Historical Truth LiesLOW

7/25/2019 Historical Truth LiesLOW

1/11H I S T O R I C A L T R U T H S A N D L I E S : A N E X H I B I T C A TA L O G U E


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H I S T O R I C A L T R U T H S A N D L I E S : A N E X H I B I T C ATA L O G U E H I S T O R I C A L T R U T H S A N D L I E S : A N E X H I B I T C ATA L O G U E

MAP 1. CARTA

HYDROGRAPHICA

Y CHOROGRAPHICA

DE LAS YSLAS FILIPINAS

Published in 1734 in Manila by

the Jesuit Pedro Murillo, this is

the oldest map that gives a name

to Panacot shoal. Panacot

is the Tagalog word for threat

or danger. This map names two

Filipinos, Francisco Suarez who

drew the map and Nicolas dela

Cruz Bagay who engraved it. This

map is considered the mother of

all Philippine maps. This digital

reproduction is from the U.S.Library of Congress (Catalog No.

2013585226; Digital ID g8060

ct003137).

Map 1 (also 29 and 60)

Maps merely constitute information which varies in accuracyfrom case to case; of themselves, and by virtue solely of their

existence, they cannot constitute a territorial title, that is,a document endowed by international law with intrinsiclegal force for the purpose of establishing territorial rights.Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali (1986 I.C.J. 554)

Thus, a state cannot enlarge its rights under international lawby its own unilateral acts or domestic legislation. Yet, this isexactly what China did in 1947 when China drew its nine-dashed line map in the South China Sea, claiming as basishistorical facts.

MAP 3. Ocial Chinese Map ofthe South China Sea with thenine-dotted line

MAP 2. Map attached to ChinasNotes Verbale Nos. CML/17/2009and CML/18/2009

Maps 2 and 3 NINE-DASHED LINE MAPS OF C

Despite the irrelevance of historical facts to present-daymaritime claims under the United Nations Conventionon the Law of the Sea, ancient maps of China made byChinese authorities, Chinese individuals or foreigners,and ancient maps of the Philippines made by Westerners,Philippine authorities or individuals, vividly present the actualhistorical facts in the South China Sea.


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MAP 4. HUA YI TU or Map of China andthe Barbarian Countries

Engraved in stone in Fuchang 7 nian, i.e.1136 A.D. during the Nan Song Dynasty.This map of China was published in1903(?) in France from a rubbing of thestone engraving. The stone map is nowin the Forest of Stone Steles Museumin Xian, China. The stone map showsHainan Island as the southernmostterritory of China. The annotations on thesides of the map are not part of the stoneengraving. This digital reproduction is fromthe U.S. Library of Congress (Catalog No.2002626771; Digital ID g7820 ct000284).

MAP 6. DA MING YU DI TU or the Atlas of the Ming Empire

Published between 1547 and 1559 by the Ming Dynasty. The map shows the then 13 province

China during the Jianjing period. Taiwan is not included and Macau is not marked. The map sHainan Island as the southernmost territory of China.This digital reproduction is from the Library of Congress (Catalog No. 2002626776; Digital ID g7820m gct00125).

MAP 5. DA MING HUN YI TU or the Great MingDynasty Amalgamated Map

Published in 1389(?) during the Ming Dynasty, this

map is painted in color on silk. The map shows

Hainan Island as the southernmost territoryof China.The original of the map is with the FirstHistorical Archive of China in Beijing. This digital

reproduction is from Wikimedia Commons, which

sourced its copy from the library of the Hong

Kong Baptist University. (http://geog.hkbu.edu.hk/

geog1150/chinese/catalog/am31_map1.htm).

Map 4

Map 5

M

Maps 7

MAP 7. TIAN DI TU or the Atlas of Heavenand Earth

Published in 1601 by Junheng Zuo during the

Ming Dynasty. This map shows Hainan Islandas the southernmost territory of China.Thisdigital reproduction is from the U.S. Library of

Congress (Catalog No. 200262625; Digital ID

g7820m gct00225).

