Nicco Alyssha Parikh

HISTORY SECONDARY 1

INTRODUCING HISTORY History is the record of stories of what happened in the past in the study of these past human events that shaped the way the world is today. History is “ his , story ”.

Why do we study history?• Helps us understand change and how our society came to be .• Provide lessons from past successes and mistakes.• Helps us to respect each other .• Develops our critical and analytic skills .

WHAT ARE THE 2 COMMON PATTERNS?When historians reconstruct the past , they look for patterns .

Features which are common to each other , for example , shared cultural values between 2 different places.

Features which become different over time (change) or remain the same over time (Continuity).

: there was a change until a part where it became continuous or the other way round.

HISTORY AND PASTHISTORY and PAST are to different things.

HISTORY PAST

A study of the past through a reconstructed story based on historical evidence.

A portion of time that has already occurred

The historical evidence comes from 2 sources primary and secondary

All things that ever existed , words that were ever spoken and deeds that were ever done but no organised story , only remnants that have survived over time.

ARCHAEOLOGY• It is the scientific study of how people lived based on the things they left behind. Archaeologists carry out this study by examining objects made , used or changed by people in the past . These objects are called artefacts .

ANACHRONISM• It is something that is put into the wrong

period or something wrong in a certain period . e.g.) a telephone in 100BC .

HOW IS THE PAST RECONSTRUCTED?Primary and Secondary Sources

- Historians write history through the study of various types of evidence from the past , attempting to explain what had happened.

- THESE ARE VARIOUS TYPES OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES . SOURCES REFER TO A COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

PRIMARY SOURCES4 MAIN TYPES :

WRITTEN information from the past that has been broken down.e.g.) autobiographies , official documents m newspapers, personal letters and diaries …

PICTORIAL Evidence of the past captured in visual form .e.g.) paintings , photographs , posters , maps…

ORAL Spoken words of eyewitnesses to historical events .e.g.) records , interviews…

ARTEFACT Items made and used by people of the past ,e.g.) weapons , jewellery , tools, pottery ….

SECONDARY SOURCEMaterials that are produced after people study the primary sources .

e.g.) textbooks , journal articles , essays , biographies .

MEASURING TIME IN HISTORY

CHRONOLOGY THE ARRANGEMENT OF PAST EVENTS BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST EVENT.

Timeline A sequence of events in chronological order .

BCE Before common era or number of years BEFORE the birth of Christ .

Circa / ( C.) Circa means ‘around’ . It is used when the exact year of the event happened is unknown.

Century A period of 100 years

Dynasty A line of rulers who belonged to the same family / the years when a region or country is continuously ruled by members of the same family

CE Common era or number of years AFTER the birth of Jesus

Period When different times in history are divided into different blocks of time.

RELIABILITY TEST OF SOURCES• The past is reconstructed by historians through the piercing of the different sources . However , they have to be tested so that the information given is not biased . Biased means one-sided or unfair view of things.

Tested on the 3C’s

1) Credibility : Are the sources of information trustworthy ?

2) Consistency : Do the sources carry similar meaning or contradict one another ?

3) Corroboration : Can the other source of information support the first source of information?

FACT AND OPINION After the 3Cs test , the sources of information will either be treated as a fact if it passes or an opinion if it fails the test .

_a fact is an information which is true and reliable , it is suitable to be used as evidence for reconstructing the past_

_an opinion is what someone thinks or believes to be true but others might disagree with it_

SKILLS : Inference Point A point from the source

Evidence What was that sentence in the source?

Explanation What does this suggest?

Link Therefore ...

Write 3 paragraphs all with the “ P.E.E.L” .

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

Point your argument

Evidence historical fact to support your argument

Explanation show how the fact relates to the argumentLink show how argument answers the question

ANSWER USING THE FOLLOWING• TAKE YOUR STAND (AGREE/DISAGREE)• GIVEN FACTOR FROM QUESTION • 2 OTHER FACTORS ( ADDED BY YOU)• CONCLUSION

COMPARISON SKILLS

1ST AND 2ND PARAGRAPH : P.E.E.L

Separate the paragraphs.

BIRTH OF CIVILISATIONS1. Culture refers to shared religion , language ,

values and attitudes that influence people’s way of life.

2. Population grew gradually in a place . They then organised a ruling system.

3. Civilisation refers to a group of people living in the same area and become very advanced in any field of knowledge after a period of time.

4. The cradle of civilisation refers to any possible locations for the beginning of a civilisation .

ANCIENT CIVILISATIONThe study of ancient civilisation provides us the insight how it influences the development of modern human civilisation .

COMMON FEATURES OF A CIVILISATION Writing system : used to represent ideas , thinking , communication and recording of events for passing down information .

Culture and society : religion and social classes.

Economic activities : Different occupations that people carried out for a livelihood .

Government : How a place was organised and controlled.

RIVERS

Rivers were very important to the early development of a civilisation .

• It provided a continuous accessible fresh water supply for people to drink or water their crops .

• Served as a transport route for people to travel from one place to another for trading goods.

• Fertile land around rivers allowed people to grow crops.

• Provided a wealth of other food resources such as fish and other marine life.

