'“It is vain to trust in salvation by indulgence letters, even though the indulgence commissary, or even the pope, was to offer his soul as security”

This theses says that it is kind of dumb to believe that if you pay and make richer the church you will go to heaven and he does not care if the pope says it because all people have to do good deeds to go to heaven not buying indulgen-ces

•'“Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ the same as despair, fear, and assurance of salvation”

Presentation of the ThesesThe presentation, or the way the get to know them, was because Luther in October 31 1517 he nailed the theses in the door of a Catholic Church in Wittenberg, Germany

14

This theses says that because everyone is so afraid of hell and purgatory the people start buying indulgences and this is not right because you have to gain salvation not buy it

•'“Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences”

In this theses Luther says that salvation is achieved by good deeds not only buying indulgences and he is criticizing the Christians because they think that in order to achieve salva-tion you have to buy indulgences and Luther thinks that on-ly with good deed so in this theses he is trying to convince that Christians have to be taught about how to achieve sal-vation by making good deeds.

•'“They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory”

In this theses he is like making a joke of the people that be-lieve that when you drop a coin in that chest a soul flies out of the purgatory but he thinks that it’s not true because in order to get a soul out of the purgatory you have to pay for that soul not paying for it to go out.

Lutheranims and as base the 95 theses:Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer. Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Roman Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation. The divide centered over the doctrine of Justification. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification "by grace alone through faith alone because of Christ alone.Beginning with the 95 Theses, Luther's writings were disseminated internationally, spreading the ideas of the Reformation beyond the ability of governmental and churchly authorities to control it. What.. happened in Euro-

pe????Truly, Luther is consider the father of the protes-tan reformation, not only because he was the first but because he influenced other cities and persons in Europe, like John Cal-vin in Switzerland and la-ter france, and Henry VIII in England.

15

InterviewHi Luther, may i ask you some questions???. 'Yes, Sure

Why did you make the Lutheran church?I was mad with the Catholic church because of the sale of indulgences because I thought that you only needed good deeds to go to hea-ven not buy indulgences to the church, Also I rejected the untouchable position of the pope because he was the one that received all the money and he used it to make his own cons-tructions and his money he just stored it.

Which ones are the most important sa-craments in the Lutheran church?The two most important are the baptism and the Eucharist because are the only ones you need, you don´t need confirmation to your faith if you have already confirmed it in the baptism and Eucharist so why would you ne-ed more sacraments? Also the only God’s sour-ce of knowledge is the bible without any inter-vention of the priests because each priest has a different point of view of the bible so you have to get your own point of view from the bible without anyone saying to you what the valid interpretation of the holy texts is.

What changes does the Lutheran mass ha-ve compared to those of the Catholic Church?

First I authorized the mass to be given in Ger-man instead of Latin, then I recognized the priest’s right to marriage, and finally I translated the bible from Latin to German for the first ti-

Thanks Luther for this unique interview

You´re very welcome

Absolutism as its name says, is a type of national monarchy in which the mo-narch has absolute power.

16

Absolutism, MY POWER, NOT YOURS

Caught in the theme?????' Come on Switch the page

France was the prime example of absolutism in the early modern era.

Did You Know????Cardinal Richelieu, as minister under King Louis XIII, established dominant power over the aristocrats, and helped the central administration of the realm to have improvements

The long lasting reign of King Louis XIV 1643-1715 represented the pinnacle of absolute monar-chy in France.

Eduardo DamySince When Corp.

17

LOUIS XIV, FRANCE

Even though when Louis XIV’s mother; Anne, had become his helper when he was a king as a little kid, the cardinal Jules Ma-zarin had the monarchic power even when Louis XIV’s was reigning at an early age.

It wasn’t until Mazarin died in 1661, when the king Louis XIV was in his early twenties; he finally took control of the French government, even though that he was “young”.

Assuming full and complete responsibility for his king-dom, His first goal as an ab-solute monarch was to ma-ke a center power in France, for a better reigning.

With the help of his mi-nister; Jean-Baptiste Col-bert, Louis XIV created and made reforms that cut France’s deficit and helped to promote growth for the industry

During his reign, Louis XIV managed to improve France’s system of taxa-tion and limit formerly bo-rrowing practices

He also conveniently declared members of nobility exempt from paying taxes (obviously the nobles would never ever pay taxes), causing them to be-come even more fiscally depen-dent on the crown.

At first he managed Fran-ce in an incorrect econo-mic way Jean-Baptiste, co-rrected all his mistakes to maintain France alive

The enlightenment was one of the periods of history whe-re the relation with the hu-mans was the most impor-tant not only in the daily acts and the government but in all the decisions.

In the enlightenment some ideals were created, for the correct and proper function of all the things, always ta-king humans to the maxi-mum level and always wan-ting to create a correct and proper way of seeing hu-mans.