MAP 8. KUN YU WAN GUO QUAN TU oMap of the Myriad Countries of the World

Published in Beijing in 1602 by the Ming Dy

The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci created this

map upon request of the Ming Emperor Wa

Ricci was assisted by Zhong Wentao, Li Zh

and other Chinese scholars. Not wishing to

the Chinese who believed that China was a

center of the world, Ricci moved China from

eastern fringes of his world map towards th

center, placing the American continent to thright and the European and African contine

to the left. However, since there are six pan

Riccis world map, the panels can be rearra

so that any part of the world can be placed

center. This map shows Hainan Island assouthernmost territory of China. This digreproduction is from the U.S. Library of Con

(Catalog No. 2010585650; Digital ID g3200

ex000006Za,b and g3200m gex00001).

Since the start of the Song Dynasty in 960 AD until the endof the Qing Dynasty in 1912, or for almost a millennium, thesouthernmost territory of China has always been Hainan Islandbased on all ofcial and unofcial maps of China.

And as late as 1932, the Chinese Government in a Note Verbaleto France reiterated to the world that the southernmost territory ofChina is Hainan Island.


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Map 11

Map 12

Maps 9 and 10

MAP 13. GUANGDONG QUAN TU or theComplete Map of Guangdong Province

Published in 1864 in Wuchang, Chinaby Hubei Sheng and Guan Shu Ju.This map shows Hainan Island as

the southernmost part of Guangdongprovince.This digital reproductionis from the U.S. Library of Congress(Catalog No. gm71005120; Digital IDg7823g ct003391).

MAP 14. DA QING ER SHI SAN SHENG YUQUAN TU or the Complete Map of the Tw

Three Provinces of the Great Qing DynastyPublished sometime after 1885 in China by thQing Dynasty. This map shows Hainan Islanthe southernmost territory of China.This dreproduction is from the U.S. Library of Cong(Catalog No. gm71005068; Digital ID g7820ct003427).

MAP 11. DA QING WAN NIAN YI TONG DII QUAN TU or the Complete Geographical

Map of the Great Qing Dynasty

ublished in China between 1814 and 1816y Qianren Huang. This map shows Hainan

sland as the southernmost territory ofhina.Revised edition based on the original

map drawn by Huang Qianren in 1767. Thisigital reproduction is from the U.S. Library ofongress (Catalog No. gm71005060; Digital ID7820 ct002256).

MAP 12. GUANGDONG TONG SHENG

SHUI DAO TU or Map of the Waterways ofGuangdong Province

Published sometime after 1815 by an unknown

Chinese publisher. This map shows HainanIsland as the southernmost part of Guangdongprovince. This digital reproduction is fromthe U.S. Library of Congress (Catalog No.

gm71002467; Digital ID g7823g ct003406).

MAP 15. GUANGDONG QUAN SHENGSHUI LU YU TU or Map of the Waterwaysand Roads in Guangdong Province

Published in 1887(?) in China by Li Zhongpei.

This map shows that Hainan Island isthe southernmost part of Guangdongprovince.On the upper left side of the map, theannotations of Li Zhongpei state: Qiongzhou(name of Hainan Island at that time) is farfrom the mainland, has a coastline of morethan 1,400 li (unit of distance in Chinese),and is the territory (of China) that shipsnavigating to China will encounter whencoming from Southeast Asia.This digitalreproduction is from the U.S. Library ofCongress (Catalog No. gm71005159; Digital IDg7823g ct003392).

MAP 16. HUANG CHAO ZHI SHENG YU

QUAN TU or the Qing Empires Completof All Provinces

Published in 1896 in China by Peilan Li. Thmap shows Hainan Island as the southeterritory of China. This digital reproductionfrom the U.S. Library of Congress (Cataloggm71005083; Digital ID g7820 ct003428).

Map 15

M

AP 9. SELDEN MAP OF CHINA

his map was bequeathed by John Selden toe Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford

1659. Published sometime between 1606 and624 during the Ming Dynasty. The maker of theap is an unknown Chinese. The map showshina, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.he South China Sea is conspicuously at theenter of the map. The map shows China withainan as its southernmost territory.This digitalproduction is from the Bodleian Library of theniversity of Oxford (http://seldenmap.bodleian.x.ac.uk/map).

