Historical view Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and...
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Transcript of Historical view Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and...
![Page 1: Historical view Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and biology.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051621/5697bf7b1a28abf838c83b6e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Historical view
• Psychology come from the study of two disparate yet connected fields, Philosophy and biology.
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Modern View
• Psychology is the study of behavior (in its broadest context).
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Philosophical view
• The Platonic allegory of Cupid and Psyche, the passions that rule mankind.
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Classical religious people
• The soul as seen from the hands of Augustine and Aquinas
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Two ways at looking at man and how he interprets his world
• Socratic/Platonic view.
• All knowledge is already contained in the individual.
• Do not use your sensory experience to understand the world around you.
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Meno’s Slave
• Through question and answer Socrates showed that an untrained slave could show he understood the relationship between the hypotenuse and the two sides of a square.
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Cave allegory
• Prisoners are chained to a wall.
• They see shadows on the wall and depict this as real.
• The shadows are only reflections of people before a fire outside the mouth of the cave.
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The issue for Psychology
• What distinguishes the barbarian from non-barbarian?
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• The non-barbarian is locked in argument with his fellow non-barbarian.
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What is the argument all about?
• The answer to four specific questions.
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Question 1
• The problem of knowledge: how is it that I know anything (reason).
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Types of knowing
• Experiential knowledge
• Intuitive knowledge
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Question 2
• What does one know?
• The problem of reason.
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• What is the one thing each of you know without error?
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• Your own existence.
• Descartes “Cogito ergo sum”
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Question 3
• How should I behave, i.e. origin of individual conduct (morality)?
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Question 4
The problem of governance?
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Scope of Psychology
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The organism as a whole
• How is the individual effected by…….?
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The Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The brain and peripheral nervous system is the organ system of behavior.
• Anesthetize the brain anesthetizes behavior at all levels.
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3 methods of studying the brain
• Record
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Levels of analysis
• Single neurons
• Multiple neurons
• Thousands of neurons
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Reading the Living Brain
• Electroencephalography -- EEG
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(cont.)
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Method 2
• Lesion: to cut or remove
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An example
• Kluver – Busy syndrome in monkeys
• Removal bilaterally of the temporal pole in monkeys.
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Behavioral Changes Post Surgery
• High Oral behavior
• Pacing in the light
• Passivity
• High sexual activity
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Kling – Riggs study (cats)
• Again removal of the “tip” of the temporal pole
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Behavioral changes
• Extreme well directed aggressiveness.
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Method 3 of brain study
• Stimulation
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Scientific Method
Develop an idea
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The idea
• ASSUME: LEARNING IS A GENETIC PROCESS
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Rework the idea until a testable hypothesis can be construed.
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Reworked idea
• THE ABILITY TO RUN A MAZE WITH NO ERRORS IS GENETICALLY DETERMINED
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• ASK THE QUESTION: WHAT IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE ANIMAL TO USE TO ANSWER THE QUESTION PROPOSED BY THE HYPOTHESIS?
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• Humans?
• Rats?
• Fruit flies?
• Squid – Octopus?
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• RATS WHO RUN A MAZE WITH THE FEWEST ERROR TRIALS ARE BETTER LEARNERS THAN RATS WHO MAKE MORE ERRORS IN THE SAME NUMBER OF TRIALS.
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How do I manipulate genes?
How do I manipulate learning?
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• Selective breeding manipulates genes:
• Breed fast learners to fast learners, slow learners to slow learners.
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• Can the individual be used as its own control or do I need a control group.
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• Use groups: fast learners against slow learners. After 20 generations there should be two groups of maze learners with no overlap between groups.
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• What is the most appropriate statistical procedure I need to use.