18

Enlightment

Yes you are the important.

Am I?????

“EVERYTHING FOR THE PEOPLE,

NOTHIGN BY THE PEOPLE”

Caught By the theme???' ' Seriously???What about, Turning the page!!!!!!

Mario O´ConnorCórdovaSince When Corp.

19

Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot  October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent person during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.Religion = Change of idea, not accepting it, not bad.

Religion, not a bad idea, but change about the way

of thinkingEurope a Change

Those ideals were four: Hope, Progress, Natural Laws and Reason.

These ideals are reflected in the creation of laws, where they wanted always to have the human being as renaissance did, but always having for example progress, the progress was that things should deve-lop to have a good realization of the others activi-ties.

One example of progress can be the toleration of the religion, where people are free to choose and believe on what they want, creating this a progress on the peace and freedom in the nation.

A clearly example of hope can be the simple way of wanting and creating different type of knowledge, the creation of books and clearly the development of the printer proposed in the renaissance had clearly benefit the hope, because they wanted to prospered and they had the hope that they will find new things to investiga-te about and that can clearly be useful for other ones, this 2 join know shows a hope and a progress joined.

A example of the ideal of Natural Laws is the sim-ple proposal of the inalienable rights, which clearly show us what humans need to have and the things that people should committed to do not break them, also the proposal that all are born equal, this show us that it does not matter that you are rich, poor, if you know how to read you are the same as the ones that do not know how to read.

Reason is an ideal that it is clearly find in the creation of the encyclopedia, the reasoning of the acts of the humans, the social contract. This ideal, we can say that can include the other ones be-cause you have to apply reason in a way of giving a benefit to the hope, pro-gress and having a respect of the natu-ral laws.

Thomas HobbesJohn LockeVoltaire Jean Jacques RosseauMontesquieu Denis Diderot

The Industrial Revolution, took place on the 18th to the 19th century, it was a period when agrarian, rural societies in America and Europe became very industrial and ur-ban. Lately to the Industrial Revolution, which began in the United Kingdom in the late 1700, even, people manufactured in their own houses, using handmade tools and or machines. Industrialization marked a step on better and faster products and better performance, factories and obvious-ly mass production. The textile and Iron Factories, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw

improved systems of transportation, communication and banking.Children were very young as six years old during the time of the industrial revolution worked really hard hours for almost no pay. Children sometimes, worked very long hours, as an example, they worked up to 19 hours a day.

20

Industrial Revolution

While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured

goods and an improved standard of living for some, it also resulted in really bad employment and living conditions for the low, poor and working classes.

Eduardo Damy Since When Corp

21

Steam EngineThe steam engines, are one of the tools that the industrial revolution gave to the world.It was an amazing advance in the way that things in those moments were made more easily and with a mayor production, obviously faster and you can fire people that used

Children were very young as six years old during the time of the in-dustrial revolution worked really hard hours for almost no pay. Chil-dren sometimes, worked very long hours, as an example, they worked up to 19 hours a day. Not only were these children subject to long hours, but also, they were treated in extreme horrible conditions

They carried, and worked on Large, heavy, and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be used. And obviously, many accidents occu-rred injuring or killing children on that extreme job. Not until the Fac-tory Act of 1833 did things improve

The factory owners “justified” their absence of regulations by saying that they gave the orphans food, shelter, and clothing, all of which were far below none.

The treatment of kids in factories was often cruel indeed, the youngest children, who were not old enough (even though, kids working on machines were not even old enough) to work the machines, were sometimes sent to be assistants to textile workers. The people who the children served would physically hit them, verbally abuse them, and as always take no consideration for their safety. Both boys and girls who worked in factories were subject to beatings. Boys were sometimes dragged naked from their beds and sent to the factories only holding their clothes, to be put on there. This was to make sure the boys would not be late, even by a few minutes. Seeing this we can conclude that childrens were important for the realization of things, and the economy,

On May 25, 1787, delegates representing every state except Rhode Island conve-ned at Philadelphia's Pennsylvania Sta-te House for the Constitutional Con-vention. The assembly immediately dis-carded the idea of amending the Arti-cles of the Confederation and made up a new form of government. The Revolu-tionary War hero George Washington, was elected convention president.

22

The first Constitution of 1787

Exclusive Interview!!!!!

Luis Carlos Campos LlamasSince When Corp

The conven-tion was divi-ded because of the problem of state representa-tion in Con-gress, “the sta-tes with more population sought propor-tional legisla-tion, and the smaller states wanted equal representation” The problem

was resolved by the Connecti-cut Compromi-se, which propo-sed a legislature with proportio-nal representa-tion in the lower house (House of Re-presentatives) and equal repre-sentation of the states in the upper house (Se-nate).