MAP 10. DA QING WAN NIAN YI TONG TIANXIA QUAN TU or The Great Qing DynastysComplete Map of All Under Heaven

Published in China in 1811 by the Qing Emperor

Jiaqing. This map shows Hainan Island as thesouthernmost territory of China.This digitalreproduction is from the U.S. Library of Congress

(Catalog No. gm71005018; Digital ID g3200

ct003403).

Maps 13 a


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MAP 21. CARTE DE LEMPIRE DE LACHINE, DE LA TARTARIE CHINOISE, ETDU ROYAUME DE CORE, AVEC LESISLES DU JAPON

Published in 1787 in Paris by Rigobert

Bonne. This map shows L. de Haynanas the southernmost portion of China.This digital reproduction is from the private

collection of Atty. Anne Marie Corominas of

Manila and Cebu.

MAP 22. CARTE DE LEMPIRE CHINOIS EJAPON or A French Map of the ChineseEmpire together with Japan

Published in 1833 in Paris by Conrad Malte-

Brun. This map shows Hainan Island as thesouthernmost territory of China. This digitareproduction is from Wikimedia Commons (ht

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%27Empire_Chin

du_Japon_%281833%29.jpg).

Maps 21 a

MAP 17. ZHONG HUA GUO CHI DI TU

ublished in 1929 in Beijing by Hebei Sheng

nd Gong Shang Ting. The map mentions

e treaties signed by China and the harbors

pened to foreign powers. This map shows

ainan Island as the southernmost territoryf China. This digital reproduction is frome U.S. Library of Congress (Catalog No.

007628129; Digital ID g7821f ct002301).

MAP 18. ZHONGHUA MIN GUO FEN SHENG XINTU or the Map of the Provinces of China

Published in 1933(?) in Wuchang, China by Ya Xin

Di Xue She. This map shows Hainan Island asthe southernmost territory of China.This digitalreproduction is from the U.S. Library of Congress(Catalog No. 2006629696; Digital ID g7821f ct002303).

Maps 17 and 18 Maps 19 a

MAP 19. CARTE EXACTE DE TOUTESLES PROVINCES, VILLES, BOURGS,VILLAGES ET RIVIERES DU VASTE ETPUISSANT EMPIRE DE LA CHINE or AnAccurate Map of All the Provinces, Cities,Towns, Villages and Rivers of the Vast

and Powerful Chinese EmpirePublished in 1700(?) in Leiden, Netherlandsby Johannes Nieuhof who made the mapbefore his death in 1672. The map showsHainan Island as the southernmostterritory of China.This digital reproductionis from the U.S. Library of Congress(Catalog No. 87691057; Digital ID g7810ct002857).

MAP 20. CARTE LA PLUS GENERALE ETQUI COMPREHEND LA CHINE, LA TARTARCHINOISE, ET LE THIBET or A General MaIncludes China, Chinese Tartary and Tibet

Created in 1734 (as shown on the map) in PaJean Baptiste Bourguignon DAnville. DAnvilthen the Royal Cartographer of France and ha

access to the works of the Jesuit cartographein China through his friend the French Jesuit DHalde, who was a specialist on China. As the itself states, the map was taken from surveysmade by the Jesuit missionaries from 1708-1upon instructions of the Emperor Kangxi of thQing Dynasty. The map shows Hainan Islanthe southernmost territory of China.This dreproduction is from the National Library of Au(Bib ID 2333624, Map Section at RM 3521).

Scarborough Shoal is more than 500 NM from Hainan Island,at the other end of the South China Sea.


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MAP 27. A NEW MAP OF EAST INDIA

Published in London in 1676 by John Speed. Onthe western side o the coast of Central Luzon,there is an unnamed shoal below the words P.de Mandato. This unnamed shoal would laterbe called Panacot.This digital reproduction isfrom Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc.(https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/32192/A_New_Map_of_East_India/ Speed.html).