KINGDOMES AND EMPIRES1.) The ancient civilisations could be divided into two different types – KINGDOMS and EMPIRES .

2.) A kingdom is a place ruled by a king . A kingdom can be made up of smaller areas called communities . The communities are governed by chiefs . In other words , chiefs are under the control of a king .( ruled by one person)

3.) An empire consists of several kingdoms ruled by an emperor , so the territory of an empire is much larger than a kingdom generally . In other words , several kings are under the control of an emperor .

THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION IN INDIA- It is the oldest civilisations developed on the Indus river floodplains c.3000 BCE .

-Archaeologists stumbled on the ruins of this civilisation in 1920 . Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are two ancient cities that appeared to be capital cities of this civilisation . They show great similarity although they are far apart and are believed to be the first truly well-planned cities in the world .

MARITIME KINGDOM• South East Asia can be divided into TWO distinct regions that affect the ease of travelling and large-scale farming.

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN REGIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA ? MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA - People who lived in these areas depended largely or

AGRICULTURE due to the presence of several major rivers such as the Mekong river.

MARITIME SOUTH EAST ASIA

- This region was formed by a group of islands separated by seas . The people who lived in these areas were mainly fishermen , hunters and food gatherers in the JUNGLES.

MARITIME KINGDOM• Located near the sea • Rise of these kingdoms were contributed by rice farming and TRADE.

- FUNAN and SRI VIJAYA KINGDOM- Costal villages became important port cities as a result

of increasing maritime trade activity .

THE FUNAN KINGDOM*- Rich

:trade

:agriculture

: population was near the Mekong valley .

THE SRI VIJAYA EMPIRE : it began in PALEMBANG in Sumatra between the 7th and the 13th centuries .

: it extended its influence in the region through controlling the straits of Malacca . It also established trade relations not only with the islands of Southeast Asia but also with China and India .

THE SRIVIJAYA EMPIRE FACTORS EXPLANATION AND SUPPORTING EVIDENCE

Government

Ruled by kings . The kings maintained their control through military power and trade activities

Culture and society

Hinduism and Buddhism were the main faiths in the beginning . By the late 13th century , Islam became the dominant religion . It was a place for religious study and pilgrimage.

Economic activities

People had different occupations such as religious figures , fishermen , sailors , port workers and traders , The kingdom controlled the straits of Malacca and the international sea routes . The kingdom established good trade relations with china and India . The goods , such as ivory , gold , tin and nutmeg , bought by the foreign traders made Srivijaya a rich kingdom .

Writing The earliest influences on language and culture were from India . Hence , India’s writing system called Sanskrit was used in courts or literature . A Chinese Buddhist pilgrim named Yijing , who was the first to describe this kingdom , assisted in translating original scripts written in Sanskrit . Stone inscriptions contained the Malay script (or Jawi script) in the form of Arabic writing system was also in Palembang.

THE KHMER EMPIREThe Khmer empire was made up of modern-day Cambodia , most of southern Vietnam , Laos and Thailand . It came into existence from c.802CE-1431CE . Angkor was the Capital city of this empire .

The Khmer kings adopted the Indian monarchical system . They regarded themselves as ‘god-kings’, so they were able to rule the empire with divine kingship and absolute power . It was a form of CENTURALISED GOVERNMENT.

The Khmer empire had a centuralised government . The king was surrounded by priests who acted as the king’s counsellors . They helped me to create an efficient administration in the empire by implementing the king’s orders . The priests could not make their own orders.

The government officials were called mratan (from the Indian mantri) . They ran the central and regional administration and supervised tax collection , the army and organised labour.

SOCIETY A society refers to a group of people living in the same place with common interaction , government and culture . They come in contact with one another regularly and share the same beliefs , languages and values .

A social system is made up of a group of people with different occupations to meet the needs of a society .

The ranking of people in a social system creates a hierarchy in the society . A hierarchy is the arrangement of people based on their own power and wealth . The position in the hierarchy of a society that reflects a person’s power and wealth . The higher the position , the more the power and wealth the person possesses .

A hierarchy in a typical society has three distinct social classes which can be represented by the shape of a pyramid . Social class refers to the grouping of people by occupations.

CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIA

BRAHMINS

KSHATRIYAS

VAISHYAS

SHUDRAS

UNTOUCHABLES (OUTCASTS)

Spiritual leaders , scholars , priests .

Warriors , rulers

Merchants and farmers.

Craftsmen

Dispose of the dead bodies

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESAdvantages People in the same caste could rely on each other for support . The knowledge and skill of each occupation could be passed down

from one generation to the next . Preserve order and peace in society as each person has a specific

role in the society .

Disadvantages People had no chance to change their occupations even if the

occupations were not suitable for them in their caste . People in the lower caste would always be deprived of social

privileges . For example , the untouchables are discriminated against and remained in poverty .

No social mobility based on the merit or effort of a person . It does not promote social cohesion as a whole . People from

different castes were forbidden to interact with one another .

CASTE SYSTEM IN CHINA FAIRER THAN THAT OF IN INDIA , THEY RESPECT THE PEASANT AND FARMERS AS THEY PROVIDE FOOD .