23

On September 17, 1787, the Cons-titution of the United States of America was signed by 38 of the 41 delegates present at the end of the convention.

“Beginning on December 7, five states (Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecti-cut) quickly accepted the document. However, other states, especially Massachusetts, opposed the document because they said that it failed to reserve powers to the state and it did not have constitutional protection of political rights such as freedom of Religion, Speech and Press”

“In February 1788, Massachusetts and other states would agree to accept the do-cument with the assurance that amend-ments would be proposed”

On September 25, 1789, the first Congress of the United States proposed 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution the “Bill of Rights” 10 of these amendments were ratified in 1791 Today, the U.S. Constitution is the

oldest written constitution in opera-tion in the world.

24

What were the first acts of the Independence?At first in 1774 we boycott En-glish products so the British wouldn’t get money from the colo-nies and they won’t have money to sustain their troops here, then in 1775 we created a colonial army and I was made commander in chief of the colonial army, and af-ter that we accomplished the in-dependence and signed the decla-ration of independence.

After the Independence were you still commander in chief?No, when the independence was complete and the first constitu-tion was created in 1787 that was the Federal Democratic Republic with Division of Powers I beca-me the first President, and we be-came an example of a free coun-try for Europe and other colonies in the Americas.

Exclusive InterviewLuis Carlos Campos Llamas

25

Key Event

In this image we can observe the Boston tea party that was the event in which the colonists boarded 3 British HMS (her ma-jesty’s ships) disguised as Mohawk Indians and they threw to the sea the cargo of tea of the 3 ships that equals 92,000 pounds of tea.

Boycott in English Products!!

Opinion:In my opinion the way they wanted to make wea-ker England, was a good idea, because one of the most important aspects of a nation is the economy, if they do no not have a good economy, they are not able to support themselves, and they will not be able to finance wars.This will let to the nation a not stable economy, cau-sing loose of territory like US.

Excesive Taxes, Good Bye!!!!

The take of the Bastille was in a way the break of the French Revolution, because with out the intervention of ta-king it the war will continue only in a word and decisions one, that is not a war.

The Bastille was a prison in France, were as a jail contains prisons, armored, guns, and more fighting material.

By taking the Bastille which was known and represented as the power of France, they now let know that if they could break the doors of the Bastille and make all what they did, they are able to do what ever they want to.

So in the morning of the 14th of July 1789 the city of France stated an alarm and a complete silence, yes the revolution had started, the third state had enter to the Bastille taking to freedom to all the prisoners and gathering all the guns and powder available.

26

The Take of The BastilleMario O´Connor Since When Corp

Look page 24 to know the story.

All of the planning had been created, all of the possibilities were made, and all of the probably errors were carefully thought out; everything was ready. As the morning of July 14th 1789 dawned, the multitude gathe-red, heading for the fight, foreboding walls of the hated Bastille. The defenders of the Bastille, not afraid of the sudden attack proposed by the third state, spent the pre-vious week repairing a long since damaged drawbridge, boarding windows, and reinfor-cing walls. They were not worried, expec-ting only a sounded attack. 300 French sol-diers joined the fight, thanked to them they won the Bastille.As it was, the besie-gers quickly broke through the gates, and, despite the threat of 20,000 pounds of gun power igniting, destroying everything in the violent explosion, won the master prison.

The storming, and amazing way of take over of the Bastille, stated the start of the French Revolution. No longer were the an-gry peasants defying local lords, but they were now striking at the symbolic heart of the monarchy.

27

The Bastille was a hated emblem of control and domination.Bastille comes from the word "˜bastide', that means strength, fortress, the Bastille was construc-ted to defend the eas-tern wall of Paris from hostile forces in 1382.With all the secu-rity, the Bastille quickly gathered the reputation of one of France's most secure military strongpoints. But with all the takes of it, later was stated as prison.

Did You Know???????

We know that Napoleon created a big and amazing territory with all the conti-nents he had conquered during all his ti-me as a council.

Napoleon being ambitious wanted to conquer more territory, why? Because he wanted to be recognized as the one who gave territory to France, so in an intelli-gent way he said, oh there is England a powerful country that can barely be des-troyed by an army, but what about their colonies, so he started to plan how can he make weaker England giving of ans-wer going to Egypt.

28

Napoleon, worst Mistakes

Power and Ambicious, not so-me good friends.

Want to know more, switch the page

Mario O´ConnorSince When Corp

29

NapoleonNapoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars

Egypt, which was a British colony was powerful alone, but the Bri-tish notice and now known that they were about to attack, so they organize their army in Egypt, so know they were not on-ly the Egyptians but the British, and also with the army of the tra-de center of Egypt which were all the Indians.