MAP 28. INDIA ORIENTALIS ET INSULADIACENTUM ANTIQUA ET NOVA

DESCRIPTIO

Published in Leiden, Netherlands in 169Philip Cluverius. On the western side ocoast of Central Luzon, there is an unshoal below the words P. de MandatThis unnamed shoal would later be cPanacot. This digital reproduction is froLawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Incwww.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/3693Indiae_Orientalis_et_Insularum_AdiacenAntiqua_et_Nova_Descriptio/Cluverius.

Maps 23 and 24

Maps 27 a

Maps 25 a

AP 23. CHINA VETERIBUS SINARUMEGIO NUNC INCOLIS TAME DICTA

ublished in Frankfurt in 1636 by map maker

atthaus Merian. This map shows China, Korea,

apan, Taiwan and Northern Luzon.On the westernde o the coast of Central Luzon, there is annnamed shoal below the words P. de Mandato.he Spanish phrase P. de Mandato means theoint of command - which implies there was apanish military garrison in that coastal place.he unnamed shoal o this coastal place wouldter be called Panacot by the Jesuit Pedrourillo.This digital reproduction is from Barry

awrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc. (http://www.

remaps.com/gallery/detail/36716).

MAP 25. TABULA INDIAE ORIENTALIS

Published in Amsterdam in 1662 by Fredrick De Wit. On the western side o the coast of Central Luzon,there is an unnamed shoal below the words P.de Mandato. This unnamed shoal would later becalled Panacot. This digital reproduction is from BarryLawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc. (http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/archivedetail/0555/Tabula_Indiae_Orientalis/De%20Wit.html).

MAP 26. INDIAE ORIENTALIS NEC

INSULARUM ADIACENTUM NOVADESCRIPTIO

Published in Amsterdam in 1670 by NicVisscher. On the western side o theof Central Luzon, there are two unnashoals below the words P. de MandOne of these two shoals would latercalled Panacot.This digital reproductis from Barry Lawrence Ruderman AntiMaps, Inc. (https://www.raremaps.comgallery/detail/35549/ Indiae_Orientalis_non_Insularum_Adiacentium_Nova_Deio/Visscher.html).

MAP 24. CARTE GENERALE DES INDES

ORIENTALES ET DES ISLES

ADIACENTES

Published in Paris in 1650 by the mapmaker Pierre Mariette. On the westernside o the coast of Central Luzon,there is an unnamed shoal below thewords P. de Mandato. This unnamedshoal would later be called Panacot. Thisdigital reproduction is from Barry Lawrence

Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc. (http://www.

raremaps.com/gallery/detail/30701/Carte_

Generale_Des_Indes_Orientales_et_des_

Isles_Adi acentes/Mariette.html).

All the maps of the Philippines, from 1636 to 1940, a periodof 304 years, consistently show Scarborough Shoal, whethernamed or unnamed, as part of the Philippines.


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Maps 33 a

MAP 36. A CHART OF THE CHINA SEA

Published in 1775 in Paris by DApres deMannevillette.The map shows Scarboroshoal.The British tea clipper Scarboroughthe rocks of the shoal on 12 September 17and so European cartographers named theScarborough. This digital reproduction is frNational Library of Australia (Bib ID 377007ra49-s32).

MAP 35. EAST INDIES

Published in 1770 in London by Thomas Kitchin,the then Royal Hydrographer. This map showsPanacot shoal.This digital reproduction is fromthe National Library of Australia (Bib ID 3620673,map-rm1424).

Maps 29 and 30

AP 31. INSUL PHILIPPIN EX

UTOGRAPHO, MANIL

ublished in 1748 in Vienna by Fernando Valdsamn and Leopold Kaliwoda. The map showsPanacot shoal.This is a digital reproduction frome private collection of Atty. Anne Marie CorominasManila and Cebu.

MAP 33. A GENERAL MAP OF THE EAST

INDIES AND THAT PART OF CHINA WHERE THEEUROPEANS HAVE ANY SETTLEMENTS OR

COMMONLY ANY TRADE

Published in 1761 in London by the map makerThomas Kitchin. This map shows Panacot shoal.This digital reproduction is from Barry LawrenceRuderman Antique Maps, Inc. (http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/0176gh/A_General_Map_of_the_East_Indies_and_that_Part_of_China_where_the_Europeans/Kitchin.html).

MAP 34. A NEW MAP OF THE PHILIPISLANDS, DRAWN FROM THE BEST

AUTHORITIES

Published in 1769 in London by Thomas This map shows Panacot shoal.Thisreproduction is from the private collectionAtty. Anne Marie Corominas of Manila an

MAP 32. CARTE HYDROGRAPHIQUE& CHOROGRAPHIQUE DES ISLESPHILIPPINES

Published in 1760 in Nuremberg by GeorgeM. Lowitz based on the Murillo map althoughthere is no such acknowledgment in the map.The map shows Panacot shoal.This digitalreproduction is from Barry Lawrence RudermanAntique Maps, Inc. (http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/35555/Carte_Hydrographique_and_Chorographique_des_Isles_Philippines_Dediee_a_Sa/LowitzHomann%20Heirs.html).

MAP 29.CARTA HYDROGRAPHICA YHOROGRAPHICA DE LAS YSLAS FILIPINAS

ublished in 1734 in Manila by the Jesuit PedroMurillo. This is the oldest map that gives a nameo Panacot shoal.Panacot is the Tagalog wordor threat or danger. This map names two Filipinos,rancisco Suarez who drew the map and Nicolasela Cruz Bagay who engraved it. This map isonsidered the mother of all Philippine maps.his digital reproduction is from the U.S. Library ofongress (Catalog No. 2013585226; Digital ID g8060t003137).

MAP 30. MAPA DE LAS YSLAS PHILIPINAS[cartographic material]

Published in 1744 in Manila by the Jesuit PedroMurillo Velarde. A second and smaller edition ofthe Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las

Yslas Filipinas. This 1744 Murillo map, reducedversion of the 1734 Murillo map, does not havethe vignettes or scenes of people and places inthe archipelago that appear in the 1734 map. Themap is signed by the engraver, Nicholas dela CruzBagay.Panacot shoal is shown as in the 1734map. This digital reproduction is from the NationalLibrary of Australia (Bib ID 1958890, map G8061.S1 1744).

Maps 31 and 32Map 35

M


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Maps 41 a

MAP 43. MAPA DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

Published in 1790 in Madrid by Duque deAlmodvar. The map shows Bco de Masingoloo Panacot. This is a digital reproductionfrom the private collection of Atty. Anne MarieCorominas of Manila and Cebu.

MAP 44. 1792 CHART PLANO DE LANAVIGACION is the route of the navigatioby Alessandro Malaspinas ship Sta. Lucia Malaspina surveyed what is stated in the mBajo Masinloc o Scarborough.

Published in Madrid by the Direccion de Hidrofrom the surveys of the Malaspina ExpeditionMay 1792, the day he surveyed Bajo de MasiMalaspina wrote in his Journal on (this shoalSpanish and foreign ships have been lost. Thdigital reproduction is from the archives of theNaval de Madrid, copied by the Philippine Emin Madrid.

M

Map 43

Map 39

Map 40

Maps 37 and 38

MAP 39. MAP OF THE PACIFIC OCEANETWEEN THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA AND

MEXICO AND JAPAN, PHILIPPINES, AND THEOAST OF CHINA

ublished in 1784 with the watermark PVL (Pieter

an Ley). This map shows a shoal named B.Mansiloc. This digital reproduction is from the

.S. Library of Congress (Catalog No. 91680984,

igital ID g9230 Ih000015).

MAP 40. ISOLE FILIPPINE

Published in 1785 in Venice by Antonio Zatta. Thismap is based on the Murillo map although there isno such acknowledgment in the map. Panacotshoal appears on this map as in the Murillomap.This digital reproduction is from BarryLawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, Inc. (http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/33827).

MAP 41. SECONDE PARTIE DE LA CARTE

DASIE or Second Part of the Map of Asia

Published in 1786 in Paris by Jean Baptiste B.