The big purpose of this colonization was to make England weaker, but obviously gaining more territory, when gaining more territory France will have the Egypt resources and form part of the trade center with the East countries, producing this more money to France and exten-ding their power all around the world

But what happened he failed, their army was not too strong to fight with all the British’s and Egyptian´s army. The alive persons returned to France, where Napoleon was not received in a good way, so he started planning a new way of making weaker England, as he saw that it was almost impossible he thought about going to Russia, it was a large country, and he can take part of that territory in control to France.

So Napoleon entered to the territory of Russia via the river Niemen, entering in Lithuania, the army that Napoleon was now commanding was the biggest ever ro-se in all Europe, there were about half a million people, when they where at Lithua-nia the French people were waiting for a fight, but they did not received it, the Rus-sians were in a withdrew, the most they withdrew the most the people was dragged into the city, were thousands died.

When arriving to St Petersburg, the city was burned and there were not more resources to eat, the people were dead and all was lost.They were forced to returned, as they were returning the cold weather played with them in an incorrect way and less than a 30% of the army returned alive.

And also the non-vindictive boundary settlement with Fran-ce, in other words the borders.

30

Congress of Vienna. (3 Principles)

The Congress of Vienna as all we already know tried to consolidate and state on-ly one power through out the country, the basic goal of this creating only a one new government was to es-tablish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe Also one of the prime goals, was

to restorate the legitimate, or in other words to conserve the tra-ditional government and mo-narchs, to prevent a political re-volutions.

Another goal, was the po-licy of containig France.

Luis Carlos Campos Since When Corp.

31

1.' The Principle of Le-gitimacy:

This principle was about that the power should be restored to the legiti-mate kings that were overthrown in the Napo-leonic Empire. The con-gress did not care about the territories gain by France and took those territories back.

Prince Klemens Von MetternichProbably, considered the most influential person in The Congress of Vienna, he wanted Europe with the 3 principles he mentioned.He was a German-born Austrian politician and statesman and one of the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.

2.'The Principle of Balance of Power:In this principle it is mentioned that the congress wants to balance the power of the European countries so that no coun-try could threaten Europe or another country like France did in the Napoleo-nic Era, all this was done keeping in mind that they wanted permanent peace in Europe. Also the political power of Ho-lland, Bavaria, Sardinia, Saxony and Prus-sia was increased.

3'The Principle of Rewards and Punish-ments:In this principle it said that all those states that have helped fight against Napoleon we-re to be rewarded, and those states that fight as allies of Napoleon were to be punished.Also it was said that states that were dama-ged or destroyed by Napoleon were to be compensated for the losses they had suffe-red.And the states that fought in the Alliance we-re to be rewarded with new territories becau-se of their help to defeat Napoleon in the Na-poleonic Era.

References

© Since When Bibliography

C, Mark. Best History Web Page Net. 2 05 2012. 2 11 2012 <http://www.besthistorysites.net>.

Channel, History. History Channel. 1 12 2009. 1 11 2012 <www.history.com/topics/crusades>.

Littel, McDouglas. World History. Memphis: Rand Minally, 2009.

Spielvogel. World History. New York: Glencoe, 2005.

BBC. BBC History. 12 2 2008. 29 10 2012 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/>.

Douglas, Holt Mc. World History. New York: Pearson, 2006.

Elsser, Eliss. World History. Los Angeles: Prentice Hall, 2008.

M, Calvin. International World History Org. 1 1 2011. 2 11 2012 <http://history-world.org/alphabetical_table_of_contents.htm>.

Millard, Anne. THe Usborne book of World History. Mem-phis: Usborne Books, 2010.

Montefeltro, Federigo da. The Italian States. 21 12 2006. 10 11 2012 <http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/03.html>.xxxii

Conclusion

History, as we already know is one of the most important themes regarding the general culture and the consolidation of if nation, that obviously all of them have a history.

This magazine is not only a project, it is a way of learning and consolidate all the topics we saw in the semester, ob-viously each one of this themes have their particular way of being, they were not in the same time, the evolution of the governments helped and the simple way of behavior of the people changed.

The topics here presented have a important relevance to all the world, not only because it is “World History” but becau-se every of the elements are joined, the way of government for example, the way of writing a constitution, and clearly all this things takes us to what we now know.

The magazine indicates and shows the topics in a clear and precise way, always wanting the exact and correct informa-tion and the total attention of the reader.

For this project we as a team we can conclude that they way topics mix and are related is amazing, also that all topics are importants, you can not understand the next topic if you do not have a plenty knowledge of what happened before and why. We can also conclude how vital is the information, it is not easy to search, write and explain, and also we now know how are important the confidence information is.

We can also conclude as a team that all the knowledge gi-ven by the teacher is not only superficial but deep, always we as students knowing that will should serach for more in-formation to complement what we already know.

With out any doubt the creation and realization of this ma-gazine give us the confidence that we know about the to-pics and that the reader will agree with us, and learned.

33