DAnville as part of his Atlas de DAnville. The

map shows Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas,

Philippines and Japan. The rst part of themap of Asia is basically the 1734 China map of

DAnville. DAnvilles Atlas was later re-printed

by Robert Sayer, Laurie and Whittle and others.This map shows Panacot shoal. In thelater reprinted maps of Sayer, and Laurie and

Whittle, Panacot is called Scarborough shoal.

This digital reproduction is from the National

Library of Australia (Bib ID 3664337,Bib ID

1372672, map-ra 39).

MAP 42. A NEW CHART OF THE INDIAAND PACIFIC OCEANS BETWEEN THECAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NEW HOLLANJAPAN

Published in 1787 in London by Robert S

This map shows Scarboro shoal.Thisdigital reproduction is from the National L

of Australia (Bib ID 3507852, map-rm-451

AP 37. A CHART OF THE CHINA SEA AND THEHILIPPINE ISLANDS WITH THE ARCHIPELAGOSF FELICIA AND SOLOO

ublished in 1778 in London by R. Sayer and J.ennett. Interestingly, Panacot or Marsingolaank is the name given to one feature andScarborough Shoal is the name given to aearby shoal, with the words the Scarboroughept. 12, 1748, the date when the British teaipper struck the shoal.This digital reproductionfrom the National Library of Australia (Bib ID

667413, map-ra52-s70).

MAP 38. CARTE DE LA PARTIE ORIENTALEDES PHILIPPINES AND CARTE DE LA PARTIE

OCCIDENTALE DES PHILIPPINES

Published in 1781 in Paris by Gaitte, A.J. Twomaps together forming a map of the Philippines,with upper left corner inset: Trombe Marine.Engraved by A.J. Gaitte and included in volumeII of Le Gentil de la Galaisires voyage dans lesMers de LInde. The map shows B. de Masingolo.This is a digital reproduction from the privatecollection of Atty. Anne Marie Corominas of Manilaand Cebu.


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Maps 49 a

MAP 52. CARTA ESFERICA DEL OCEA

INDIO

Published in 1865 in Madrid by the Direcc

de Hidrograa. The map shows B. Masin

This digital reproduction is from the Natio

Library of Australia (Bib ID 122670, map-r

2237).

MAP 51. CARTA GENERAL DEL

ARCHIPIELAGO FILIPINO

Published in 1862 in Madrid by the Direccion de

Hidrograa. This map shows Bajo Masingloco Scarborough.This digital reproduction isfrom the archives of the Museo Naval de Madrid,

copied by the Philippine Embassy in Madrid.

Maps 45 and 46

AP 47. CARTA GENERAL DELRCHIPIELAGO DE FILIPINAS

ublished in 1808 in Madrid by the Direccion de

drograa from the surveys of the Malaspina

xpedition. The shoal is called Bajo deasingloc but the map also adds ocarborough.This digital reproduction is frome archives of the Museo Naval de Madrid,

opied by the Philippine Embassy in Madrid.

MAP 48. EAST INDIA ISLANDS ONMERCATORS PROJECTION

Published between 1814 and 1832 in London by

Thomas Kelly. The map shows Scarboro shoal.

This digital reproduction is from the National

Library of Australia (Bib ID 1493073, map-rm

2639).

MAP 49. ASIA

Published in 1818 in Philadelphia, USA by John

Pinkerton. The map shows Scarboroughshoal. This digital reproduction is from the U.S.Library of Congress (Catalog No. 2006636622,

Digital ID g7400 ct1990).

MAP 50. ISLAS FILIPINAS

Published in 1852 in Madrid by D. Antonio

Morata and D. Francisco Coello. Thismap shows Bajo Masinloc.This digitareproduction is from the National Library o

Australia (Bib ID 3639193, map-rm 1608).

Map 47

Maps 51 a

Map 48

MAP 45. ASIA AND ITS ISLANDS

CCORDING TO DANVILLE

ublished in 1794 in London by Robert

aurie and James Whittle. The map says that

e delineations and discoveries made by

aptain Cook are incorporated in the map.he map shows Scarborough shoal.his digital reproduction is from the National

brary of Australia (Bib ID 2133866, map-rm

865).

MAP 46. A NEW CHART OF THE CHINASEA AND ITS SEVERAL ENTRANCES

Published in 1802 in London by Robert Laurie andJames Whittle. This map shows Scarboroughshoal, with the words Scarborough Sept. 12th,1748 and the Negroes Head.This digitalreproduction is from the National Library of Australia(Bib ID 3620691, map-rm 1425).


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Maps 57 aMaps 53 and 54

MAP 55 . CARTA GENERAL DEL

RCHIPIELAGO FILIPINO

ublished in 1875 in Madrid by the Direccion de

idrograa. This map shows B. Masingloc ocarborough. This digital reproduction is frome archives of the Museo Naval de Madrid,

opied by the Philippine Embassy in Madrid.

MAP 56. CARTA GENERAL DEL

OCEANO PACIFICO

Published in 1897 in Madrid by the Seccion

de Hidrograa. This map shows B.Masingloc o Scarborough. This digitalreproduction is from the National Library of

Australia (Bib ID 1449962, map-rm3380).

MAP 58. MAP OF THE PHILIPPINEISLANDS

Published in 1908 in Baltimore, MD

U.S.A. by Caspar Hodgson. The mapshows Scarborough shoal.This digreproduction is from the U.S. Library o

Congress (Catalog No. 2013590196, D

g8060 ct003965).

MAP 57. ISLAS FILIPINAS - MAPA GENERAL

- OBSERVATORIO DE MANILA

Published in 1899 in Washington, D.C. by

the Jesuit Jose P. Algue and the U.S. Coast

and Geodetic Survey. The map shows B.

Masinloc.This digital reproduction is from

the Atlas de Filipinas, Internet Archive, Ohio

State University Library,(https://archive.org/stream/

AtlasDeFilipinasColleccionDe30MapasTrabajadosPorDelineantes/

AtlasDeFilipinas#page/n27/mode/1up).

MAP 53. PLANO DEL BAJO MASINGLOC

ublished in 1866 by E. Wilds, the Commander

f the English warship Swallow, this map isntitled Plano del Bajo Masingloc.Thisgital reproduction is from the archives of the

useo Naval de Madrid, copied by the Philippine

mbassy in Madrid.

MAP 54. CARTA GENERAL DEL OCEANO

INDICO

Published in 1871 in Madrid by the Seccion de

Hidrograa. The map shows B. Masingloc.This digital reproduction is from the National

Library of Australia (Bib ID 2823213, map-rm

2235).

Maps 55 and 56

From the 1960s to the 1980s, U.S. military warplanes, together withPhilippine Air Force warplanes, used Scarborough Shoal as an impacrange when they practiced bombing runs. Neither China nor any other countryprotested these bombing practices by American and Philippine warplanes, deworldwide prior Notices to Mariners, through the International MaritimeOrganization of the United Nations, to keep away from Scarborough Shoal

during the bombing practices.


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MAP 59. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Published in 1933 and reissued in 1940 in Washington, D.C.by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The map showsScarborough shoal with depth soundings. This digitalreproduction is from the U.S. Library of Congress (Catalog No.

2011592026; Digital ID g8061p ct003542).

Map 59

MAP 60.CARTA HYDROGRAPHICA YCHOROGRAPHICA DE LAS YSLAS FILIPINAS

Published in 1734 in Manila by the Jesuit PedroMurillo. This is the oldest map that gives a nameto Panacot shoal.Panacot is the Tagalog wordfor threat or danger. This map names two Filipinos,Francisco Suarez who drew the map and Nicolasdela Cruz Bagay who engraved it. This map isconsidered the mother of all Philippine maps.This digital reproduction is from the U.S. Library ofCongress (Catalog No. 2013585226; Digital ID g8060ct003137).

Map 60

If the Philippines can bomb a shoal repeatedly over decades without any protestfrom neighboring states, it certainly must have sovereignty over such shoal.

Historical Truth LiesLOW

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